Somatotype-MGM ......................(1).ppt

GENE

1. Anup Adhikari, Ph.D
Criterion Anthropometrist - Level 4 (ISAK)
Photoscopic Somatotype Rater (ISAK)
International Instructor for Kinanthropometry
Exercise Physiologist
Personal Training Specialist (Canfitpro)
Nutrition & Wellness Specialist (Canfitpro)
Somatotype and Somatotyping

2. Somatotyping is the method for
classifying Human physique for
description.

3. History of Somatotyping
For centuries Physicians , Mathematicians, Philosophers,
Anthropologists and Biologists were trying to classify
the shape of Human Physique.
● It was initiated by Greek Physician Hippocrates in
5
th
century BC
● Later on Aristotle in 4
th
century BC,
● Roman medical Encyclopedist Clecus in 1
st
century,
● Greek Physician Galen in 2
nd
century,
●Halle in 1797 , Rostan in 1828 , and Hooter in 1880,
● Viola , the clinical Anthropologist in 19
th
century,
●Tucker and Lessa in early 1940 worked on the shape of
human physique with different models.

4. Finally in 1940,
W.H. Sheldon , introduced the concept of
“Somatotype” .
He recognized that every individual was a
combination of three basic components of physique
which were Endomorphy, Mesomorphy and
Ectomorphy.

5. Genotype or Phenotype ?
Sheldon and his Associates had a belief that
Somatotype is a genotype character
and fixed for life ( Sheldon 1949).
But later on different studies
by Anthropologists and Biologists
on heritability and somatotype
showed that somatotype is
the interaction between Genotype and Phenotype

6. So, somatotype categories along with
components can be changed with different
external variables like nutrition, exercises
and environments

7. What is Somatotype ?
•Somatotype is the classification of human physique based on body
shape and size. More precisely, it is the quantification of size and
shape of human body.
•Somatotype express the human body into a three-number rating ,
representing 3 components:
(1 ) Endomorphy ( Fattiness ),
(2) Mesomorphy ( Muscularity )
(3) Ectomorphy ( linearity )
•The Endomorphy, Mesomorphy and Ectomorphy will remain in
same order always,
i .e. in Endomorphy-mesomorphy-ectomorphy order.

8. Thus,
•Endomorphy refers to the
relative fattiness of the body. It
quantifies the fattiness from 0.5
to 9 +
•Mesomorphy refers to the
relative muscularity of the body.
It quantifies the muscularity
from 0.5 to 9+
•Ectomorphy refers to the relative
linearity of the body. It quantifies
linearity from 0.5 to 9 +

9. Endomorphy 11-6- ½
Mesomorphy ½ -11-1
Ectomorphy 1-2-8

10. 12 + High 12 + High 12 + High
11 11 11
12 10 10
13 9 9
14 8 8
15 7 7
16 6 6
17 5 5
18 4 4
19 3 3
20 2 2
1 1 1
. .
Low Low low
Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy

11. Example
For example,
A 3-5-2 rating is recorded in a manner of
Endomorphy-Mesomorphy –Ectomorphy
This will be read as Three-Five-Two.
These number give
the magnitude of each of the three components.

12. Rating Values And Relative Meanings For All Three Components
1
/
2
to 2
1
/
2
= LOW
3 to 5 = MODERATE
5
1
/
2
to 7 = HIGH
7
1
/
2
& above = EXTREMELY HIGH
Ref: Carter JE and BH Heath (1990) : Somatotyping, development and applications,
Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990,pp 365
Somatotype Scale

13. Somatotype Categories
Mesomorphic endomorph 5-3-2
Endomorphic mesomorph 3-5-2
Mesomorphic ectomorph 2-3-5
Ectomorphic mesomorph 1-6-3
Ectomorphic endomorph 6-2-3
Endomorphic ectomorph 3-2-5
Balanced endomorph 5-2-2
Balanced mesomorph 2-5-2
Balanced ectomorph 2-2-4
Mesomorph ectomorph 2-4-4
Endomorph mesomorph 4-4-2
Endomorph ectomorph 2-1-2
Central 4-4-4, 3-3-3

