SOLD WASTE PPT, INTRODUCTION AND ITS TYPES

SOLD WASTE TYPES

1. 19OCE421T SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT

2. OBJECTIVES: To make the students conversant with different aspects of the types, sources, generation, storage, collection, transport, processing solid waste.

3. syllabus UNIT I SOLID WASTE 9 Definition-characteristics and perspectives of solid waste-Types of solid waste- Physical and chemical characteristics-Variation of composition and characteristics- Municipal, industrial, special and hazardous wastes-General effects on health and environment- Legislations

4. INTRODUCTION Solid Waste Solid wastes are the organic and inorganic waste materials such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint cans, batteries, etc., produced in a society, which do not generally carry any value to the first user(s).

5. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DEFINITION S olid w a s te m a n a g e m e nt m a y be d e f i ne d a s the d i sc ipli n e a ss o c i a t e d with the control of generation, storage c o l l ec tio n , tr an sf e r and transport, processing, and d is po s a l of so l id wastes in a manner that is in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservations , and that is also responsive to public attitudes

6. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

7. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES

8. Source Based Classification Residential : This refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc., and consists of leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes, ashes, etc. Commercial : This refers to wastes consisting of leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes, etc., generated from stores, restaurants, markets, hotels, motels, auto-repair shops, medical facilities, etc. Institutional : This mainly consists of paper, plastic, glasses, etc., generated from educational, administrative and public buildings such as schools, colleges, offices, prisons, etc. Municipal : This includes dust, leafy matter, building debris, treatment plant ac t i v i t i e s l i k e residual sludge, etc., generated from various municipal construction and demolition, street cleaning, landscaping, etc .

9. C o n t d … Industrial : This mainly consists of process wastes, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, hazardous wastes, etc., due to industrial activities. Agricultural : This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural remains, litter, etc., generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc. Open areas : This includes wastes from areas such as Streets, alleys, parks, vacant lots, play grounds, beaches, highways, recreational areas, etc.

10. TYPE-BASED CLASSIFICATION Garbage : This refers to animal and vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, sale, storage, preparation, cooking and serving of food. Ashes and residues : These are substances remaining from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other combustible materials for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small industrial establishments. Combustible and non-combustible wastes : These consist of wastes generated from households, institutions, commercial activities, etc., excluding food wastes . Bulky wastes : These include large household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, furniture, cranes, vehicle parts, tyres, wood, trees and branches.

11. Co n t d … (v) Street wastes : These refer to wastes that are collected from streets, walkways, alleys, parks and vacant plots, and include paper, cardboard, plastics, dirt, leaves and other vegetable matter. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes : Biodegradable wastes mainly refer to substances consisting of organic matter such as leftover food, vegetable and fruit peels, paper, textile, wood, etc., Non-biodegradable wastes consist of inorganic and recyclable materials such as plastic, glass, cans, metals, etc. Dead animals : With regard to municipal wastes, dead animals are those that die naturally or are accidentally killed on the road. Note that this category does not include carcasses and animal parts from slaughter-houses, which are regarded as industrial wastes. (viii) Abandoned vehicles : This category includes automobiles, trucks and trailers that are abandoned on streets and other public places .

12. Construction and demolition wastes : These are wastes generated as a result of construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures. Farm wastes : These wastes result from diverse agricultural activities such as planting, harvesting, production of milk, rearing of animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots. Hazardous wastes : Hazardous wastes are those defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin that are potentially dangerous either immediately or over a period of time to human beings and the environment. Sewage wastes : The solid by-products of sewage treatment are classified as sewage wastes. They are mostly organic and derived from the treatment of organic sludge separated from both raw and treated sewages . Contd …

13. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes

14. Properties of Solid Wastes PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The knowledge of the physical properties of solid wastes helps disposing centres select appropriate equipment for the disposal of wastes. The following are some of the physical properties of solid waste: Density It is the mass per unit volume of waste, and its unit is kg/m3. Density plays an important role in procuring the right type of systems and equipment for the storage and transport of waste.

15. Moisture content The moisture content of waste is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of waste. Higher the moisture content, the higher the weight of solid waste. Moisture content plays an important role in the incineration of waste. A higher amount of energy will be needed to incinerate waste with high moisture content. This happens because more energy is needed to evaporate water from the wastes.

16. Permeability Permeability is an important factor in determining the movement of gas and liquid through wastes in a landfill. It depends on the surface area and porosity of waste. The porosity of municipal waste typically ranges from  0.40 to 0.67 . The porosity of waste depends on its composition.

