Sonnet & types- Meter & types with examples.pptx

Sonnet & its types- Meter & its types- Examples of both

1. Sonnet The word “sonnet” stems from the Italian word “ sonetto ,” which itself derives from “ suono ” (meaning “a sound”). The sonnet form was developed by Italian poet Giacomo da Lentini in the early thirteenth century. Many Italians of the time period wrote sonnets, including Michelangelo and Dante Alighieri. However, the most famous Renaissance Italian poet of sonnets was Petrarch. As such, Italian Renaissance sonnets are typically called “Petrarchan sonnets.”

2. The format created by Giacomo da Lentini and perfected by Petrarch was adapted by the English poets of the Elizabethan age. These poets included Elizabeth Barrett Browning, John Donne, and the master of the English sonnet, William Shakespeare. So synonymous is Shakespeare with the sonnet format that English sonnets are frequently referred to as “Shakespearean sonnets.”

3. How Many Lines Does a Sonnet Have? sonnet consists of 14 lines. Shakespearean sonnets are typically governed by the following rules: The 14 lines are divided into four subgroups The first three subgroups have four lines each, which makes them “quatrains,” with the second and fourth lines of each group containing rhyming words The sonnet then concludes with a two-line subgroup, and these two lines rhyme with each other There are typically ten syllables per line

4. What Is the Rhyme Scheme of a Sonnet? A rhyme scheme is the rhyming sequence or arrangement of sounds at the end of each line of poetry. It is typically represented by using letters to demonstrate which lines rhyme with which. For example: Roses are red —A Violets are blue —B Sugar is sweet —C And so are you —B A Shakespearean sonnet employs the following rhyme scheme across its 14 lines—which, again, are broken up into three quatrains plus a two-line coda: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

5. What Is Iambic Pentameter? Each of the fourteen lines of a Shakespearean sonnet is written in “iambic pentameter.” This means a line contains five iambs—two syllable pairs in which the second syllable is emphasized. As an example, consider the opening line of Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 130”: My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun With proper iambic emphasis, the line would be read aloud in the following way: My  mis tress’  eyes  are  noth ing  like  the  sun Shakespeare was such a master of iambic pentameter that he even seamlessly inserted it into dramatic action. Consider Juliet’s line in  Romeo and Juliet : “But,  soft!  / What  light  / through  yon  / der  win  / dow   breaks ?”

6. 4 Types of Sonnets Petrarchan:  The Petrarchan Sonnet is named after the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch, a lyrical poet of fourteenth-century Italy. Petrarch did not invent the poetic form that bears his name. Rather, the commonly credited originator of the sonnet is Giacomo da Lentini , who composed poetry in the literary Sicilian dialect in the thirteenth century. They have 14 lines, divided into 2 subgroups: an octave and a sestet. The octave follows a rhyme scheme of ABBA ABBA . The sestet follows one of two rhyme schemes—either CDE CDE scheme (more common) or CDC CDC .

7. Shakespearean:  A Shakespearean sonnet is a variation on the Italian sonnet tradition. The form evolved in England during and around the time of the Elizabethan era. These sonnets are sometimes referred to as Elizabethan sonnets or English sonnets. They have 14 lines divided into 4 subgroups: 3 quatrains and a couplet. Each line is typically ten syllables, phrased in iambic pentameter. A Shakespearean sonnet employs the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

8. Spenserian:  A Spenserian sonnet is a variation on the Shakespearean sonnet, with a more challenging rhyme scheme: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE. Miltonic:  “Miltonic” sonnets are an evolution of the Shakespearean sonnet. They often examined an internal struggle or conflict rather than themes of the material world, and sometimes they would stretch beyond traditional limits on rhyme or length.

9. What Is Meter in Poetry? Meter is the basic rhythmic structure of a line within a work of poetry. Meter consists of two components:  The number of syllables  A pattern of emphasis on those syllables A line of poetry can be broken into “feet,” which are individual units within a line of poetry. A foot of poetry has a specific number of syllables and a specific pattern of emphasis.

