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1. SOIL PHARMACOGNOSY JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PRESENTED BY: Team Terrapharm Atul Kumar Prajjval Bhardwaj Isha Bajpai Deepak Sharma Manuj Sharma

2. •Soil : A thin, dynamic layer on the Earth's surface, composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms, that supports plant growth •In pharmacognosy, soil plays a very important role because it directly affects the growth, yield, and chemical composition of medicinal plants. The type of soil, its fertility, and its pH determine how well a plant can grow and how much of the active chemical constituents (like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils) the plant will produce. INTRODUCTION

3. •Climate: This is perhaps the most influential factor. Temperature and precipitation directly affect the rate of chemical and physical weathering, which breaks down rock. In hot, wet climates, chemical weathering is rapid, leading to deep, highly weathered soils. In cold, dry climates, weathering is slow, resulting in shallower, less developed soils. •Organisms: Plants, animals, fungi, and microbes all contribute to soil. Decomposing organic matter from dead plants and animals creates humus, which enriches the soil with nutrients. Burrowing animals like earthworms mix the soil, improving aeration and drainage. Plant roots also help bind soil together and break down rock SOIL FORMATION (Pedogenesis)

4. Parent Material: This is the geological material from which the soil is formed, such as bedrock or sediments left by glaciers, rivers, or wind. The parent material determines the initial mineral composition and particle size of the soil, which in turn influences its fertility and texture. Time: Soil formation is a very slow process. It can take hundreds to thousands of years for one inch of topsoil to form. Over time, the other four factors interact to create distinct soil horizons and a well-developed soil profile.

5. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: COMPOSITION & PROPERTIES Soil's characteristics are determined by its composition, which is a blend of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. SOIL TEXTURE Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of three types of mineral particles: sand , silt , and clay . Sand : The largest particle, with a gritty feel. Soils with a high sand content have large pores, which allows for excellent drainage but poor water and nutrient retention. Silt : A medium-sized particle with a smooth, powdery feel. Silt holds water and nutrients better than sand but can be easily compacted. Clay : The smallest particle, with a sticky feel when wet. Clay has a huge surface area that allows it to hold a large amount of water and nutrients, but it can also become waterlogged and difficult for roots to penetrate. The ideal soil for most plants is called loam , which is a balanced mixture of all three particles.

6. As soil forms over time, it develops distinct layers called horizons. A vertical cross-section showing all the layers is called a soil profile. O Horizon : The uppermost layer of organic matter, such as leaves and decaying plant material. A Horizon: The topsoil, rich in humus and minerals. This is the most fertile and biologically active layer, where most plant roots are located. B Horizon : The subsoil, a zone where clay, iron, and other minerals have accumulated from the layers above. It's often denser and has less organic matter than the topsoil. C Horizon : The parent material, composed of partially weathered rock and sediment. R Horizon : The bedrock, the unweathered , solid rock at the base. Soil Profile and Horizons

7. Soil Profile and Horizons As soil forms over time, it develops distinct layers called horizons. A vertical cross-section showing all the layers is called a soil profile. O Horizon : The uppermost layer of organic matter, such as leaves and decaying plant material. A Horizon: The topsoil, rich in humus and minerals. This is the most fertile and biologically active layer, where most plant roots are located. B Horizon : The subsoil, a zone where clay, iron, and other minerals have accumulated from the layers above. It's often denser and has less organic matter than the topsoil. C Horizon : The parent material, composed of partially weathered rock and sediment. R Horizon : The bedrock, the unweathered , solid rock at the base.

8. The varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms, and vegetation types of India have contributed to the development of various soil types in India, under the Special Indian Classification by ICAR. It is an efficient tool to understand the composition of soil, environmental factors affecting it, and the nature of its yield. Based on Genesis/Formation

9. TYPES OF SOIL RED SOIL BLACK SOIL ALLUVIAL SOIL DESERT SOIL LATERITE SOIL MOUNTAIN SOIL ALKALINE SOIL PEATY & MARSHY SOIL

10. S.No. TYPE OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL INFLUENCE ON PLANTS 1 BLACK SOIL RED SOIL ALLUVIAL SOIL 2 3 potash phosphoric acid alkaline compounds lime (Ca(OH)3) low nitrogen low organic matter Iron Low in phosphorus Low in nitrogen Low in lime Potassium and calcium enhance enzymatic processes: Vitamin synthesis - vit C in citrus B-complex in cereals Calcium Magnesium Potash Lime Iron Low in nitrogen Low in phosphorus Iron and Calcium help the synthesis of: alkaloids (nicotine in tobacco)--->sedative, antimicrobial flavonoids (in pulses)---> strong antioxidant, antibacterial Iron oxide acts as a cofactor in phenolic biosynthesis enzymes for: synthesis of flavinoids --> antioxidant