14. Somatotype categories
Mesomorphic
endomorph
Endomorphy is dominant followed by mesomorphy
which is more than ectomorphy
Endomorphic
mesomorph
Mesomorphy is dominant followed by endomorphy
which is more than ectomorphy
Mesomorphic
ectomorph
Ectomorphy is dominant followed by mesomorphy
which is more than endomorphy
Ectomorphic
mesomorph
Mesomorphy is dominant followed by ectomophy
which is more than endomorphy
Ectomorphic
endomorph
Endomorphy is dominant followed by ectomorph
which is more than mesomorphy
Endomorphic
ectomorph
Ectomorphy is dominant followed by endomorph
which is more than mesomorphy
Balanced endomorph Endomorphy is dominant and mesomorphy and
ectomorphy are equal or do not differ more than one-
half

15. Balanced mesomorph Mesomorph is dominant and endomorphy and
ectomorphy are equal or do not differ by more than
one-half
Balanced ectomorph Ectomorphy is dominant and endomorphy and
mesomorphy are equal or do not differ more than
one-half
Mesomorph ectomorphMesomoprhy and ectomorphy are equal ( or do not
differ by more than one-half) and endomorphy is
lower.
Endomorph
mesomorph
Endomorphy and mesomorphy are equal ( or do not
differ by more than one-half) and ectomorphy is
lower.
Endomorph ectomorphEndomoprhy and ectomorphy are equal ( or do not
differ by more than one-half) and mesomorphy is
lower.
Central No components differ by more than one unit from the
other two , and consists of rating 2,3,4

16. Methods of Somatotyping
W.H.Sheldon in 1940 introduced the concept of
Somatotype in “ The variation of Human Physique” .
The subtitle was An Introduction to Constitutional
Psychology.
Sheldon described that his purpose was “ to provide
a three dimensional system for description of human
physique”.

17. Sheldon’s ( 1940) Photoscopic Somatotype Method
( Anthropophotoscopic Method)
Sheldon (1940) summarized his Photoscopic method which he called
Anthroposcopic method . It was as followed
•Calculation of height/cube root of weight ratio (HWR)
•Calculation of ratios of 17 transverse measurements ( taken from
photographic negatives) to stature.The transverse measurements, were : 4 on
the head and neck, 3 on the thoracic trunk, 3 on the arms, 3 on the abdominal
trunk, and 4 on the legs.
•Inspection of the somatotype photograph, referring to a table of known somatotypes
distributed against the criterion of HWR, comparing the photograph with a file of
correctly somatotyped photographs, and recording the estimated somatotype.
•Comparison of the 17 transverse measurements ratios with a range of scores for
each ratio, to give a final score.
But ,
the method was criticized and rejected by Sheldon himself in 1950
and introduced a “ New Trunk Method Index” technique in 1961 for
Somatotyping which was not well accepted by the scientific
communities.

18. After Sheldon,
several methods were developed by the scientists for somatotyping
Such as,
•Cureton Method (1947)
•Hooton’s Method (1951)
•Bullen and Hardy’s Method (1952)
•Parnell’s Method (1958)
•Damon’s Anthropometric method ( 1962)
•Petersen’s method for children (1967)

but
•The Heath-Carter Somatotype Method (1967)
was well accepted by the scientific
community which was correlated more
closely with the Cadaver study (direct
method)

19. The Heath-Carter somatotype method
•Barbara Heath and J.E.Lindsay Carter in 1967
modified Sheldon’s somatotyping method and
developed The Heath-Carter Somatotype
method.
•The Heath- Carter method was widely accepted
by the scientific communities and became the
only standard method for somatotyping.

