soils developed under different climatic conditions.pptx

affected and fostered method development in soil resource assessment and automated soil mapping. Apart from univariate intepolation techniques such as kriging or trend surface analyses, there are roughly two main well established multivariate mapping approaches to be differentiated according to their yielded results, the rather knowledge based discrete approach (expert system) and the continuous regionalisation approach (cf. BÖHNER et al. 2004). Though both are based on ‘environmental correlation’ (MCKENZIE & AUSTIN 1993) according to JENNY’s (1941) famous mechanistic model of soil development, each distinctly reflects a favoured view of soil, either as a discrete pedogenic entity (e.g. soil scape, soil type) or as a composition of spatially continuous layers, represented by metric soil parameters.
Due to science-traditional commitments towards pedogenic classification schemes as the major mapping paradigm in soil survey and the resulting persistence of analogous soil maps (or its digitized derivatives) as the dominating data source, expert systems are still the most prominent instruments in automated soil mapping. Since environmental components (e.g. soil, terrain, vegetation) are intimately related within a landscape system, GIS key functionalities such as overlay and intersect operations are used to identify covariance structures of soil pattern (predictand variable) and soil forming state factors (predictor variables) to define soil spatial prediction rules. Though the descriptive rule-based approach has evolved and the assimilation of remotely sensed raster data (e.g. DOBOS et al. 2000; SOMMER et al. 2003) in this former vector domain as well as the introduction of advanced methods such as fuzzy (ZHU et al. 1996) or neuronal net based approaches (LEHMANN et al. 1999) enables an improved, spatially extended prediction of soil pattern. The resulting finite number of discrete soil entities yields a rather poor estimation of the spatially continuous variability of pedo-transfer functions.
In view of precise multiple requirements on soil information in e.g. process modelling, erosion risk assessment or precision farming, the continuous regionalisation of soil parameter is sometimes assessed as more suitable, particularly if a proper random point data base is available (BÖHNER & KÖTHE 2003). Starting likewise from the covariance structure of a predictand variable (e.g. horizon depth, organic matter content at random points) and a set of spatially distributed mostly continuous predictor variables (e.g. terrain or climate parameters), the determined soil variability is expressed as a function of the predictor’s variability (soil spatial prediction function) using various means of multivariate statistical analysis. Since the advent of GIS in the early 90ies, a huge number of spatially continuous mapping approaches had been published (cf. reviews of MCBRATNEY et al. 2003; SCULL et al. 2003), all with a strong emphasis on the new opportunity of G

1. 1 WELCOME

2. Characterization of soils under different agro -climatic conditions Seminar - I University of Agricultural Sciences , Raichur Shradha Devanand Gunaki PG22AGR14129 Senior M.Sc. Department of Soil Science

3. 05 04 03 02 01 Soil Climate and Soil Soil forming processes and kinds of climate Research findings Conclusion Flow of Seminar 3

4. Soil Widely acknowledged as “Soul of infinite living Organisms.” Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, which is made up of the combination of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Soil is the dynamic natural body developed as a result of pedogenic processes during and after weathering of rocks, consisting of mineral and organic constituents, possessing definite chemical, physical, mineralogical and biological properties, having variable depth over the surface of the earth and providing the medium for growth of plants. 4

5. Climate and Soil

6. Soils in warmer or wetter climates are more developed than soils in cooler or drier climates. Wet conditions favor leaching and w arm conditions promote the chemical and biological reactions that develop parent material into soil . 6

7. 7 Climate in different areas of world

8. 8 Climate prevailing in India

9. 9 Agro-climatic zones of Karnataka

10. Climates and the soil forming processes 10

11. The Tropics High rainfall. High temperatures. High humidity. Silicon is leached through the profile. Low CEC Kaoline, Rich Iron oxide, and Aluminium oxide. These minerals can give the soil a reddish or yellowish colour . 11

12. Pedogenic process- laterization, endopedon – often argillic due to lessivage Color : The deep red to bright orange-red soils of the tropics. Climate: H ot, rainy tropics where chemical weathering proceeds at a rapid rate. pH- Usually acidic 12