17. 2. Biological  Lipids Lipids include fats, oil, and grease. The main source of lipids is cooking oil. Lipids are biodegradable. They have a high heating value which makes them suitable for use in energy recovery processes. Carbohydrates These are generated from food that is rich in cellulose and starch. They are easily biodegradable and break down into carbon dioxide, water, and methane. However, its decomposition attracts flies and rats. Proteins Proteins are found in gardens and in food waste. They contain oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen. When decomposed, they produce amines which give out a foul odour.

18. Chemical The chemical properties of wastes are important to understand the behaviour of wastes through a management system. Some examples of chemical properties are: pH pH determines the acidity of wastes. The pH of fresh, solid waste is  usually 7 . As solid wastes decompose, they become more acidic in nature. Toxicity Toxicity is defined as the presence of pesticides, heavy metals, insecticides, etc. Toxins can be present in wastes generated from industries. It is important to regularly check waste for toxins as they can reach out and contaminate nearby water bodies.

19. 4. Natural fibres These are found in paper products, food and yard wastes and include the natural compounds, cellulose and lignin, that are resistant to biodegradation. (Note that paper is almost 100% cellulose, cotton over 95% and wood products over 40%.) 5. Synthetic organic material (Plastics) Accounting for 1 – 10%, plastics have become a significant component of solid waste in recent years. They are highly resistant to biodegradation and, therefore, are objectionable and of special concern in SWM. H e nc e the in c r eas ing atte n t i o n b ei n g p aid t o t h e r ec y cli n g o f p l a stics to reduce the proportion of this waste component at disposal sites . Plastics have a high heating value, about 32,000 kJ/kg, which makes them very suitable for incineration Contd …

20. d u s t a n d as h es , a nd Non-combustibles T his c l a ss in c lu de s g l a s s , c er a m ic s , m e t a l s , accounts for 12 – 25% of dry solids. Heating value An evaluation of the potential of waste material for use as fuel for incineration requires a determination of its heating value, expressed as kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg). The heating value is determined experimentally using the Bomb calorimeter test , in which the heat generated, at a constant temperature of 25C from the combustion of a dry sample is measured. Since the test temperature is below the boiling point of water (100C), the combustion water remains in the liquid state . However during combustion , the temperature of the combustion gases reaches above 100C, and the resultant water is in the vapour form . Co n t d …

21. 8. Ultimate analysis This refers to an analysis of waste to determine the proportion of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, and the analysis is done to make mass balance calculation for a chemical or thermal process. huraman, Assistant Professor,Faculty of Civil Engineering,VVCOE,Tisaiyanvilai Co n t d …

22. 9. Proximate analysis This is important in evaluating the combustion properties of wastes or a waste or refuse derived fuel. The fractions of interest are: moisture content, which adds weight to the waste without increasing its heating value, and the evaporation of water reduces the heat released from the fuel; ash, which adds weight without generating any heat during combustion; volatile matter, fixed carbon. huraman, Assistant Professor,Faculty of Civil Engineering,VVCOE,Tisaiyanvilai

23. Methods used to estimate Waste Quantities Load-count analysis, Weight-volume analysis, and Materials-balance analysis. Load-Count Analysis. In this method, the number of individual loads and the corresponding waste characteristics (types of waste, estimate volume) are noted over a specified time period. If scales are available, weight data are also recorded. Unit generation rates are determined by using the field data and where necessary, published data.

24. Co n t d … Weight-Volume Analysis. Although the use of detailed weight- volume data obtained by weighing and measuring each load will certainly provide better information on the specific weight of the various forms of solid wastes at a given location Materials Mass Balancer Analysis. The only way to determine the generation and movement of solid wastes with any degree of reliability is to perform a detailed materials balance analysis for each generation source, such as an individual home or a commercial or industrial activity. In some cases, the materials balance method of analysis will be required to obtain the data needed to verify compliance with state-mandated recycling programs.

