Solar powered portable water Purifier

This presentation is regarding bachelor project done by students from Department of Electrical Engineering ,MCE Hassan.
This project discusses the design and construction of a solar powered water purification system specifically designed for the destruction of bacterial contaminant and softening of water to meet the needs of a family in both rural and urban areas.

1. Solar energy harnessed portable water purifier By Murali Krishna T 4MC14EE022 Naveen A M 4MC14EE023 Rajiva Sharma C N 4MC14EE028 Bhargavarama P 4MC14EE008 Under the guidance of Mrs Mohanalakshmi J Assistant professor Dept. of EE MCE Hassan Thursday, 21 June 2018 1

2. OUTLINE PART 1: Background of the proposed work Introduction Review of the earlier work Objective PART 2: Methodology and implementation Block diagram of the system Methodology C harge controller and motor controller Results obtained Thursday, 21 June 2018 2

3. Introduction Water is one of the most important substance on earth. Scarcity of water and quality of water have long been a concern for many people in the world. Population is increasing on an exponential scale which leads to a greater need for water reserves. Thursday, 21 June 2018 3

4. W a t e r Crisis – Global Scenario 1.1 Billion People face water Scarcity 80% of illnesses are Linked to poor water and sanitation conditions 1.8 Million People die from diarrheal diseases 2MT of Human waste is deposited in water courses everyday Less than 1% of fresh water on earth is accessible 4,100 children die every day from water borne diseases 4 Thursday, 21 June 2018

5. W a t e r Crisis – Indian Scenario River water prone to be infested by bacteria, viruses and parasites. 40% of patients in hospitals due to contaminated water Ground water in 1/3 rd of districts not fit for drinking Concentration of fluoride, iron, salinity and arsenic above tolerance levels. 5 Thursday, 21 June 2018

6. Review of the earlier work It has become a recent concern and idea to use solar panels as an energy source for cleaning water in developing countries[1]. The existing water purification systems use UV and RO filters which require electricity and are powered by utility power supply. Reverse osmosis is capable of removing up to 99 percent of 65 different contaminants including lead, fluoride, chlorine, dissolved salts, and much more[3]. Johnathan, Coleman, Jared, Compere, Marc,  Fennesy , Kyle students of Embry riddle Aeronautical University have developed a portable solar water purifier system for public use during disaster recovery. This system can purify water at the rate of 2-3gpm and capable of catering the demands of 750-1000 people in a day . An U. S based company called AID-GEAR has developed a portable, battery powered water purifier called Oasis-3. The Oasis-3 water purification system is designed to rapidly provide clean, safe drinking water anywhere in the world. Thursday, 21 June 2018 6

7. O bjective To design a dependable way to purify water in locations that are off the grid and don't have constant sources of clean water. The design also needs to be able to built on a low budget because most of the region where there is no potable water available are basically poor areas. The main objective of the proposed work is to design and construct a solar power water purification unit independent of utility supply. Thursday, 21 June 2018 7

8. Methodology A reverse osmosis water treatment system is designed and built to demonstrate the capability of, off the grid water treatment . The system is specifically designed for the destruction of bacterial contaminants and to meet the needs of a family. Thursday, 21 June 2018 8

9. Block diagram of the system Thursday, 21 June 2018 9

10. Only sunlight is required to power the purification system. Two 50w solar panels are used to collect energy from sunlight and charge a 24V battery. The stored electricity is used to power the R.O system having 24v dc motor. The R.O treatment disrupts the bacteria , contaminants and produces a source of potable water. Thursday, 21 June 2018 10

11. Components Photovoltaic panel (50w*2): The photovoltaic panel generates power for RO filter and charges the battery. The panel is held (angled) 24 degree north-east so as to absorb maximum radiation. Charge controller: A charge controller is used for a power system that charges a battery , such as PV panels. It keeps the battery properly fed by the power source and safe for reuse. The charge controller for this system is rated for a 24V power source . RO filter: A reverse osmosis filter of capacity 20L per hour with 23-28w is used for softening of hard water by removing dissolved salts, metal oxides and suspended particles . Cart: The cart is designed for easy transportation and positioning of the entire system. It also provides shelter for electrical components from intense sunlight and adverse weather conditions. Thursday, 21 June 2018 11

12. Reverse osmosis system The components of R.O system is bought separately and then assembled. R.O system components are; Pre bowl filter : Removes the suspended particles in the inlet water. Sediment filter : Reduce solid particle transported by the fluid . carbon filter : Removes contaminants and impurities using chemical absorption. R.O filter : It has R.O membrane with capillaries of .0001 microns that removes dissolved impurities and covert hard water into soft one. DC diaphragm motor : A 24v,0.9A dc motor to pump a fluid with pressure for reverse osmosis process. Thursday, 21 June 2018 12

13. Charge controller Charge controller is designed and built to control the charging of the battery. Main components of the charge controller are : Voltage comparator(Operational amplifier LM358),Voltage regulator LM317, Mosfet switch IRFZ44N, 13 Thursday, 21 June 2018

