PraditaFirmansyah
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About This Presentation
mechanics of materials
Size: 623.76 KB
Language: en
Added: Nov 29, 2021
Slides: 26 pages
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Solution 2.3-8Bar with a hole
80 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers
d
2d
1
L
4
P P
—
L
4
—
L
2
—
d
d≤diameter of hole
S
HORTENING≤OF THE BAR
(Eq. 1)
N
UMERICAL VALUES(DATA):
≤≤maximum allowable shortening of the bar
≤8.0 mm
≤
PL
E
¢
1
d
1
2d
2
1
d
1
2
2
d
2
2
≤
≤
P
EC
L≤4
4
(d
1
2d
2
)
L≤4
4
d
1
2
L≤2
4
d
2
2
S
≤≤
a
N
i
L
i
E
i
A
i
≤
P
E
a
L
i
A
i
P≤110 kNL≤1.2 mE≤4.0 GPa
d
1
≤100 mm
d
max
≤maximum allowable diameter of the hole
d
2
≤60 mm
S
UBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (1) FOR≤
AND SOLVE FORd≤d
max
:
U
NITS:Newtons and meters
d
max≤23.9 mm —
d≤0.02387
m
d
2
≤569.8110
6
m
2
≤761.598100555.556≤106.042
1
0.01d
2
761.598≤
1
0.01d
2
1
0.01
2
0.0036
B
1
(0.1)
2
d
2
1
(0.1)
2
2
(0.06)
2
R
0.008≤
(110,000)(1.2)
(4.010
9
)
Problem 2.3-9Awood pile, driven into the earth, supports a load Pentirely
by friction along its sides (see figure). The friction force fper unit length of pile
is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the surface of the pile. The pile has
length L, cross-sectional area A, and modulus of elasticity E.
(a) Derive a formula for the shortening ≤of the pile in terms of P, L, E,
and A.
(b) Draw a diagram showing how the compressive stress
c
varies throughout
the length of the pile.
L
P
f
Problem 2.3-8Abar ABCof length Lconsists of two parts
of equal lengths but different diameters (see figure). Segment
ABhas diameter d
1
≤ 100 mm and segment BChas diameter
d
2
≤ 60 mm. Both segments have length L/2 ≤ 0.6 m. A
longitudinal hole of diameter dis drilled through segment AB
for one-half of its length (distance L/4 ≤ 0.3 m). The bar is
made of plastic having modulus of elasticity E ≤ 4.0 GPa.
Compressive loads P≤ 110 kN act at the ends of the bar.
If the shortening of the bar is limited to 8.0 mm, what is the maximum allowable diameter d
max
of the hole?
d
2
d
1
L
4
P P
AB
C
—
L
4
—
L
2
—
≤fLP≤0≤f≤
P
L
N(y)≤axial forceN(y)≤fy (Eq. 2)
(b) C
OMPRESSIVE STRESS
c
IN PILE
At the base (y≤0):
c
≤0
See the diagram above.
At
the top(y≤L): s
c≤
P
A
s
c≤
N(y)
A
≤
fy
A
≤
Py
AL
—
≤≤
PL
2EA
—
≤≤
L
0
d≤≤
f
EA
L
0
ydy≤
fL
2
2EA
≤
PL
2EA
d≤≤
N(y) dy
EA
≤
fy dy
EA
L
y
P
f
dy
f =
P
L
c =
P
y
AL
P
A
0
Compressive stress
in pile
Friction force
per unit
len
gth of pile
Problem 2.3-10Aprismatic bar ABof length L, cross-sectional area A, modulus
of elasticity E, and weight Whangs vertically under its own weight (see figure).
(a) Derive a formula for the downward displacement ≤
C
of point C, located
at distance hfrom the lower end of the bar.
(b) What is the elongation ≤
B
of the entire bar?
(c) What is the ratio of the elongation of the upper half of the bar to the
elongation of the lower half of the bar?
L
h
B
A
C
Solution 2.3-10Prismatic bar hanging vertically
W≤Weight of bar
(a) D
OWNWARD
DISPLACEMENT
≤
C
Consider an element at
distance yfrom the
lower end.
