Somatic cell nuclear Transplantation PPT2.pptx

This presentation is about the method of Cloning an organism by the nuclear Transplantation of genetic information into a somatic cell.

1. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION The Magical Method Of Getting Your Own Twin

2. OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC:- Introduction to the Topic. What Cloning is and it’s types. The Main Ingredient:- SCNT(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplantation). Case Study of Few Transgenic animals. Pros and cons. Conclusion.

3. INTRODUCTION :- Before going into the topic let’s get familiar with few terms which we are going to encounter frequently. Somatic Cells :- All the Diploid cells of our body except the Haploid Germ cells are known as Somatic Cells. Which means they contain two sets of chromosomes. Nuclear Transplantation :- It’s a Process that involves transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into a recipient cell that has had its nucleus removed. Enucleation :- It is the process of removing a cell’s nucleus and replacing it with a different nucleus. Stem Cells :- The Specialised Cells which can either Regenerate themselves or get Differentiated into other functional cells.

4. CLONING Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. NATURAL CLONING:- Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination .The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. Bacteria, produce genetically identical offspring through a process called asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, a new individual is generated from a copy of a single cell from the parent organism. Natural clones, also known as identical twins, occur in humans and other mammals. These twins are produced when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. Identical twins have nearly the same genetic makeup as each other, but they are genetically different from either parent.

5. ARTIFICIAL CLONING:- Artificial cloning involves a complex technique of collecting genes from one organism called the foreign DNA and inserting it into a vector. The different types of artificial cloning include:- Gene or DNA cloning:- This technique Is used to make many identical copies of a DNA molecule or a particular stretch of DNA. Reproductive cloning:- This Technique Is Used to replicate an entire organism. Therapeutic cloning:- This technique is used to produce undifferentiated cells (stem cells) for the purpose of studying and treating diseases. The different artificial cloning methods have varied uses in different fields. These methods use DNA, genes, or a cell to produce more DNA, stem cells, or a complete animal. Now we are going to study in detail about The Reproductive Cloning Which is usually done mainly by NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION.

6. NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION:- Nuclear Transplantation is a form of cloning. It involves placing a nucleus from a donor cell into another (recipient) cell . If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. In this chapter, we refer nuclear transplantation as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) , in which the nucleus of the somatic cell (donor cell) is transferred into an enucleated egg or oocyte (recipient). However, other examples of nuclear transplantation involve Non-somatic cells , such as sperm, foetal cells, embryonic stem cells, and germ cells . We use the term interspecies SCNT ( iSCNT ) when donor and recipient cells come from different species, families, orders, or classes. Other names are used to designate this process generically (Xeno-nuclear NT) or for specific situations (cross-species NT, crossbreed NT, interspecies NT, intergeneric NT, and cross-subfamily NT).

7. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION:- So As We Know It is a laboratory technique that involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell into the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg cell. The egg is then allowed to develop into a blastocyst, which can be used for reproductive cloning or to create embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Reproductive cloning :- The blastocyst is implanted into a surrogate mother’s uterus to clone animals with desirable traits, such as farm animals that produce large quantities of milk. ESCs:- The blastocyst can be used to create a culture of ESCs, which can be used to clone specific tissues and cell types.

8. Earlier instances of SCNT exist as early as the 1950s. The research of Sir John Gurdon in 1958 entailed the cloning of Xenopus laevis utilizing the principles of SCNT. This Experiment consisted of inducing a female specimen to ovulate, then her eggs were harvested. Later which was Enucleated using ultra-violet irradiation to disable the egg’s pronucleus . The prepared egg cell and nucleus from the donor cell were combined , and then incubation and eventual development into a tadpole proceeded. Gurdon’s application of SCNT differs from more modern applications and even applications used on other model systems of the time (i.e., Rana pipiens) due to his usage of UV irradiation to enucleate the egg instead of using a pipette to remove the nucleus from the egg.

9. Making of DOLLY THE SHEEP :- In the Early 90’s Ian Wilmut , Keith Campbell , Steen Willadsen and some other colleagues of the Roslin Institute, Scotland experimented process of Cloning on Mammals which resulted in the Creation of Dolly The Sheep. Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had Three Mothers :- One who provided the Enucleated Egg was a Scottish Blackface sheep. Second one provided the Nucleus (Extracted from Udder Cells of Mammary Gland) was a 6-year-old Finn Dorset sheep. The Third mother was again a Scottish Blackface who carried the Blastocyst and gave birth to Dolly as a Surrogate Mother.

10. The production showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal. Dolly (initially identified as 6LL3) was the only lamb born alive from 277 attempts! It was reported that 29 embryos were successfully created, and subsequently implanted into 13 surrogate mothers, but Dolly was the only pregnancy that went to full term. Dolly went on to have Six Lambs — Bonnie in 1998, Twins Sally and Rosie in 1999, and Lucy , Darcy and Cotton in 2000. A CT scan in 2003 revealed the full extent of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA), [which had already affected a quarter of the 16 animals housed in the same barn ]disease’s progression and tumour formation in Dolly’s lungs, and, as she was already anesthetised to perform the scan, the decision was made, out of kindness, to euthanize her the same day That is on 14 th February 2003 . Dolly was donated to National Museums Scotland by the Roslin Institute. She has been on display at the National Museum of Scotland since 2003 and is popular with visitors of all ages.

11. DOLLY AS A LAMB WITH HER SURROGATE MOTHER A SCOTTISH BLACKFACE

12. DOLLY WITH SIR IAN WILMUT

13. DOLLY AND HER FIRST BORN BONNIE

14. DOLLY WITH HER THREE LAMBS LUCY, DARCY AND COTTON

15. PRO’S It proves the possibility of creating multiple animals that are genetically identical to one another. Transgenic animals are formed which have many applications in Biotechnology and our Life. It helps in conserving genetic diversity and for expanding populations of endangered animal species. It can remove the Negative Traits and Diseases and influence the Positive traits in the progeny. It Solves the problem of infertility and enables same-gender couples to have offspring. CON’S It is inefficient in most species, with high foetal and neonatal death rates. It can stress the offspring and surrogate mother, and people are concerned about the health effects of long-term use of cloned animal products. This process often produces abnormal phenotypes due to incomplete reprogramming. The maintenance of the Tools and surroundings is very High. It is sometimes against the Laws of Nature and Ethics. PRO’S AND CON’S OF NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION:-

16. I HOPE YOU ENJOYED OUR PRESENTATION. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND HAVE A NICE DAY. MADE AND PRESENTED BY:- AKANSHA SANTOSH ROY BIJAYINI BIHARI PADMATULA TAKIRI