13. Soils formed Alisols ‘ Ultisols ’ Nitisols - kandic groups of Alfisols and Ultisols . Acrisols , Alfisols and Ultisols . Lixisols , kandic groups of Alfisols and Ultisols . Ferralsols ( Oxisols ) 13 Ultisols

14. Reclamation measures Low CEC and high P fixing capacity .   M oisture conservation practices   to retain water in the soil. Use  agronomic measures   to control soil erosion, especially in areas prone to heavy rainfall. Consider  tillage practices   that minimize soil disturbance and prevent erosion. Maintaining the optimum content of organic matter is the requirement. 14

15. A temperate climate is a type of climate that occurs in the middle latitudes of the Earth, between the tropics and the polar regions and they show distinct seasonal changes. Moderate temperature and moderate rainfall leads to fertile grasslands and praries . Moderate temp erature and adequate rainfall leads to forest lands. Very viable for agriculture facilitating cultivation of wide range of diverse crops. Temperate 15

16. The common orders found are Spodosols and ‘ Mollisols ’ also called as Chernozems. The soil groups under Mollisols are: Kastanozem – Dark Chestnut Soils’ (Russia), Dark Brown Soils (Canada), and Ustolls and Borolls. Phaeozems - Brunizems (Argentina, France), ‘Degraded Chernozems’ (former USSR), ‘ Parabraunerde-Tsjernozems ’ (Germany), ‘Dusky red prairie soils’ (USA) or ‘ Udolls ’ and ‘ Aquolls ’. Podzols Plansols Albeluvisols Luvisols Umbrisols Leptosols : Anthrosols :  Soils formed 16

17. Podzolization Podzolization is a process of soil formation that involves the leaching of organic matter, iron, and aluminum from the upper layers of the soil and their accumulation in the lower layers. Podzolization occurs in regions with humid, cool, and acidic climates, and under vegetation types such as coniferous forests, heathlands, and eucalypt forests. 17

18. Reclamation measures Application of lime. The common liming materials used for reclamation of acid soils are as follows: CaCO 3 , (CaCO 3 . MgCO 3 ), CaO , Ca (OH)  2 , Coral shell lime, Marl or chalk (CaCO 3 ), Slags Obtained as by-products from iron and steel plants. The acidity caused by pedogenic process and natural causes can not be mitigated completely but can be managed with techniques and measures. 18

19. Desert and Arid Climates Soils in desert and arid climates are typically sandy or rocky with low organic matter content. They often have poor water retention capacity due to low rainfall and high evaporation rates. They often have an impermeable Calcium carbonate layer at subsurface horizon. Vegetation cover in desert soils is sparse, leading to low levels of organic matter and nutrient cycling. 19

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21. Aridisols Solonchaks Solonetz Gypsisols Durisols Calcisols Soils formed in arid and semi arid climates 21 Aridisols with petrocalcic layer

22. Management and reclamation of calcareous soil are not difficult because pH in such soil is not very high. Generally, there is no need of chemical amendments for reclamation of calcareous soil. The calcareous soil can be managed in the following ways: Tillage Operation . Use of Chemical Fertilizer such as phosphatic fertilizers. Addition of Micronutrients . Reclamation measures- Calcification 22

23. Reclamation measures- Salinization I. Mechanical Methods Scrapping of the surface soil Leaching the salts with good quality irrigation water. II. Chemical method Use of acidic fertilizers III. Biological methods Growing of salt tolerant crops/cropping sequences Retardation of water evaporation from soil surface. Tree and grass cu;tivation . 23

24. Reclamation of sodic soils Mechanical : Apply light but frequent irrigations with proper dra 2) Chemical : a) Broadcast finally powdered gypsum and mix it well in upper 10 cm soil layer by light harrowing. b) Acidic nature of fertilizers (e.g., Ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, DAP and Potassium sulphate) should be used which neutralizes the alkalinity. 3) Biological : Grow alkali tolerant crops like Paddy, Wheat, Jowar, Sugarcane and Bajra. b) Grases: Karnal grass, Paragrass and Bermuda grass c) Tree plantation 1. Eucalyptus hybrid 2. Prosopis Juliflora 3. Acacia nilotica : 24 3. 2.

