Soil map and kinds and types............

This ppt contains detail information about soil map

1. Dr.T . Sherene Jenita Rajammal, Ph.D., Associate Professor (SS&AC) AC&RI, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur sherenejenitarajammal.t@ tnau.ac.in 1

2. INTRODUCTION Soil map is a geographical representation showing diversity of soil types and/or soil properties (soil pH, textures, organic matter, depths of horizons etc.) in the area of interest. “Soil-land form association” is a soil map depicts the distribution of soils. A “ geomorphological map” is a map of landform units with soils being added to the legend.

3. Result of soil survey inventory , i.e.,  soil survey Used for land valuation,   planning, agricultural extension and environmental protection.  The first world soil map was published in 1906 by K.D. Glinka & included 18 soil classes that corresponded to the climatic zones of the Earth.

4. Glinka's schematic soil map of the world at a scale of 1:80 million (published in Glinka, 1908)

5. Over time, world soil maps show an inc reasing complexity of depicted soil pattern but most of the maps were concept-dependent rather than d ata-derived. In recent years, a project in soil mapping was developed that is based on mapping of key soil properties rather than soil classes ( Global Soil Map project ) In future, world soil maps should include both soil classes & soil properties & be accompanied by a set of interpretative tools.

6. 6 Aims to make a new digital soil map of the world using state-of-the-art and emerging technologies for soil mapping and predicting soil properties at fine resolution . Aim to assist better decisions in a range of global issues such as food production and hunger eradication, climate change, and environmental degradation. It is an initiative of the Digital Soil Mapping Working Group of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) and is led by academic and research centres in all continents. GLOBAL SOIL MAP PROJECT

7. 7 Traditional soil maps -general distribution of soils accompanied by the soil survey report. New soil maps - digital soil mapping   techniques & such maps are typically richer in context & show higher spatial detail than traditional soil maps.

8. In the digital era, soil maps come in various digital vector and raster formats and are used for various applications in geosciences and environmental sciences. In this context, soil maps are only visualizations of the soil resource inventories commonly stored in a Soil Information System ( SIS), of which the major part is a Soil Geographical Database.

9. 9 SOIL INFORMATION SYSTEM An integrated, centralized information system that consolidates all the data starting from the survey, sample soil testing and analysis to final output generation for soil mapping and recommendation. offers precise 3D soil analysis for dozens of physical and chemical soil characteristics including: Root zone depth Soil texture (clay, sand, coarse fragment content) Moisture holding capacity Compaction characteristics Macro and micro-nutrient levels Salt and toxicity concentrations

10. SOIL INFORMATION SYSTEM

11. 11 Types of  soil maps : H and-drawn soil polygon maps representing distribution of soil types Simulated or predicted 2D/3D soil property maps (primary or secondary soil properties) Simulated or predicted (2D) soil-class maps

12. 12 Kinds of soil maps Point soil maps Area – class polygon maps Continuous field maps by interpolation Continuous field maps by direct observation

13. 1. Point soil maps Maps where, the actual sample points are shown along with their soil class or one or more properties. These maps gives direct representations of what was actually sampled. But all the area is not covered. No spatial variability is implied. Kinds of soil maps Point Soil Map Area class polygon map

14. 14 2. Area – class polygon maps Survey area is divided into polygons by precise boundary lines , each polygon being labeled with a class name. E ach class in turn being described by a legend. Soil survey maps of this type can easily be represented by Vector GIS model. E xample : Class 1 – Delineation 1.1., Delineation 1.2…………….Delineation 1.n1 Class 2 – Delineation 2.1., Delineation 2.2…………….Delineation 2.n2

15. 15 3.Continuous field maps by interpolation These maps are made by interpolation using raster GIS model These maps show the continuous distribution of soil properties There are no sharp boundaries & all variations are said to be continuous. Temperature map interpolation

16. 16 4. Continuous field maps by direct observation The measurement is made at every point & commonly presented in a grid map These maps show continuous distribution of soil properties Currently there is much interest for this map in precision farming Continuous field view of forests

17. Vector data model Raster data model Representation of the world using points, lines, & polygons Representation of the world as a surface divided into a regular grid of cells Useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries , such as country borders, land parcels, & streets. Useful for storing data that varies continuously , as in an aerial photograph, a satellite image Comparison between Vector and Raster data models