(c) R
ATIO OF ELONGATIONS
Elongation of lower half of bar:
b≤
≤
upper
≤
lower
≤
3≤8
1≤8
≤3—
≤
lower≤≤
B≤
upper≤
WL
2EA
3WL
8EA
≤
WL
8EA
≤
upper≤
3WL
8EA
Elongation
of upper half of bar ¢h≤
L
2
≤:
≤
B≤
WL
2EA
—
L
h
y
B
A
C
dy
(b) ELONGATION OF BAR(h≤0)
≤
C≤
W
2EAL
(L
2
h
2
)—
≤
W
2EAL
(L
2
h
2
)
N(y)≤
Wy
L
≤d≤≤
N(y)dy
EA
≤
Wydy
EAL
Problem 2.3-11Aflat bar of rectangular cross section, length
L, and constant thickness tis subjected to tension by forces
P(see figure). The width of the bar varies linearly from b
1
at
the smaller end to b
2
at the larger end. Assume that the angle
of taper is small.
(a) Derive the following formula for the elongation of the
bar:
≤≤
Et(b
P
2
L
b
1
)
ln
b
b
2
1
(b) Calculate the elongation, assuming L≤ 5 ft, t ≤ 1.0 in.,
P≤ 25 k, b
1
≤ 4.0 in., b
2
≤ 6.0 in., and E≤ 3010
6
psi.
82 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers
P
P
t
b
1
b
2
L
Solution 2.3-11Tapered bar (rectangular cross section)
P
dx
x
P
L
0 L
0
b
1 bb
2
t≤thickness (constant)
(Eq. 1)
(a) E
LONGATION OF THE BAR
(Eq. 2) ≤
PL
0
Eb
1t
ln x
L
0
L
0L
≤
PL
0
Eb
1t
ln
L
0L
L
0
≤≤
L
0L
L
0
d≤≤
PL
0
Eb
1t
L
0L
L
0
dx
x
d≤≤
Pdx
EA(x)
≤
PL
0
dx
Eb
1tx
A(x)≤bt≤b
1t ¢
x
L
0
≤
b≤b
1
¢
x
L
0
≤≤b
2≤b
1
¢
L
0L
L
0
≤
(Eq. 3)
(Eq. 4)
Substitute Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 5)
(b) S
UBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES :
L≤5ft≤60 in. t≤10 in.
P≤25 k b
1
≤4.0 in.
b
2
≤6.0 in.E≤30 10
6
psi
From
Eq. (5): ≤≤0.010 in.—
≤≤
PL
Et(b
2b
1)
ln
b
2
b
1
—
Solve
Eq. (3) for L
0: L
0≤L ¢
b
1
b
2b
1
≤
From Eq. (1):
L
0L
L
0
≤
b
2
b
1
Problem 2.3-12Apost AB supporting equipment in a laboratory is
tapered uniformly throughout its height
H(see figure). The cross
sections of the post are square, with dimensions bb at the top
and 1.5b1.5bat the base.
Derive a formula for the shortening ≤of the post due to the
compressive load
Pacting at the top. (Assume that the angle of
taper is small and disregard the weight of the post itself.)
Solution 2.3-12Tapered post
SECTION 2.3 Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions83
H
P
A
B
Ab
b
B 1.5b
1.5b
Square cross sections
b≤width at A
1.5b≤width at B
b
y
≤width at distance y
A
y
≤cross-sectional area at distance y
≤(b
y)
2
≤
b
2
H
2
(H0.5y)
2
≤
b
H
(H0.5y)
≤b(1.5bb)
y
H
S
HORTENING OF ELEMENT dy
S
HORTENING OF ENTIRE POST
≤
2PH
3Eb
2
—
≤
PH
2
Eb
2
B
1
(0.5)(1.5H)
1
0.5H
R
≤≤
PH
2
Eb
2
B
1
(0.5)(H0.5y)
R
0
H
From Appendix C:
dx
(abx)
2
1
b(abx)
≤≤
d≤≤
PH
2
Eb
2
H
0
dy
(H0.5y)
2
d≤≤
Pdy
EA
y
≤
Pdy
E ¢
b
2
H2
≤ (H0.5y)
2
P
A
B
y
dy
b
b
y
1.5 b
H
Problem 2.3-13Along, slender bar in the shape of a right circular cone
with length
Land base diameter dhangs vertically under the action of its
own weight (see figure). The weight of the cone is
Wand the modulus of
elasticity of the material is
E.
Derive a formula for the increase in the length of the bar due to
its own weight. (Assume that the angle of taper of the cone is small.)