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26. The role of soil-forming processes in the definition of taxa in Soil Taxonomy and the World Soil Reference Base 26 J.G. Bockheim and A.N. Gennadiy (2000) O bjective is to identify the key soil-forming processes and their relationship to soil taxa and diagnostic horizons, properties, and materials and to illustrate these processes in simple diagrams. Research Paper - 1

27. Material and Methods: Reviewed and published literature on soil forming processes and examined 12 models regarding these processes. L isted the 12 orders in ST and the 30 soil groups in the WRB, identified the diagnostic horizon , used to delineate the orders or soil groups, and listed specific soil-forming processes important to the formation of these horizons . 27

28. Process Generalized soilforming process b Soil taxa Argilluviation 3 Alfisols ; Ultisols ; Aridisols Argids .; argi- great groups of Mollisols ; kandi - great groups of Oxisols , alfic subgroups of Spodosols Biological enrichment of bases 3 Alfisols; Mollisols; eutric great groups of Inceptisols Andisolization 4 Andisols; andic subgroups of Spodosols Paludization 1, 4 Histisols; histic great groups of Gelisols Gleization 4 Aqul-suborders of all orders except Aridisols and Gelisols; Aqu- great groups of Aridisols and Gelisols Melanization 3 Mollisols ; Inceptisols ŽUmbrepts .; umbr - great groups of Alfisols and Ultisols ; hum- great groups of Inceptisols Ferrallitization 4 Oxisols Podzolization 3, 4 Spodosols; spodic subgroups of Entisols and Andisols Base cation leaching 2 Spodosols; Ultisols; dystr- great groups of Inceptisols and Vertisols Vertization 3 Vertisols ; vertic subgroups of Alfisols , Aridisols , Entisols , Mollisols and Ultisols Cryoturbation 3 Gelisols Salinization 3 Aridisols Salids .; hal - great groups of Inceptisols ; sal - great groups of Aridisols and Vertisols Calcification 3 Aridisols Calcids , Gypsids .; calcic great groups of Aridisols , Mollisols , and Vertisols ; gypsic great groups of Aridisols and Vertisols Solonization 3 Natric great groups of Alfisols , Aridisols , Mollisols , and Vertisols Solodization 3 Natric great groups of Alfisols and Mollisols Silicification 3, 4 Aridisols Durids .; dur- great groups of Alfisols , Andisols , Inceptisols , Mollisols , Spodosols, and Vertisols Anthrosolization 1 Entisols Arents .; Inceptisols Anthrepts.; anthropic subgroups of Aridisols , Inceptisols 28 Note: 1- Addition, 2-Loss 3-Translocation 4-Transformation Result and Discussion

29. Conclusion Seventeen soil-forming processes were identified and linked with diagnostic horizons and soil properties at the highest categories in ST such as soil order, suborder and the WRB soil group . The processes are depicted in simple diagrams that not only illustrate the diversity of global soils but also show the ‘‘genetic underpinnings’’ and enhance the understanding of complex soil taxonomic systems. 29

30. Characterization and Classification of Soils from Three Agro -climatic Zones of Belgavi District, Karnataka Prabhavati et.al (2017) OBJECTIVE : T o study the properties of pedons of three contrasting agro-climatic zones. 30 Research paper

31. Three pedons in each micro-watershed representing different landscape positions were selected for the study. Morphological features, physicochemical properties, maximum water holding capacity, dispersion ratio and Erosion Index of each sample were collected from the horizons of representative pedons and were analysed using standard methods. Material and Method 31

32. Results and Discussion 32

33. Conclusion The soils were more weathered and leached as evidenced by decreasing pH, EC and exchangeable bases going from zone-3 through zone-8 to zone-9. The predominantly shallow soils ( Entisols ) observed in zone-8 in comparison with Vertisols in zone-3 should not be construed as characteristic of that zone. 33

34. Objective : The study was carried out to characterize and classify the soils of southern agro -climatic zones of Karnataka. Five pedons namely Brahmavara , Balehonnuru , Hassan, Tiptur and Hiriyur , one from each agro -climatic zone from cultivated land use were selected for the study. 34 Case study - 3