20. There are three different methods for obtaining
a Heath-Carter somatotype
1.The Photoscopic Somatotype
2.The Anthropometric Somatotype
3.The Anthropometric plus Photoscopic
Somatotype

21. The Anthropometric Somatotype
•Several investigators in the 1940s and 1960s demonstrated the feasibility of
applying anthropometric measurements to estimating somatotype ratings
based on Sheldon's criteria.
•Heath & Carter (1967) developed an anthropometric estimate based on the
Heath-Carter method to lessen the subjective element of somatotype ratings
based solely on photographs, age, height and weight.
•Anthropometric somatotypes can be calculated from 10 anthropometric
dimensions ( height, weight, 4 skinfolds (triceps,subscapular, supraspinale,
medial calf), 2 girths ( flesxed uuper arm and medial calf), and 2 breadths
( humerus and femur)

22. Sites to be measured
Base
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
Skinfold Thickness :
•Triceps (mm)
•Subscapular (mm)
•Supraspinale (mm)
•Calf (mm)
Breadth
•Humerus (cm)
•Femur (cm)
Girth
•Upper Arrm Flex (cm)
•Calf (cm)

25. Calculation from Heath-Carter Somatotype rating form
Endomorphy = (Triceps +Subscapular +Supraspinale ) x ( 170.18/ht)
•Height (cm)
•Humerus width (cm)
•Femur (cm)
•Biceps girth (cm)- Triceps skinfold in mm /10 = corrected biceps girth
•Calf Girth (cm) –Calf skinfolds in mm/10 = corrected triceps girth
Mesomorphy = ( Σ deviations /8) +4.0 )

Ectomorphy = Ht in kg divide by cube root of wt in kg = Ht (cm)/ wt
0.333

26. Heath-Carter (1992) equation for Anthropometric
Somatotype
Endomorphy = -0.7182 +0.1451  SF –0.00068  SF
2
+0.0000014  SF
3
Where  SF = (sum of triceps , subscapular and supraspinale skinfolds) (170.18 / ht in cm)
Mesomorphy = (0.858 x humerus breadth) +( 0.601 x femur breadth) +(0.188 xcorrected
arm girth ) + (0.161 x corrected calf girth ) – (height (cm) x 0.131) + 4.5
Corrected calf girth = calf girth (cm) –Calf skinfold (mm) /10
Corrected arm girth =arm girth (cm) – biceps skinfold (mm)/10
Ectomorphy = ( HWR x 0.732 ) –28.58
If HWR ( Height / cube root of weight ratio) is less than 40.75 but more than 38.35, then
Ectomorphy =( HWR x 0.463 ) –17.63
Ref: Carter J.E.L ( 1992): The heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype Insruction
Mannual., San Diego , CA: J.E.L. Carter ( Publisher)

27. Corrected biceps and triceps girth

28. Somatochart
X= Ecto-Endo

29. Somatotype is a actually three-dimensional and
a somatochart can be consider as a
point in three-dimensional “ somatic space”.

30. Plotting somatotype on a somatochart
Traditionally , the three-dimensional somatotype rating
( components) is plotted on a two-dimensional somatochart using X
and Y coordinates derived from the rating.
•The coordinates are calculated as follows:

X = ectomorphy -endomorphy
Y = 2 × mesomorphy –( endomorphy +ectomorphy )
For example , a somatotype rating of 3-6-2 can be calculated
For x and y axis accordingly :
X = 2-3 =1,
Y = 2 × 6 – ( 3 +2) =12-5 =7

32. Plotting the somatotype on a graph
Somatotype can be displayed on a standard chart called somatochart,
which help to have a visual representation for comparison.

33. Mean somatotype for Bangladeshi junior sportsman

34. Somatochart
X= Ecto-Endo
Y= 2x Meso –( Endo +Ecto)

35. Diet
Training
6-4-1





1-4-6

36. 4-4-4 1-1-9

37. Diet
Training :
4-1-4
1-8-1

38. Somatotype is an interaction between
Genotype and Phenotype character
So, Body type along with components can be changed
with different external variables like nutrition, exercises
and environments

39. International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry
(ISAK) is the only organization who run International
accreditation course on Kinanthropometry.
For more details please vist ISAK website at
www.isak.global

40. Thanks
on behalf of
International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry
(ISAK)
www.isak.global

41. Thank
you
E-mail : [email protected]
Whats App: 001 6479974999