Solution 2.3-13Conical bar hanging vertically
84 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers
d
L
ELEMENT OF BAR
Wweight of cone
E
LONGATION OF ELEMENT dy
E
LONGATION OF CONICAL BAR
d
4W
d
2
EL
L
0
y dy
2WL
d
2
E
—
d
N
y
dy
E A
y
Wy
dy
E A
BL
4W
d
2
EL
y dy
d
y
L
dy
dy
N
y
N
y
TERMINOLOGY
N
y
axial force acting on element dy
A
y
cross-sectional area at element dy
A
B
cross-sectional area at base of cone
Vvolume of cone
V
y
volume of cone below element dy
W
y
weight of cone below element dy
N
y
W
y
V
y
V
(W)
A
yyW
A
BL
1
3
A
y
y
1
3
A
B
L
d
2
4
Problem 2.3-14Abar ABCrevolves in a horizontal plane about a
vertical axis at the midpoint
C(see figure). The bar, which has length
2
Land cross-sectional area A, revolves at constant angular speed .
Each half of the bar (
ACand BC) has weight W
1
and supports a weight
W
2
at its end.
Derive the following formula for the elongation of one-half of the
bar (that is, the elongation of either
ACor BC):
≤≤
3
L
g
2
E
A
2
(W
1
3W
2
)
in which Eis the modulus of elasticity of the material of the bar and
gis the acceleration of gravity.
Solution 2.3-14Rotating bar
SECTION 2.3 Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions85
AC B
LL
W
2 W
1 W
1 W
2
C
B
L
W
1 W
2
x
F(x)
dx
d
≤angular speed
A≤cross-sectional area
E≤modulus of elasticity
g≤acceleration of gravity
F(x)≤axial force in bar at distance xfrom point C
Consider an element of length dxat distance xfrom
point C.
To find the force F(x) acting on this element, we
must find the inertia force of the part of the bar from
distance xto distance L, plus the inertia force of the
weight W
2
.
Since the inertia force varies with distance from
point C, we now must consider an element of
length dat distance , where varies from xto L.
Acceleration of element ≤
2
Centrifugal force produced by element
≤(mass)(acceleration)≤
W
1
2
gL
jdj
Mass
of element dj≤
dj
L
¢
W
1
g
≤
Centrifugal force produced by weight W
2
AXIAL FORCEF(x)
E
LONGATION OF BARBC
≤
L
2
2
3gEA
(W
13W
2)—
≤
W
1L
2
2
3gEA
W
2L
2
2
gEA
W
2L
2
gEA
L
0
dx ≤
W
1
2
2gLEA
B
L
0
L
2
dx
L
0
x
2
dxR
≤
L
0
W
1
2
2gLEA
(L
2
x
2
)dx
L
0
W
2L
2
dxgEA
≤≤
L
0
F(x) dx
EA
≤
W
1
2
2gL
(L
2
x
2
)
W
2L
2
g
F(x)≤
Statically Indeterminate Structures
Problem 2.4-1The assembly shown in the figure consists of a brass
core (diameter d
1
≤ 0.25 in.) surrounded by a steel shell (inner diameter
d
2
≤ 0.28 in., outer diameter d
3
≤ 0.35 in.). A load Pcompresses the
core and shell, which have length L≤ 4.0 in. The moduli of elasticity
of the brass and steel are E
b
≤ 15 10
6
psi and E
s
≤ 30 10
6
psi,
respectively.
(a) What load Pwill compress the assembly by 0.003 in.?
(b) If the allowable stress in the steel is 22 ksi and the allowable
stress in the brass is 16 ksi, what is the allowable compressive
load P
allow
? (Suggestion:Use the equations derived in
Example 2-5.)
Solution 2.4-1Cylindrical assembly in compression
88 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers
P
Steel shell
Brass core
d
3
d
1
d
2
L
P
Steel shell
Brass core
d
3
d
1
d
2
L
d
1
≤0.25 in.E
b
≤15 10
6
psi
d
2
≤0.28 in.E
s
≤30 10
6
psi
(a) D
ECREASE IN LENGTH(≤ 0.003 in.)
Use Eq. (2-13) of Example 2-5.
P≤(E
s
A
sE
b
A
b)¢
≤
L
≤
≤≤
PL
E
s
A
sE
b
A
b
≤or
L≤4.0
in.≤A
b≤
s
≤22 ksi
b
≤16 ksi
Use Eqs. (2-12a and b) of Example 2-5.