25. EFFECTS OF IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE Improper disposal of solid waste can have far-reaching consequences for the environment and its natural vegetation and inhabitants, as well as for public health. Usually proper solid waste management practices are in place, but particularly in low-income areas or developing countries, those standards aren't always practiced or, in some cases, are non-existent. Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases . Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. Plastic waste is another cause for ill health. Thus excessive solid waste that is g e ne r a t e d should be controlled by taking certain preventive measures

26. • o f so l i d w as te g o e s s t r ai g ht to the landfill. Ninety percent I nc i ne r a t i o n is the n e x t m o st p o p u l a r m e th o d o f d is p o s al, • • followed by composting to a much lesser extent. The dangers from landfills come into play when the site is in a place where it shouldn't be--such as near wetlands. The other danger is a lack of monitoring the site. Usually, standards dictate that a plastic liner or clay soil be utilized to keep waste from seeping into the groundwater. In the case of incineration, problems usually arise when toxic materials, like batteries, aren't set aside and recycled and are instead burned--releasing pollutants into the air.

27. General effects on Health & Environment Logislations T h e g r o up a t r i s k fr o m t h e un s c i e ntif i c di sp o sa l o f so l id w as t e include – the population in areas where there is no proper waste • disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste workers; and workers in facilities producing toxic and infectious material. Other high-risk group includes population living close to a waste dump and those, whose water supply has become contaminated to waste dumping or leakage from landfill so l id w a s te a l s o i n c re a se s r i s k of inj u r y , s ite s . a nd either due U n co l l ec ted infection.

28. Occupational hazards associated with waste handling: (i) Infections: • • • 1. Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from infected wounds. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during landfill operations. Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the waste. Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste. (ii)Chronic diseases Incineration operators are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including cancers resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds

29. ( iii) A c ci de nt s - B o ne an d m u sc le d i s o r d e rs re s u l t i n g f r om t h e ha n d l i n g of heavy containers. Disease Outbreaks: A no th e r dan g e r, e s p ec i a ll y w i t h o pe n p i ts, c o m e s from t h e s p r ea d o f diseases--usually carried by rodents and bugs. An example of this is malaria, which festers in open areas with standing water and particularly hot and muggy temperatures .

30. P . M u t h u r a m a n , Assistant Professor,Faculty of Civil Engineering , VV CO E , T is a iy a n v i l a i D i s e ase Source of solid waste Contamination S y m p t o m s Health Hazards Ac u te r e s pi r a t o ry C o w du n g , tract infections hygiene A l l s y m p t o m s o f c o m m o n c ol d , f e v e r Inf l u en za poor and heavy coughing, Pneumonia c h e st pa i n a n d pa i n c a u s e an d m a y sev e re b et w e e n s h ou l d er c o m p li c a t i on s blades in pneumonia Di a r r he a Contaminated m i xe d wi th li ke rats, and flies in home. w a ste d ue to c a r r i ers s li m e . c o ckro a ch a cc o m pan i e d f e ver, na u s ea v o m i t i ng . D eh ydr a t i o n fo o d W a t e r y st o o l s at l ea st e sp e c i a l l y i n ch i l d r e n th a t a cc i d e n t a ll y g o t 3 t i m e s a da y w i th o r s h o w n b y d a rk s oli d wi t ho ut b l o o d o r c ol o r a t i o n o f u r i ne , M a y b e d r y t on g u e o r by leathery skin. Severe a n d r i sk to i m m un o c o m p rom i s e d persons.

31. Viral Hepatitis A s oli d w a s t e workers. Nausea, Slight fever, i mpr o p e r ha n d l i ng o f d ark c o l or e d an d sk i n a f t e r several days. P oo r h y gi e n e , p a l e co l o r e d s t oo l s, L o n g term disabling ur i ne , e f f e cts, i m pa i r t h e by jaundiced eye whites liver and kidney Typhoid fever consuming food. h a nd s be fore f e ver, with delirium P oo r h y g i en e o f s oli d S t a r ts o ff li ke m a l ar i a W i t ho ut w a ste m a n age me n t s o m e t i m e s wi th m ed i c a l ap pr o p r i a te car e , m a y w o r k e rs. U n w a sh e d d i a r r h e a, p ro l o nge d l ea d to f a tal o cc a s i on a l l y c o m p li c a t i on s i n a few weeks. C ho l e r a consuming food. Poor hygiene of solid Abdominal cramps, w a ste m a n age me n t f e ver, workers. Unwashed Hands before D eh ydr a t i o n s h o w n v o m i t i n g, b y d ark c ol o rat i o n o f d i a r r he a u r i ne , dry to ngu e o r leathery skin.

32. Characteristics of Solid Waste Heterogeneity : Solid waste is highly diverse, consisting of different materials with varying physical and chemical properties. This heterogeneity makes waste management and recycling processes more challenging. Volume and Mass : Solid waste generation is substantial, with the volume and mass varying depending on factors like population density, economic activities, and lifestyle patterns. Decomposition : Certain organic components in solid waste can decompose over time, leading to the release of greenhouse gases like methane. Proper waste management strategies should be employed to minimize the environmental impact of decomposition.