10. Common Types of Feet in Poetry In English poetry, the most common types of metrical feet are two syllables and three syllables long. They’re characterized by their particular combination of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. They include: Trochee . Pronounced  DUH-duh , as in “ladder.” Iamb . Pronounced  duh-DUH , as in “indeed.” Spondee . Pronounced  DUH-DUH , as in “TV.” Dactyl . Pronounced  DUH-duh-duh , as in “certainly.” Anapest . Pronounced  duh-duh-DUH , as in “what the heck!” (Anapestic poetry typically divides its stressed syllables across multiple words.)

11. Common Types of Meter in Poetry Metrical feet are repeated over the course of a line of poetry to create poetic meter. We describe the length of a poetic meter by using Greek suffixes: one foot = monometer two feet = dimeter three feet = trimeter four feet = tetrameter five feet = pentameter six feet = hexameter seven feet = heptameter eight feet = octameter

12. Examples of Meter in Poetry When you combine the stress patterns of specific poetic feet with specific lengths, you unlock the many possibilities of poetic meter. A good example of this is “ iambic pentameter ,” which can be found in English language poetry across many centuries. Iambic pentameter contains five iambs per line, for a total of ten syllables per line. Every even-numbered syllable is stressed. William Shakespeare is the most famous practitioner of iambic pentameter in the English literary canon. Each of Shakespeare’s 154  sonnets  features rhyming iambic pentameter—specifically adhering to an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG pattern.

13. Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Meter Qualitative meter is characterized by stressed syllables coming at regular intervals—such as the consistent flow of five iambs in a line of a Shakespearean sonnet. Quantitative meter, by contrast, is built on patterns based on syllable weight rather than stress. For instance, in quantitative meter, a line that is technically written in dactylic hexameter could contain not only dactyls ( DUH-duh-duh)  but also a spondee ( DUH-DUH ). What matters is not the “stress” on a syllable but rather the “length” of a syllable.

14. What Is Unrhymed Iambic Pentameter? Unrhymed iambic pentameter is known as blank verse, and is also heavily utilized by Shakespeare—in his dramatic works rather than his poems. John Milton’s  Paradise Lost  is an epic poem of blank verse and another hallmark of the form.

15. Iambic Trimeter and Iambic Tetrameter in Poetry Iambic trimeter and iambic tetrameter are less common than their five-footed cousin, but they can still be found in poetry. John Keats primarily relies upon iambic tetrameter in “La Belle Dame sans Merci,” although not every line has four feet. For instance: I see a lily on thy brow, With anguish moist and fever-dew, And on thy cheeks a fading rose Fast withereth too.

16. Dactylic Hexameter in Poetry Dactylic hexameter is sometimes called “the meter of epic” and was popular in the construction of classical Greek and Latin epic poems. Virgil's  Aeneid , Ovid's  Metamorphoses , and Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey  are all based upon dactylic hexameter. The nineteenth-century American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow also made ample use of dactylic hexameter, such as in his epic poem “Evangeline.”

17. Longfellow varied his style, and also famously employed trochaic tetrameter. A good example is  The Song of Hiawatha , which features the following passage: By the shores of Gitche Gumee, By the shining Big-Sea-Water, Stood the wigwam of Nokomis, Daughter of the Moon, Nokomis. Dark behind it rose the forest, Rose the black and gloomy pine-trees, Rose the firs with cones upon them; Bright before it beat the water, Beat the clear and sunny water, Beat the shining Big-Sea-Water.

18. Rhythm Rhythm is the pattern of stresses within a line of verse. All spoken word has a rhythm formed by stressed and unstressed Syllables. When you write words in a sentence you will notice patterns forming. Rhythm is a natural effect within poetry. The meter of a sentence and which feet used to make that sentence are what give the poem its effect and flow An audible pattern in verse established by the intervals between stressed syllables. “Rhythm creates a pattern of yearning and expectation, of recurrence and difference,” observes Edward Hirsch in his essay on rhythm,  “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking.”