South central railways

rail ways

1. SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAYS BY ANJALI .K 14761A0488

2. CONTENTS: 1.Introduction 2.Railways Signaling Types of signals 3.Interlocking 4.Train T raffic Control 5.Communication System 6.Microwave Transmission 7.Optical fiber Communication

3. 1. Introduction FOUNDED IN 16TH APRIL,1853(ABOUT 161 YEARS AGO). HEAD QUARTER IS IN NEW DELHI,INDIA. REVENU IS 1441.67 BILLION INC (2013-2014). PROFIT IS 157.8 BILLION INC (2013-2014). ABOUT 1.307 MILLION EMPLOYEES (2014). THERE ARE 17 RAILWAY ZONES .

4. Railways were first introduced to India in 1853 from Bombay to Thane . It is the world's Fourth largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km of track over a route of 65,436 km and 7,172 stations. Indian Railways is the world's ninth largest commercial or utility employer, by number of employees . Its operations cover  twenty nine states and seven union territories  and also provides limited international services to Nepal , Bangladesh and Pakistan.

5. 2.Railways Signaling A signal is a mechanical or electrical device erected besides are railway line to pass information relating to the state of the line ahead to train. It is a system use to safely direct railway traffic in order to prevent trains from colliding. A main signal controls a train movement along a running line main line. A 'proceed' aspect on a main signal indicates that the line is clear at least as far as the next signal, giving the driver confidence to run at speed. Trains running long distances, especially passenger trains, will usually travel throughout under the authority of a succession of main signals.

6. Types Of Signals BLOCK SIGNAL FIXED SIGNAL COLOUR LIGHT SIGNAL CAB SIGNAL

7. BLOCK SIGNAL

8. FIXED SIGNAL

9. COLOUR LIGHT SIGNAL

10. CAB SIGNAL

11. 3.Interlocking An interlocking is an arrangement of signal apparatus that prevents conflicting movements through an arrangement of tracks such as junctions or crossings. Interlocking system used mechanical device both to operated the signaling device and ensure their safe operation. Electrical relay interlocking were used.

12. 4.Train Traffic Control Railway Control Circuits are omnibus telephone circuits which provide communication with each train working point, thus facilitating efficient train operation. They should provide satisfactory and reliable communication between the controller and the various way-side stations, important signal cabins, loco sheds, yard offices etc.

13. 5.Communication System

14. 6.Microwave Transmission MICROWAVE TRANSMISSON: Microwave transmission  refers to the technology of transmitting information or energy by the use of electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimetre , these are called microwaves. This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 GHz to 30 GHz.

15. 7.Optical fiber Communication Optical fiber communication  is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an  optical fiber . The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information . Types O f Optical Fiber 1. SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBER 2.MULTI MODE OPTICAL FIBER