For steel:
For brass:
Steel
governs.≤P
allow≤1300 lb—
P
s≤(1.77610
6
lb)¢
16 ksi
1510
6
psi
≤≤1890 lb
s
b≤
PE
b
E
s
A
sE
b
A
b
≤P
s≤(E
s
A
sE
b
A
b)
s
b
E
b
P
s≤(1.77610
6
lb)¢
22 ksi
3010
6
psi
≤≤1300 lb
s
s≤
PE
s
E
s
A
sE
b
A
b
≤P
s≤(E
s
A
sE
b
A
b)
s
s
E
s
≤1330 lb—
P≤(1.77610
6
lb)¢
0.003 in.
4.0 in.
≤
≤1.77610
6
lb
(1510
6
psi)(0.04909 in.
2
)
E
s
A
sE
b
A
b≤(3010
6
psi)(0.03464 in.
2
)
Problem 2.4-2Acylindrical assembly consisting of a brass core and
an aluminum collar is compressed by a load P(see figure). The length
of the aluminum collar and brass core is 350 mm, the diameter of the
core is 25 mm, and the outside diameter of the collar is 40 mm. Also, the
moduli of elasticity of the aluminum and brass are 72 GPa and 100 GPa,
respectively.
(a) If the length of the assembly decreases by 0.1% when the load
Pis applied, what is the magnitude of the load?
(b) What is the maximum permissible load P
max
if the allowable
stresses in the aluminum and brass are 80 MPa and 120 MPa,
respectively? (Suggestion:Use the equations derived in
Example 2-5.)
Solution 2.4-2Cylindrical assembly in compression
SECTION 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures89
Aluminum collar
Brass core
25 mm
40 mm
P
350 mm
A
B
d
b
d
a
P
350 mm
A≤ aluminum
B ≤ brass
L≤ 350 mm
d
a
≤40 mm
d
b
≤ 25 mm
≤765.8 mm
2
(a) DECREASE IN LENGTH
(≤ ≤ 0.1% of L≤0.350 mm)
Use Eq. (2-13) of Example 2-5.
≤490.9
mm
2
E
a≤72 GPa≤E
b≤100 GPa≤A
b≤
4
d
b
2
A
a≤
4
(d
a
2d
b
2)
Substitute numerical values:
E
a
A
a
E
b
A
b
≤ (72 GPa)(765.8 mm
2
)
(100 GPa)(490.9 mm
2
)
≤55.135 MN49.090 MN
≤104.23 MN
(b) A
LLOWABLE LOAD
A
≤80 MPa
b
≤120 MPa
Use Eqs. (2-12a and b) of Example 2-5.
For aluminum:
For brass:
Aluminum
governs.≤P
max≤116 kN
P
b≤(104.23 MN)¢
120 MPa
100 GPa
≤≤125.1 kN
s
b≤
PE
b
E
aA
aE
bA
b
≤P
b≤(E
a
A
aE
b
A
b)¢
s
b
E
b
≤
P
a≤(104.23 MN)¢
80 MPa
72 GPa
≤≤115.8 kN
s
a≤
PE
a
E
a
A
aE
bA
b
≤P
a≤(E
aA
aE
bA
b)¢
s
a
E
a
≤
≤104.2 kN —
P≤(104≤23 MN)¢
0.350 mm
350 mm
≤
P≤(E
a
A
aE
b
A
b)¢
≤
L
≤
≤≤
PL
E
a
A
aE
bA
b
≤or
E
A
E
B
∴2∴
A
A
A
B
∴
11
1.5
∴
4
3
P
B
P
∴
E
B A
B
E
A A
AE
B A
B
∴
1
E
A A
A
E
B A
B
1
∴
E
BP
E
A A
AE
B A
B
s
A∴
P
A
A
A
∴
E
AP
E
A A
AE
B A
B
∴s
B∴
P
B
A
B
P
P
A
2
P
BP
A
2
CB
(Eq. 2)
F
ORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eqs. 3&4)
(a) S
OLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 5)
R
A
b
1
EA
1
R
B
b
2
EA
2
AC
R
A b
1
EA
1
CB
R
B b
2
EA
2
Solve Eq. (1) and Eq. (5) simultaneously:
(b) D
ISPLACEMENT OF POINTC
(c) R
ATIO OF STRESSES
(Note that if b
1
b
2
, the stresses are numerically
equal regardless of the areas A
1
and A
2
.)