14. Figure shows the circuit of charge controller Thursday, 21 June 2018 14

15. Working WORKING: LM358 operational amplifier is used to turn on or off N channel MOSFET when battery is charged up to 27.5 volt.   When battery is charged below 27.5V the voltage at the non inverting terminal remains below 2.4V and hence the operational amplifier will produce HIGH output. The HIGH output produced by the op-amp will close the MOSFET switch and it keeps the battery in charging mode. When battery is charged up to 27.5V, the voltage at the non inverting terminal rises above 2.4V, LM358 will turn off MOSET by giving low signal to its gate terminal. Turning off of Mosfet results in open circuit and hence the battery gets disconnected from the supply. 15 Thursday, 21 June 2018

16. Flow chart 16 Thursday, 21 June 2018

17. Motor control circuit A battery monitoring & motor control circuit is designed to continuously monitor the battery conditions and turn off the motor if battery voltage reduce below 21.8V. LEDs are provided to indicate motor running and battery charge status . When battery is charged below 21.8V the voltage at the non inverting terminal remains below 2.4V and hence the operational amplifier will produce LOW output. The LOW output produced by the op-amp will open the MOSFET switch and resulting in turning OFF of the motor. When charge on the battery increases above 22.8V , the voltage at the non inverting terminal appears above 2.4V, LM358 will close MOSET by giving HIGH signal to its gate terminal. . The closing action of the Mosfet switch energises the motor and will continuously run until the float switch gets opened or charge on the battery reduces below 21.8V. 17 Thursday, 21 June 2018

18. Motor control circuit 18 Thursday, 21 June 2018

19. Flow chart 19 Thursday, 21 June 2018

20. Cart A cart provides easy transportation and positioning of the entire system. It also provides shelter for the electrical components from intense sunlight and weather conditions over time. In the reusable and cost-effective mind set, a scrap fibre box was refurbished and altered to fit the needs of the system. Size of the cart is as follows: 3.5ft length,2ft height and 2ft breadth. The wheels are fixed at the bottom of the box to make the system portable. Finally photovoltaic panels are positioned on top of the cart for direct sunlight. Photovoltaic panels are positioned at 24 degrees and is clamped on the top of the box with the help of clamps. 20 Thursday, 21 June 2018

21. Results and discussions The panels were brought outside was positioned perpendicular to the sun (24 o N-E). The charge controller was turned on and the readings of voltage & current were recorded with the help of voltmeter and clampmeter respectively. The test was carried throughout the day from 7 A.M. to 6 P.M. The results obtained were graphically represented as follows. 21 Thursday, 21 June 2018

22. Since we have made use of the series charge controller, the voltage at the panel & the battery remains the same thus making the voltage reading to remain constant throughout the day as illustrated by the above V v/s T graph above. The current reaches its peak at the time around 13 Hrs or 1:00 P.M. as the intensity of solar rays hits the peak at that time. Therefore, it can be concluded the maximum power generation was around 1:00 P.M. 22 Thursday, 21 June 2018

23. Simulation results charge controller circuit is simulated using simulation software Proteus 8.1. It can be observed that in the case of charging circuit, it opens once the battery voltage hits 31.5 V, below that it facilitates charging. But however the actual circuit was designed to have the threshold at 27.5V, due to the limitations of the software’s component library a small deviation of 4V is observed. The motor control circuit is supposed to open at 21.8V & close at 22.8V but according to the simulation, it shows the opening 19.1V & closing at 20.3V. Therefore deviating around 2V from the expected value. 23 Thursday, 21 June 2018

24. 24 Charging ON Charging OFF Charge controller Thursday, 21 June 2018

25. 25 Motor ON Motor OFF Motor Control circuit Thursday, 21 June 2018

26. Hardware Implementation The above discussed & simulated circuits were mounted on the board and tested physically to review the actual performance parameters. The test conducted was actually using a variable voltage source in the place of a battery. The result were to the expected level & the circuits are found to be functioning properly. 26 Thursday, 21 June 2018

27. Final product The Reverse osmosis unit is assembled and placed inside the cart. Solar panels, charge controller and R.O system are connected accordingly. This system is capable of purifying 20 litres of water for an hour. The power consumed by the R.O unit is calculated and is found to be 25W. The water purified by the system is tested at Environmental laboratory, Civil department MCE Hassan. The results obtained was satisfactory and the water is safe for drinking purpose. 27 Thursday, 21 June 2018

28. Water testing report Thursday, 21 June 2018 28

29. Glimpse of work 29 Thursday, 21 June 2018

30. References [1] Jolapara, Kamlesh. "Energize Your Home with Solar Power .“ Futureenergyblog.com. WordPress , 16 Sept. 2014. Web. Sept. 2014 . [2] Honsberg, Christiana, and Stuart Bowden. "Efficiency and Solar Cell Cost." PV Education . N.p., Mar. 2013. Web. Apr. 2014. [3] Warsinger , David M.; Tow, Emily W.; Nayar, Kishor G.; Maswadeh, Laith A.; Lienhard V, John H. (2016). "Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination ".  Water Research . pp.  272–282. [4] Yung Wong, Shavin Pinto, Yan Tang, Marc Compere “ Community Development through a Sustainable Micro-Business Selling Clean Water”, Global Humanitarian Technology Conference IEEE 2014 . Thursday, 21 June 2018 30

31. Thank You Thursday, 21 June 2018 31