SOP for entering any biological Lab and other instruments

Contains information about the standard operating procedures to be followed while entering any biological lab and basic information about commonly used instruments ( syringes, needles and dripsets)

1. SOP for entering any biological Lab and instruments Presenter - Dr. Pranav U S (JR3) Peer support - Dr. Shreedhar Angadi (JR3) Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P., India E-mail: [email protected]

2. SOP for entering biological lab Biological laboratory, often referred to as a "bio lab," is a scientific facility where researchers conduct experiments and studies involving biological organisms and processes These labs are equipped with specialized tools and equipment to handle various biological samples, such as cells, tissues, and microorganisms

3. Why is it necessary? Ensuring Safety Protects lab personnel from chemical, biological, and physical hazards (e.g., toxic chemicals, infectious agents, fire, and electrical risks).Reduces the risk of accidents, injuries, and contamination Regulatory Compliance Ensures adherence to institutional, national, and international guidelines (e.g., GCLP, WHO, and biosafety regulations) Preventing Contamination & Cross-Infection Maintaining Lab Efficiency by ensuring consistent and standardized procedures for all personnel

4. General Safety Measures Maintain a list of hazardous materials and ensure regular checks Biohazard symbols should be placed on relevant equipment Fire extinguishers and eyewash stations must be accessible Eating, drinking, and smoking inside the lab are strictly prohibited Restricted access to lab areas; no visitors or children Electrical Safety Proper maintenance of registers

5. Laboratory Hygiene & Sanitation Regular handwashing and use of PPE (gloves, lab coats, eye protection) Workbenches and equipment must be cleaned before and after use Lab personnel should be vaccinated against Hepatitis B Personal Hygiene Never inhale, smell, or taste chemicals Wash hands after removing gloves and before leaving the lab No food, drinks, or cosmetics in the laboratory Remove gloves before touching common surfaces (e.g., phones, doorknobs)

6. Bio Safety Levels

7. Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) Purpose: Work with microorganisms that pose minimal risk to humans and the environment Key Safety Measures: Standard microbiological practices (handwashing, proper waste disposal) No special containment equipment required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Lab coat and gloves (optional) Biohazard symbol not mandatory Work conducted on open benchtops

8. Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) Purpose: Work with moderate-risk agents that may cause human disease but have treatments available Key Safety Measures: Access restriction to authorized personnel only Biohazard signs must be displayed Mandatory PPE: Lab coats, gloves, eye protection Work done inside a Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC) when aerosols are generated Sharps safety protocols in place Proper decontamination of lab surfaces and waste disposal required

9. Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) - Containment Laboratories Purpose: Work with high-risk pathogens that may cause serious diseases but have available treatments Examples of organisms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, SARS-CoV-2 Key Safety Measures: Restricted access , with lab located away from unrestricted areas All work done within a Class II or III Biological Safety Cabinet PPE includes: Lab coats, gloves, respirators, and eye protection Special ventilation system: HEPA-filtered air, negative air pressure to prevent escape of pathogens Self-closing doors with two-door entry (anteroom)

10. Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) – Maximum Containment Laboratories Purpose: Work with dangerous and exotic pathogens that have no known treatments or vaccines Examples of organisms: Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever virus Key Safety Measures: Highly restricted access , with trained personnel only Full-body, positive-pressure suits with dedicated air supply Work done inside Class III BSCs or specialized containment rooms Separate building or isolated lab area with controlled ventilation Mandatory decontamination procedures for personnel and materials before exit Dedicated medical surveillance and emergency response plan

11. Syringes Medical device for injecting or withdrawing fluids. Key Parts : Barrel, Plunger, Needle (if attached). Types of Syringes Standard Syringe : 3 mL, 5 mL for general use. Insulin Syringe : 1 mL, fine graduations for insulin administration. Tuberculin Syringe : 1 mL, used for small volume injections (e.g., TB test). Luer -Lok Syringe : Syringe with locking mechanism to secure the needle.

12. Insulin Syringes Tuberculin Syringe

13. Syringe Sizes and Volumes Syringe Size Common Use Example Clinical Use 1 mL Small-volume injections Insulin, TB testing 3 mL Standard general injections IM/SC injections 5-10 mL Larger injections, blood draws Blood collection, IV meds 20-30 mL Large-volume injections IV fluids, wound irrigation

14. Needles Hollow instruments for injecting fluids or drawing samples Uses : Medication administration, blood draws, and diagnostic tests Needle Structure Needle Shaft : Long cylindrical part Needle Hub : Base connecting to syringe Needle Bevel : Slanted tip for smooth tissue penetration Needle Lumen : Hollow channel for fluid flow

15. Needle Sizes Needle Gauge Diameter (mm) Common Use Clinical Use 14-16 2.1 - 1.65 Large volume blood transfusions Blood donation, rapid fluid infusion 18-20 1.27 - 0.91 Blood collection, large volume injections Blood draws, intravenous fluids 22-25 0.71 - 0.51 General injections Vaccinations, subcutaneous insulin 26-30 0.45 - 0.31 Pediatric injections, insulin Insulin injections, allergy testing

16. Key Points to Remember: Larger gauges (smaller diameters) are typically used for more delicate or smaller volume injections , like insulin or pediatric vaccines, to minimize discomfort and tissue damage. Smaller gauges (larger diameters) are used for larger volume injections or when accessing veins for blood draws and transfusions.

17. Drip Set Medical device for administering IV fluids/medications. Function: Provides controlled flow into the bloodstream. Components: IV tubing Drip chamber Roller clamp filter Luer lock

18. Types of Drip Set Type Drop Factor Common Use Example Clinical Use Macro Drip 10-20 drops/mL Rapid fluid administration Hydration, blood transfusion Micro Drip 60 drops/mL Precise fluid control Pediatric infusion, sensitive medication

19. Choosing the Right Drip Set Macro Drip Set : For large volumes (e.g., hydration, blood transfusions). Micro Drip Set : For precise control in small volumes (e.g., pediatric, sensitive drug infusion).

20. Summary Syringes and needles vary in sizes and uses , from insulin administration to blood sampling and IV fluid delivery. Biological lab SOPs ensure safety, compliance, and contamination prevention through PPE, restricted access, and hygiene measures. Biosafety levels (BSL-1 to BSL-4) define risk containment strategies for handling microorganisms, from low-risk to highly contagious pathogens.

21. References Medzell . Exploring Syringes: Different Types, Applications, Advantages, and Further Insights. Medzell.Available from: https://blog.medzell.net/blog/exploring-syringes-different-types-applications-advantages-and-further-insights/ Sinymedical . Guide to Infusion Sets: Types, Uses, and Precautions. Sinymedical . Available from: https://www.sinymedical.com/what-is-an-infusion-set/ Indian Council of Medical Research. GCLP Guidelines 2020 [Internet]. New Delhi: ICMR; 2020. Available from: https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/custom_data/pdf/resource-guidelines/GCLP_Guidelines_2020_Final.pdf

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