s
1
s
2
b
2
b
1
—
s
1
R
A
A
1
(tension)s
2
R
B
A
2
(compression)
C
AC
R
A
b
1
EA
1
b
1
b
2
P
E(b
1
A
2b
2
A
1)
—
R
A
b
2 A
1
P
b
1
A
2b
2
A
1
R
B
b
1 A
2
P
b
1
A
2b
2
A
1
—
CB
R
A
R
B
A
P
Problem 2.4-6Aplastic rod ABof length L≤ 0.5 m has a
diameter d
1
≤ 30 mm (see figure). A plastic sleeve CDof length
c ≤ 0.3 m and outer diameter d
2
≤ 45 mm is securely bonded
to the rod so that no slippage can occur between the rod and the
sleeve. The rod is made of an acrylic with modulus of elasticity
E
1
≤ 3.1 GPa and the sleeve is made of a polyamide with
E
2
≤ 2.5 GPa.
(a) Calculate the elongation ≤of the rod when it is pulled by
axial forces P≤ 12 kN.
(b) If the sleeve is extended for the full length of the rod,
what is the elongation?
(c) If the sleeve is removed, what is the elongation?
Solution 2.4-6Plastic rod with sleeve
SECTION 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures93
L
c bb
PP
AB
CD
d
1 d
2
L
c bb
PP
AB
CDd
1 d
1
d
2
P≤12 kN d
1
≤30 mm b≤100 mm
L≤500 mm d
2
≤45 mm c≤300 mm
Rod: E
1
≤3.1 GPa
Sleeve: E
2
≤2.5 GPa
E
1
A
1
E
2
A
2
≤4.400 MN
(a) E
LONGATION OF ROD
(From Eq. 2-13 of Example 2-5)
≤≤2≤
AC≤
CD≤1.91 mm—
≤0.81815
mm
Part
CD: ≤
CD≤
Pc
E
1A
1E
2A
2
Part AC: ≤
AC≤
Pb
E
1A
1
≤0.5476 mm
Sleeve:
A
2≤
4
(d
2
2d
1
2)≤883.57 mm
2
Rod: A
1≤
d
1
2
4
≤706.86
mm
2
(b) SLEEVE AT FULL LENGTH
(c) SLEEVE REMOVED
≤≤
PL
E
1A
1
≤2.74 mm—
≤1.36
mm—
≤≤≤
CD
¢
L
C
≤≤(0.81815 mm) ¢
500 mm
300 mm
≤
CD
0 (Eq. 2)
Positive means elongation.
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS
(Eqs. 3, 4)
(Eq. 5)
S
OLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute Eqs. (3), (4), and (5) into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 6)
R
AL
4EA
1
(R
AP)(L)
4EA
1
R
DL
4EA
1
0
CD
R
D(L2)
E(2A
1)
AB
R
A(L4)
EA
1
BC
(R
AP)(L4)
EA
1
(a) REAC\TIONS
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (6):
(b) D
ISPLACEMENTS AT POINTSBANDC
(c) D
ISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
PL
12EA
1
(To the right)—
C
CD
R
DL
4EA
1
B
AB
R
AL
4EA
1
PL
6EA
1
(To the right)—
R
A
2P
3
R
D
P
3
—
AB
A
1
2A
1
C
P
D
L
4
—
L
4
—
L
2
—
R
DR
A
Displacement
Distance from
end AL
4
—
L
2
—
L
0
AB C D
PL
6EA
1
——
PL
12EA
1
——
Problem 2.4-8The fixed-end bar ABCDconsists of three prismatic
segments, as shown in the figure. The end segments have cross-
sectional area A
1
≤ 840 mm
2
and length L
1
≤ 200 mm. The middle
segment has cross-sectional area A
2
≤ 1260 mm
2
and length L
2
≤ 250
mm. Loads P
B
and P
C
are equal to 25.5 kN and 17.0 kN, respectively.
(a) Determine the reactions R
A
and R
D
at the fixed supports.
(b) Determine the compressive axial force F
BC
in the middle
segment of the bar.
Solution 2.4-8Bar with three segments
SECTION 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures95
A
1 A
1A
2
AD
BC
P
B P
C
L
1
L
1L
2
A
1
A
1
A
2
AD
BC
P B P
C
L
1 L
1L
2
P
B
≤25.5 kNP
C
≤17.0 kN
L
1
≤200 mmL
2
≤250 mm
A
1
≤840 mm
2
A
2
≤1260 mm
2
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute Eqs. (3), (4), and (5) into Eq. (2):
Simplify and substitute P
B
≤25.5 kN:
(Eq. 6)
(a) R
EACTIONSR
A
ANDR
D
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (6).