18. Types of maps based on scale of mapping 1. General maps (1:10,00,000 & smaller) 2. Small scale maps (1:50,000 to 1:2,50,000) 3. Medium scale maps ( 1:40,000 to 1:25,000 ) 4. Large scale maps ( 1:15,000 ) 5. Detailed maps ( 1:10,000 to 1:2,000 ) As map scales become smaller, the degree of details & precision of soil map decreases

19. 19 1 . General maps (1:10,00,000 & smaller) These maps are not accurate , they reflect the general features of soil cover, territories of individual states (or) district. Small-scale or general soil maps published in US commonly have scales range from about 1:1,00,000 to 1:2,50,000 The mapping units delineated on these maps are associations of series.

20. 20 2. Small scale maps (1:50,000 to 1:2,50,000) Compiled for departments to assess the land resources & to plan rational ways of land use. 3. Medium scale maps ( 1:40,000 to 1:25,000 ) Compiled for administrative units like districts & regions for planning agricultural purposes.

21. 4. Large scale maps ( 1:15,000 ) Compiled for the smallest administrative units like taluks & blocks & used as guidance for improving soil fertility & for rational & effective use of soils. 5. Detailed maps ( 1:10,000 to 1:2,000 ) Compiled for the territory of villages, experimental stations, plantations & accurately accounts for differences in soil.

22. 22 Types of Soil maps based on utility Generalized Soil Maps Generalized soil maps of states Regional & National Soil Maps 2. Schematic Soil Maps

23. Made to reveal geographic relationships that cannot be seen readily on detailed maps. Most soil survey reports include a general soil map for the area & scale of these maps depends on the proposed uses. A detailed map is generalized by enclosing the larger areas, within which a few kinds of soil predominate. These larger areas are described in terms of dominant soils. Areas defined as associations of soil series or their phases. They merge with 4 th order soil survey – Detailed Soil Survey 1. Generalized Soil Maps

24. 2. Generalized soil maps of states Many state general soil maps have been published at scales of 1:10,00,000 to 1:15,00,000 Map units generally are associations of soil series. These general soil maps provide an overview of distribution of more extensive soils of the state. They are useful in broad land use planning.

25. 25 3. Regional & National Soil Maps The scale is commonly smaller than 1:10,00,000 Units on regional & national maps are associations of great groups or suborders. National soil maps are used for studying very broad capabilities & limitations that affect regional & national issues.

26. They differ from generalized soil maps as it is compiled from information other than pre-existing soil maps Scale is 1:10,00,000 or smaller They are commonly made as a preliminary step to locate areas, where further investigation is justified. For undeveloped regions, a schematic soil map is useful in advance of an organized field survey Information about climate , vegetation, geology, landforms, and other factors related to soil are gathered & studied. Data obtained by remote sensing techniques may provide useful information. Merge with 5th -order ( exploratory ) soil surveys. Schematic Soil Maps

27. 27 Generalized Soil Maps Schematic Soil Maps 1.Reveal geographic relationships that cannot be seen readily on detailed maps. it is compiled from information other than pre-existing soil maps . 2.Area & scale of these maps depends on the proposed uses . Scale is 1:10,00,000 or smaller, although maps are sometimes made at larger scales. 3.Generalized by enclosing the larger areas, within which a few kinds of soil predominate. Preliminary step to locate areas, where further investigation is justified. 4.They merge with 4th order soil survey – Detailed Soil Survey. Merge with 5th-order (exploratory) soil surveys. Difference between generalized and schematic soil maps

28. 28 Generalized Soil Maps (USES) Schematic Soil Maps (USES) 1. Appraising the basic soil resources of whole countries , for assisting farm and for guiding commercial interests. It is a preliminary step to locate areas where further investigation is justified. 2.These maps are compiled for country and regional land-use planning. Useful in advance of an organized field survey for undeveloped regions. 3.They are useful in predicting the general suitability of large areas of soils for residential, recreational, wildlife, and other nonfarm uses, as well as for agriculture Information about climate, vegetation, geology, landforms, and other factors related to soil are gathered and studied. 4.It helps to suggest alternative routes for roads and pipelines where the least problems with soils are expected. Data obtained by remote sensing techniques, including aerial photography, may provide useful information. Difference between uses of generalized and schematic soil maps

29. Soil map of Northern Hemisphere ( Dokoutchaev , 1899) prepared by Dokuchaev for the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900

30. Thanks