35. Material and methods Pedon Village/Taluk Location Elevation (m) Slope (%) Drainage Topography Erosion Parent material Land use Pedon 1 ZARS, Brahmavara 13° 25' 04.1" N, 74° 45' 35.4" E 21 3 - 5 Well Undulating Moderate quartzite schist Cashew Pedon 2 Balehonnur, Koppa Taluk 13° 21' 46.2" N, 75° 25' 25.8" E 818 5 - 10 Well Undulating Severe Schist Coffee Pedon 3 Madnur village, Channarayanapatna taluk 12° 58' 35.1" N, 76° 15' 45.6" E 942 0 - 1 Well Nearly level Slight Granite Coconut with Field crops Pedon 4 Alburu village, Tiptur taluk 13° 09' 42.3" N, 76° 34' 53.9" E 815 1 - 3 Well Nearly level Slight Granite Areca nut Pedon 5 Babbur village, Hiriyur taluk 13° 56' 58.5" N, 76° 37' 59.9" E 601 1 - 3 Well undulating Moderate Granite schist Coconut with Redgram The research work was carried out at College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore in collaboration with NBSS & LUP, Regional center , Hebbal, Bangalore. Soil profiles from each district representing different climatic zones were dug with a dimension of 1 m width and 1.5 m length and depth extending to either bedrock or more than 150 cm whichever is shallower. Depth wise soil samples were collected and analysed for the morphological physicochemical properties using standard methods. 35

36. Results and discussion Depth wise distribution of organic carbon in different pedons

37. Depth (cm) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) pH H 2 O (1:2.5) pH KCl (1:2.5) EC (dSm -1 ) OC (%) Pedon 1 – Brahmavara 0 – 12 35.23 5.1 59.67 5.11 4.98 0.035 2.28 12 – 37 34.25 9.68 56.07 5.13 4.55 0.018 0.85 37 – 57 34.96 8.75 56.29 4.98 4.21 0.013 0.44 57 – 94 30.09 8.66 61.25 5.02 4.47 0.016 0.34 94 -131 42.61 1.04 56.35 5.04 4.65 0.015 0.14 131 – 162 51.72 3.74 44.54 4.82 3.98 0.014 0.16 162 - 180 55 7.58 37.42 4.98 4.28 0.012 0.06 Pedon 2 -Balehonnu 0 -18 r Coffee- growin 48.75 g area 17.8 33.45 5.15 2.11 18 - 35 48.7 17.66 33.64 5.27 5.05 0.04 1.13 35 - 58 47.66 16.46 35.88 5.25 5.01 0.03 0.54 58 - 89 53.9 13.21 32.89 5.26 4.98 0.02 0.34 89 - 123 61.69 10.79 27.52 5.29 5.01 0.01 0.15 123 - 151 42.76 30.01 27.23 5.35 5.12 0.01 0.15 Pedon 3 - Hassan co 0 -20 conut+field cro 72.17 ps growing area 6.57 21.26 6.37 0.46 20- 36 55.78 9.08 35.14 6.47 6.03 0.07 0.56 36 -90 54.17 7.22 38.61 6.22 5.97 0.09 0.34 90 - 109 52.2 5.6 42.2 6.25 6.02 0.01 0.16 109 - 129 50.53 2.49 46.98 6.36 6.12 0.09 0.15 129 -161 64.8 5.14 30.06 6.24 5.85 0.1 0.07 161 - 180 71.89 7.17 20.94 6.51 6.26 0.09 0.09 Pedon 4 -Tiptur Arec 0 - 20 a nut growing a 45.51 rea 7.17 47.32 7.15 0.85 20 -31 46 7.12 46.88 7.04 6.65 0.08 0.83 31 - 50 48.99 3.05 47.96 7.19 6.73 0.07 0.46 50 - 87 54.1 3.04 42.86 6.91 6.13 0.06 0.42 87 - 110 54.68 3.56 41.76 7.05 6.61 0.07 0.34 110 - 156 55.15 7.65 37.2 6.96 6.13 0.07 0.42 156 - 185 54.85 5.59 39.56 6.95 6.57 0.07 0.18 0 -15 64.89 12.1 23.01 7.92 0.54 15 - 33 53.17 9.68 37.15 8.05 7.89 0.08 0.42 33 – 50 58.58 14.71 26.71 8.15 8.01 0.17 0.56 50 - 72 63.79 14.2 22.01 8.17 7.95 0.16 0.16 Table 3. Physico -chemical properties of pedons Pedon 5 – Hiriyur C oconut+Red gram growing area 37