From (1): R
D
≤R
A
8.5 kN
Substitute into (6) and solve for R
A
:
(b) C
OMPRESSIVE AXIAL FORCEF
BC
F
BC≤P
BR
A≤P
CR
D≤15.0 kN—
R
D≤R
A8.5 kN≤2.0 kN—
R
A≤10.5 kN—
R
A ¢674.603
1
m
≤≤7083.34
kN
m
≤5,059.53
P
B
R
D
P
C
R
A
≤0or
R
A
R
D
≤P
B
P
C
≤8.5 kN (Eq. 1)
E
QUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
≤
AD
≤elongation of entire bar
≤
AD
≤≤
AB
≤
BC
≤
CD
≤0 (Eq. 2)
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eq. 3)
(Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)≤
CD≤
R
DL
1
EA
1
≤
R
D
E
¢238.095
1
m
≤
≤
R
A
E
¢198.413
1
m
≤
P
B
E
¢198.413
1
m
≤
≤
BC≤
(R
AP
B)L
2
EA
2
≤
AB≤
R
AL
1
EA
1
≤
R
A
E
CB
0 (Eq. 2)
(A positive value of means elongation.)
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eqs. 3, 4))
AC
R
AL
E
s A
s
BC
R
B(2L)
E
a A
a
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 5)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
(Eqs. 6, 7)
(a) A
XIAL STRESSES
(Eq. 8)
(compression)
(Eq. 9)
(tension)
(b) N
UMERICAL RESULTS
P12 k A
a
8.92 in.
2
A
s
1.03 in.
2
E
a
1010
6
psi E
s
2910
6
psi
Substitute into Eqs. (8) and (9):
s
s9,350 psi (tension)—
s
a1,610 psi (compression)—
Steel:
s
s
R
A
A
s
4E
s P
E
a A
a2E
s A
s
—
Aluminum:
s
a
R
B
A
a
2E
aP
E
a A
a2E
s A
s
—
R
A
4E
s
A
s P
E
a
A
a2E
s
A
s
R
B
2E
a
A
a P
E
a
A
a2E
s
A
s
R
AL
E
s
A
s
R
B(2L)
E
a
A
a
0
P
C
P
B
A
2L
L
1
2
P
C
P
B
A
R
A
R
B
E
sA
s
E
aA
a
4
(2 mm)
2
≤3.1416 mm
2
P
s≤
s
s
E
s
(E
AA
A2E
s A
s)W
P
A≤
s
A
E
A
(E
AA
A2E
s A
s)W
s
s≤
F
s
A
s
≤
(PW)E
s
E
AA
A2E
s A
s
s
A≤
F
A
A
A
≤
(PW)E
A
E
AA
A2E
s A
s
F
s≤(PW) ¢
E
s A
s
E
AA
A2E
s A
s
≤
F
A≤(PW) ¢
E
AA
A
E
AA
A2E
s A
s
≤
F
s L
E
s A
s
≤
F
AL
E
AA
A
P
SAS
W = 800 N
P + W
F
SF
AF
S
AB
(bar)
BD
(collar)0 (Eq. 2)
(Elongation is positive.)
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
Substitute into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 3)
R
AL
1
EA
1
R
DL
3
EA
3
0
AB
R
AL
1
EA
1
BD
R
DL
3
EA
3
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLYEQS. (1) AND(3):
C
HANGES IN LENGTHS(Elongation is positive)
E
LONGATION OF BARABC
AC
AB
AC
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES :
P40 kN E200 GPa
L
1
250 mm
L
2
225 mm
L
3
125 mm
A
1
960 mm
2
A
2
300 mm
2
A
3
480 mm
2
RESULTS:
R
A
R
D
20 kN
AB
0.02604 mm
BC
0.15000 mm
AC
AB
AC0.176 mm—
AB
R
AL
1
EA
1
PL
1L
3
E(L
1A
3L
3A
1)
BC
PL
2
EA
2
R
A
PL
3A
1
LA
3L
3A
1
R
D
PL
1A
3
L
1A
3L
3A
1
A
1
A
2
L
1
L
2
P
C
R
D
B
A
A
3
L
3
D
B
R
D
R
D
Problem 2.4-13Ahorizontal rigid bar of weight W ≤ 7200 lb is
supported by three slender circular rods that are equally spaced (see
figure). The two outer rods are made of aluminum (E
1
≤ 1010
6
psi)
with diameter d
1
≤ 0.4 in. and length L
1
≤40 in. The inner rod is
magnesium (E
2
≤ 6.510
6
psi) with diameter d
2
and length L
2
. The
allowable stresses in the aluminum and magnesium are 24,000 psi and
13,000 psi, respectively.