11. S.No. TYPE OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL INFLUENCE ON PLANTS 1 DESERT SOIL LATERITE SOIL MOUNTAIN SOIL 2 3 Calcium carbonates and salts---> alkaline Calcium ions contribute to: cellular signaling that triggers the expression of flavonoid synthesis genes ---> high antioxidant activity Iron aluminium low in lime low in nitrogen low in phosphorus High iron and aluminium stimulate, via enzyme activity, the production of: alkaloids ---> vinblastine, vincristine from Catharanthus roseus (cancer therapy) tannins ---> caffeine in tea and coffee (CNS stimulant) Humus low in lime low in potash low in phosphorus Organic matter enriches precursors and micronutrient availability, fostering bioactive compound formation: theanine (tea)---> relaxant (promote cognitive focus) curcumin (turmeric)---> anti-inflammatory

12. S.No. TYPE OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL INFLUENCE ON PLANTS 1 ALKALINE SOIL PEATY & MARSHY SOIL 2 Humus Organic matter High organic content supplies carbon-rich precursors crucial for (in sphagnum moss): polysaccharide ---> water retention and structure phenolic synthesis--->antibacterial, anti-inflammatory sodium salts potassium salts magnesium salts low in calcium low in nitrogen Magnesium and potassium regulate stress response pathways, enhancing protective compound accumulation: Proline in berseem---> osmotic balance and antioxidant Flavonoids ( quercetin )---> anti-inflammatory

13. Temperate fruits, tea, coffee, spices Wheat, maize, sugarcane, pulses, millets Tree crops- cashew nuts, tea, coffee. rubber Millets, wheat, cotton, pulses Coconut, mangrove, paddy Cotton, pulses, sugarcane berseem, dhaincha (legumes) Millet, barley, dates

14. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL QUALITY Natural environmental factors that influence soil quality are primarily climate, topography, soil parent material, biological organisms, and vegetation. Climate Temperature and precipitation directly impact soil formation, organic matter accumulation, and decomposition rates. Climate determines the weathering of parent material and the movement of water and nutrients through soil layers. Topography Slope, elevation, and drainage affect erosion risk, water retention, and microclimates within the landscape. Steep slopes promote erosion and limit organic matter accumulation, while flat or gently sloping areas tend to retain more fertile topsoil. Parent Material (Soil Minerals) The original rock or sediment from which soil forms shapes mineral composition, texture, pH, and nutrient availability. Mineral-rich parent materials produce fertile soils, while sand or highly acidic materials can limit productivity. Biological Organisms Microorganisms, insects, plants, and animals contribute to organic matter formation, nutrient cycling, and soil aggregation. Diversity and abundance of life in the soil regulate fertility, porosity, and resilience against degradation. Vegetation Cover Different plant communities influence organic matter inputs, root structure, soil stability, and overall ecosystem health. Dense vegetation helps conserve moisture, prevent erosion, and maximize nutrient cycling, while bare soil is more prone to degradation. These natural factors work together to control the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil, dictating its productivity and sustainability

15. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL QUALITY Negative Factors Affecting Soil Formation 1. Erosion – Removal of topsoil by wind or water before it can develop into fertile soil. 2. Deforestation – Cutting down trees reduces organic matter input (humus) and increases erosion. 3. Overgrazing – Livestock eating grass excessively exposes soil to erosion and compaction. 4. Over-cultivation – Excessive farming without allowing land to rest depletes nutrients and organic matter. 5. Climate Extremes – Very high rainfall (leaching) or drought (desertification) slows soil development.

16. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL QUALITY Negative Factors Affecting Soil Formation 1. Erosion – Removal of topsoil by wind or water before it can develop into fertile soil. 2. Deforestation – Cutting down trees reduces organic matter input (humus) and increases erosion. 3. Overgrazing – Livestock eating grass excessively exposes soil to erosion and compaction. 4. Over-cultivation – Excessive farming without allowing land to rest depletes nutrients and organic matter. 5. Climate Extremes – Very high rainfall (leaching) or drought (desertification) slows soil development.

17. 6. Pollution & Acid Rain – Industrial pollutants and acid rain alter soil pH and destroy minerals. 7. Urbanization & Construction – Covering land with cement/asphalt prevents soil formation. 8. Mining Activities – Strip mining removes soil layers completely. 9. Salinization – Excess salts from irrigation or poor drainage make soil infertile. 10. Loss of Microorganisms – Chemicals and pesticides reduce microbial activity essential for soil formation.