33. Characteristics of Solid Waste – Contd … 4. Hazardous Components : Some solid waste contains hazardous substances, such as heavy metals, toxic chemicals, and infectious materials. Improper handling of these wastes can pose serious health and environmental risks. 5. Recyclability : Solid waste often contains recyclable materials like paper, plastics, and metals. Efficient recycling programs can reduce the burden on landfills and conserve natural resources. 6. Seasonal Variation : The quantity and composition of solid waste can fluctuate with changing seasons, holidays, and events, which requires adaptive waste management approaches.

34. Perspectives of Solid Waste Environmental Perspective : Solid waste poses significant environmental challenges. Improper disposal and inadequate waste management can lead to pollution of air, water, and soil, as well as habitat destruction and adverse impacts on wildlife. Health Perspective : Poorly managed solid waste can create health hazards for humans and animals. Open dumping and burning of waste release toxic substances into the air, which can lead to respiratory problems and other illnesses. Resource Perspective : Solid waste, when managed effectively, can be a valuable resource. Recycling and waste-to-energy technologies can recover materials and energy from waste, reducing the need for raw materials and fossil fuels .

35. Perspectives of Solid Waste – Contd … 4. Social Perspective : The management of solid waste also has social implications. Inadequate waste disposal can affect marginalized communities disproportionately, leading to unequal distribution of environmental risks. 5. Economic Perspective : Waste management incurs costs for collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. However, adopting sustainable waste management practices can create jobs and economic opportunities in the recycling and renewable energy sectors. 6. Legal and Policy Perspective : Governments enact regulations and policies to govern waste management practices, aiming to reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainable waste management.

36. Environmental effect Besides causing health disorders inadequate and improper waste management causes adverse environmental effects such as the following: 1. Air pollution: Burning of solid wastes in open dumps or in improperly designed incinerators emit pollutants (gaseous and particulate matters) to the atmosphere. Studies show that the environmental consequences of open burning are greater than incinerators, especially with respect to aldehydes and particulates. Emissions from an uncontrolled incinerator system include particulate matter, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, lead and mercury. Discharge of arsenic, cadmium and selenium is to be controlled, since they a r e t ox i c at relatively low exposure levels.

37. 2. Water and land pollution: Water pollution results from dumping in open areas and storm water drains, and improper design, construction and/or operation of a sanitary landfill. C on t r o l o f i n f il t r a t i o n fr o m ra i nf a l l a nd s u r f a ce r u n o ff i s e ss e n ti a l i n o r de r to minimise the production of leachate. Pollution of groundwater can occur as a result of: the flow of groundwater through deposits of solid waste at landfill sites; percolation of rainfall or irrigation waters from solid wastes to the water table; diffusion and collection of gases generated by the decomposition of solid wastes. 3. Visual pollution: The aesthetic sensibility is offended by the unsightliness of piles of wastes on the roadside . Waste carelessly and irresponsibly discarded in public thoroughfares , along roads and highways and around communal bins gives easy access to animals scavenging for food .

38. 4. Noise pollution:   U nde s i r ab l e no i se i s a nu i s a n ce a ss o c i a ted wi th op er a t i o ns a t l an df i l l s, incinerators, transfer stations and sites used for recycling. This is due to the movement of vehicles, the operation of large machines and the diverse operations at an incinerator site. Th e i m p a c ts o f n o i s e po ll u t i o n m a y b e r edu c e d by car e ful s i t i n g of S WM operations and by the use of noise barriers. 5. Odour pollution: O bn o x i o us o dou r s d ue to t h e p r e s en ce o f d ec a y i n g o r ga n i c m a t t e r a re characteristic of open dumps. Th ey ar i se fr o m a nae r ob i c de c o m po s i t i o n p ro c ess e s an d t h e i r m a j o r c o n st i t u e n ts a r e pa r t i c ul a r l y off e n s i ve. Pr ope r l and f il l c o v e r i n g e l i m i na t e s t h i s nuisance.

39. 6.Explosion hazards: Landfill gas, which is released during anaerobic decomposition processes, contains a high proportion of methane (35 – 73%). It can migrate through the soil over a considerable distance, leaving the buildings in the vicinity of sanitary landfill sites at risk, even after the closure of landfills. Several methods are available for control of landfill gas, such as venting, flaring and the use of impermeable barriers.