If it is desired to have all three rods loaded to their maximum
allowable values, what should be the diameter d
2
and length L
2
of
the middle rod?
Solution 2.4-13Bar supported by three rods
100 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers
W = weight of rigid bar
d
1
d
1
d
2
L
2
L
1
BAR1A LUMINUM
E
1
≤1010
6
psi
d
1
≤0.4 in.
L
1
≤40 in.
1
≤24,000 psi
BAR2M
AGNESIUM
E
2
≤6.510
6
psi
d
2
≤? L
2
≤?
2s
1d
2
2
s
2
—
2s
1
¢
d
1
2
4
≤s
2
¢
d
2
2
4
≤≤W
A
1≤
d
1
2
4
≤ A
2≤
d
2
2
4
S
UBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES :
E
QUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
≤
1
≤≤
2
(Eq. 3)
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)
Substitute (4) and (5) into Eq. (3):
Length L
1
is known; solve for L
2
:
(Eq. 6)
S
UBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES :
≤48.0
in.—
L
2≤(40 in.)¢
24,000 psi
13,000 psi
≤ ¢
6.510
6
psi
1010
6
psi
≤
L
2≤L
1 ¢
s
1E
2
s
2E
1
≤—
s
1 ¢
L
1
E
1
≤≤s
2 ¢
L
2
E
2
≤
≤
2≤
F
2L
2
E
2A
2
≤s
2 ¢
L
2
E
2
≤
≤
1≤
F
1L
1
E
1A
1
≤s
1 ¢
L
1
E
1
≤
d
2≤0.338 in.—
≤0.70518
in.
2
0.59077 in.
2
≤0.11441 in.
2
d
2
2≤
4(7200
lb)
(13,000 psi)
2(24,000
psi) (0.4 in.)
2
13,000 psi
W = 7200 lb
1
2
1
W
F
1
F
2
F
1
60
rad
E
QUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
(Eq. 2)
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eqs. 3, 4)
S
OLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 5)
S
OLVE SIMULTANEOUSLYEQS. (1) AND(5):
A
NGLE OF ROTATION
MAXIMUM LOAD
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES :
1800
N—
(500
mm)
2
(25 kNm)]
P
max
60
rad
200 mm
[(250
mm)
2
(10 kNm)
P
max
u
max
c
(a
2
k
1b
2
k
2)—
P
u
c
(a
2
k
1b
2
k
2)
D
F
D
k
2
bcP
a
2
k
1b
2
k
2
u
D
b
cP
a
2
k
1b
2
k
2
F
A
ack
1P
a
2
k
1b
2
k
2
F
D
bck
2P
a
2
k
1b
2
k
2
F
A
ak
1
F
D
bk
2
A
F
A
k
1
D
F
D
k
2
A
a
D
b
ABC
P
D
c
k
1
k
2
ab
PF
B
c
ab
F
A R
B
A
BCD
A
C
D
Problem 2.4-15Arigid bar ABof length L 66 in. is hinged to a support
at Aand supported by two vertical wires attached at points Cand D(see
figure). Both wires have the same cross-sectional area (A 0.0272 in.
2
) and
are made of the same material (modulus E 3010
6
psi). The wire at C
has length h 18 in. and the wire at Dhas length twice that amount. The
horizontal distances are c 20 in. and d 50 in.
(a) Determine the tensile stresses
C
and
D
in the wires due to the
load P 170 lb acting at end Bof the bar.
(b) Find the downward displacement
B
at end Bof the bar.
Solution 2.4-15Bar supported by two wires
102 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers
P
A BDC
L
c
d
h
2h
h18 in.
2h36 in.
c20 in.
d50 in.
L66 in.
E3010
6
psi
A0.0272 in.
2
P340 lb
F
REE-BODY DIAGRAM
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
(Eq. 1)
E
QUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
(Eq. 2)
Problem 2.4-16Atrimetallic bar is uniformly compressed by an
axial force P≤ 40 kN applied through a rigid end plate (see figure).
The bar consists of a circular steel core surrounded by brass and cop-
per tubes. The steel core has diameter 30 mm, the brass tube has outer
diameter 45 mm, and the copper tube has outer diameter 60 mm. The
corresponding moduli of elasticity are E
s
≤ 210 GPa, E
b
≤ 100 GPa,
and E
c
≤ 120 GPa.