38. Conclusion C limate smart way of cropping leads to sustainable management of land. The impact of land use on the quality of resource can be monitored time to time using pedological approach and suitable measures can be adopted according to the requirements to mitigate impacts of climate change on land quality. 38

39. Potential effects of climate change on soil properties: A review Objective: To describe the brief impact of climate change on different soil properties, their mitigation or adaptation strategies and thereby making a solution to the impact of climate change on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. 39 Becoming too cold for clay illuviation Too cold for clay illuviation, frost heaving destroys any texture differentiation Maximum clay illuviation- acidforest filter Minimum clay illuviation profiles high in sesquioxide clays throughout Weak clay illuvation under semi-arid rainfalls- humus facking Minimum clay illuviation- basic grassland filter Too dry for clay illuviation Hot Hot Research paper 4 Karmakar et al. (2016}

40. Schematic representation of the potential links between climate change and soil health 40 Results and discussion

41. Potential interactions of global climate change variables with mineral stress Process Global change variables Interaction with mineral stress Erosion Heavy precipitation, drought general losses of soil nutrients, SOC and fertilizer Transpiration-driven mass flow Drought, temperature, RH, CO 2 NO 3 , SO 4 , Ca, Mg and Si Root growth and architecture Drought, soil temperature, CO 2 All nutrients, especially P and K Mycorrhizas CO 2 P, Zn (VAM) N (ecotomycorrhizas) Soil microbes (N cycling) Drought, soil temperature N Biological N Fixation Drought, soil temperature N Soil redox status Flooding Mn, Fe, Al and B Soil leaching Heavy precipitation NO 3 , SO 4 , Ca and Mg Plant phenology Temperature P, N and K Soil organic carbon status Soil moisture, soil temperature, CO 2 All nutrients Salinization Precipitation, temperature Na, K, Ca and Mg 41

42. Influence of four main climatic scenarios on the main soil degradation processes, their natural and anthropogenic causative factors Climatic Scenarios Causative Factors     Soil degradation process Cold and dry Cold and wet Hot and dry Hot and wet Natural Anthro-pogenic Numerical description of factors Soil erosion by water No/Negligible Strong No/Negligible Strong 1, 2 and 3 9, 10, 11 and 12 Natural Soil erosion by wind Slight No/Negligible Medium No/Negligible 3 9, 10, 11 and 12 1-Undulating surfaces, 2- Parent rock, 3- Lack permanent/dense vegeta-tion, Acidification Slight Strong No/Negligible Strong 2 and 4 13 and 15 4-Litter decom-position, 5-Low lying lands, 6-Improper drainage, 7-High Salinization/Alkalization Medium No/Negligible Strong No/Negligible 5, 6 and 8 14 water table(non-saline) and 8-High water table (saline) Physical degradation Slight Medium Medium Strong -- 10 and 12 Anthropogenous Extreme moisture No/Negligible Strong No/Negligible Medium 5, 6 and 7 11, 12 and 14 9-Deforestation, 10-Over- grazing, regime (water logging)             11- Irrational land use, 12- Improper tillage, Biological degradation Slight Medium Medium Strong -- 11 and 16 13-Irrational fertilizer application, Unfavourable nutrient Slight Medium Medium Strong 2 and 6 13 14- Improper irrigation, 15-Acid deposition, regime             16- chemical soil pollution Soil pollution (toxicity) No/Negligible Slight Slight No/Negligible -- 16   42

43. Conclusion Climate directly and indirectly influences the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Soil is a dynamic ecosystem which is influenced by many variables and processes. T he impact of climate change on soil system should be monitored in different agroecological regions on regular basis. 43

44. COCLUSION Soil moisture regimes influence various soil processes such as structure formation, organic matter turnover, and ultimate source of water to Earth is precipitation. Soil temperature and air temperature SMR and STR are the important basis for soil classification thus signifying the role of climate in soil formation. 44

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