Calculate the compressive stresses
s
,
b
, and
c
in the steel, brass,
and copper, respectively, due to the force P.
SECTION 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures103
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eqs. 3, 4)
S
OLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
(Eq. 5)
T
ENSILE FORCES IN THE WIRES
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
(Eqs. 6, 7)
T
ENSILE STRESSES IN THE WIRES
(Eq. 8)
(Eq. 9)s
D≤
T
D
A
≤
dPL
A(2c
2
d
2
)
s
c≤
T
c
A
≤
2cPL
A(2c
2
d
2
)
T
c≤
2cPL
2c
2
d
2
≤T
D≤
dPL
2c
2
d
2
T
ch
cEA
≤
T
D(2h)
dEA
≤or≤
T
c
c
≤
2T
D
d
≤
c≤
T
ch
EA
≤ ≤
D≤
T
D(2h)
EA
D
ISPLACEMENT AT END OF BAR
(Eq. 10)
S
UBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
(a)
(b)
≤0.0198
in.—
≤
2(18
in.)(340 lb)(66 in.)
2
(3010
6
psi)(0.0272 in.
2
)(3300 in.
2
)
≤
B≤
2hPL
2
EA(2c
2
d
2
)
≤12,500
psi—
s
D≤
dPL
A(2c
2
d
2
)
≤
(50
in.)(340 lb)(66 in.)
(0.0272 in.
2
)(3300 in.
2
)
≤10,000
psi—
s
c≤
2cPL
A(2c
2
d
2
)
≤
2(20
in.)(340 lb)(66 in.)
(0.0272 in.
2
)(3300 in.
2
)
2c
2
d
2
≤2(20 in.)
2
(50 in.)
2
≤3300 in.
2
≤
B≤≤
D
¢
L
d
≤≤
2hT
D
EA
¢
L
d
≤≤
2hPL
2
EA(2c
2
d
2
)
P = 40 kN
Copper tubeBrass tube
Steel core
30
mm
45
mm
60
mm
s
(Eqs. 2)
F
ORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
(Eqs. 3, 4, 5)
S
OLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute (3), (4), and (5) into Eqs. (2):
(Eqs. 6, 7)P
bP
s
E
b A
b
E
s A
s
P
cP
s
E
c A
c
E
s A
s
Thermal Effects
Problem 2.5-1The rails of a railroad track are welded together at their
ends (to form continuous rails and thus eliminate the clacking sound of
the wheels) when the temperature is 60°F.
What compressive stress is produced in the rails when they
are heated by the sun to 120°F if the coefficient of thermal expansion
6.5 10
6
/°F and the modulus of elasticity E 30 10
6
psi?
Solution 2.5-1Expansion of railroad rails
SECTION 2.5 Thermal Effects105
The rails are prevented from expanding because of
their great length and lack of expansion joints.
Therefore, each rail is in the same condition as a bar
with fixed ends (see Example 2-7).
The compressive stress in the rails may be calculated
from Eq. (2-18).
s11,700
psi—
(3010
6
psi)(6.510
6
F)(60F)
sE(¢T)
¢T120F60F60F
Problem 2.5-2An aluminum pipe has a length of 60 m at a temperature
of 10°C. An adjacent steel pipe at the same temperature is 5 mm longer
than the aluminum pipe.
At what temperature (degrees Celsius) will the aluminum pipe
be 15 mm longer than the steel pipe? (Assume that the coefficients
of thermal expansion of aluminum and steel are
a
23 10
6
/°C
and
s
12 10
6
/°C, respectively.)
Solution 2.5-2Aluminum and steel pipes
I
NITIAL CONDITIONS
L
a
60 m T
0
10C
L
s
60.005 m T
0
10C
a
2310
6
/C
s
1210
6
/C
F
INAL CONDITIONS
Aluminum pipe is longer than the steel pipe by the
amount L15 mm.
Tincrease in temperature
a
a
(T)L
a
s
s
(T)L
s
From the figure above:
a
L
a
L
s
L
s
or,
a
(T)L
a
L
a
L
s
(T)L
s
L
s
Solve for T:
Substitute numerical values:
a
L
a
s
L
s
659.910
6
m/C
40.3C
—
TT
0¢T10C30.31C
¢T
15
mm5 mm
659.910
6
mC
30.31C
¢T
¢L(L
sL
a)