Spheres of the earth from class lectur..

Sphare of the earth

1. Jagannath University, Dhaka Presentation : Spheres of the earth and their Interrelationship Group-B Course Teacher Professor Dr . Mallik Akram Hossain Dept. of Geography and Environment Jagannath University, Dhaka 1. Azmery Sultana (22013) 2. 3. Muhammad Nasir Uddin (22045) 4. Hasibul Hossain (22059) 5. 6. Group members

2. INTRODUCTION T he earth we call i t Planet Earth. Earth is the only known planet in our Solar System where life exist. Earth, a dynamic planet consists of the continents, atmosphere, oceans, ice, and life which are ever changing, and ever interacting in many ways. These complex and interconnected processes comprise the  Earth system . The earth system is an integrated system, and composed of some major components, sub-systems or spheres: they are- 1. Atmosphere, 2. biosphere, 3. hydrosphere and 4. lithosphere/ geosphere .

3. 1. ATMOSPHERE

4. ATMOSPHARE “Atmosphere is a protective layer of gases that shelters all life on Earth, keeping temperatures within a relatively small range and blocking out harmful rays of sunlight.” An atmosphere is a blanket of gases that surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of the planet by Earth’s gravitational attraction. Argon, oxygen and nitrogen from the three main constituents of the atmosphere.

5. Features of the Atmosphere: Helps retain the sun’s heat and prevents it from escaping back into space. Protects life from harmful radiation from the sun. Plays a major role in Earth’s water cycle. Helps keep the climate on Earth moderate.

6. 78% 21% PERCENTAGES OF GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 0.5% OXIGEN NITROGEN CARBON DIOXIDE 0.5% ARGON

7. LAYERS & THEIR DISTANCE TROPOSPHERE MESOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE EXOSPHERE 12 KM (7 MI) 49 KM (30 MI) 85 KM (53 MI) 700 KM (435 MI) 700+ KM (500+ MI) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 90% air Ozone rich zone Radiation is not absorbed Shooting stars and auroras

8. What would happen if the Earth’s Atmosphere disappeared? Birds and planes would fall from the sky. Although we can’t see air, it has a mass that supports flying objects. The sky would turn black. The sky gets its colour blue due to the atmosphere. Gases and particles in Earth’s atmosphere scatter sunlight in all directions. Blue light is scattered more than other colours because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time. There would be no sensation of sound. Although you could feel vibrations from the ground you wouldn’t hear anything. Sound requires a medium to travel. All the water bodies such as rivers, lakes and oceans would boil away. Boiling occurs when the vapour pressure of a liquid exceeds external pressure. In a vacuum, the water readily boils. Organisms that breathe air to survive would die.

9. 2. Biosphere The Biosphere - composed of all living organisms: plants, and animals. Most of the planet's terrestrial life is found in a zone that ranges from 3 meters below ground to 30 meters above it. In the oceans and seas, most aquatic life found within 200 meters depth.

10. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests and high mountaintops.

11. Breathing and Photosynthesis Animal- Breathing Plant- Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the main source of energy for ecosystem processes. Processes in the biosphere are intertwined with those in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere . Via the balance of photosynthesis and respiration, biological processes play a significant role in controlling atmospheric CO 2  concentrations.

12. Biosphere, also known as the ecosphere. The biosphere is the world’s ecological system as a whole. It encompasses all forms of life on Earth as well as all habitats capable of sustaining life. There are many biomes that make up the biosphere. These areas have unique climates, vegetation, wildlife, and adaptations that must be met in order to live. E cological system

13. The biosphere functions as the planet’s life support system, assisting in the control of atmospheric composition, soil health, and the hydrological (water) cycle. A indicator of a biome’s contribution to the earth. The biosphere is a narrow zone on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and air combine to sustain life. Life can only occur in this zone. planet’s life support system

14. 3. Hydrosphere

15. Water is distributed and redistributed around the globe through the processes of the water cycle. 

16. HYDROSPHERE Some important roles of the hydrosphere: 1 . Moderates climate. 2 . Transfers heat. 3. Organisms need water to transport nutrients and waste.

17. HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE HYDROSPHERE Humans have altered the hydrosphere to suit their own needs for millennia, in fact it is not surprising that the first civilizations arose along the banks of major river systems such as the Nile, the Yangtze or the Euphrates. However, the scale and complexity with which humans are able to alter the water cycle is now much greater. ​Humans can impact the hydrosphere in the following ways: Alteration of river and run-off velocity and path. Inputs of nutrient and heat pollution excessive removal of water from either rivers or aquifers The creation of dams and reservoirs Changes to water chemistry Removal of local flora and fauna  

18. 4. Lithosphere (also called Geosphere ) The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and ocean crust as well the various layers of Earth ’ s interior. 94% of the Earth is composed of the elements oxygen, silicon, and magnesium. The surface of the geosphere is is in a constantly changing. Mineral resources are mined from the geosphere .

19. *. lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. *. lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure. *. It is bounded by the atmosphere above. 4. Lithosphere

20. Relation or difference between Internal Structure of Earth and Lithosphere

21. Types of lithosphere There are two types of lithosphere: oceanic lithosphere and 2. continental lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere is associated with oceanic crust, and is slightly denser than continental lithosphere.

22. Plate Tectonics and lithosphere The most well-known feature associated with Earth’s lithosphere is tectonic activity. Tectonic activity describes the interaction of the huge slabs of lithosphere called tectonic plates. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates including the North American, Caribbean, South American, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arabian, African, Indian, etc. Tectonic activity is responsible for some of Earth‘s most dramatic geologic events: earthquakes, volcanoes, etc

23. Interrelationship among the Spheres

24. 1. Influence temperature differences on Earth lithosphere also interacts with atmosphere and hydrosphere to influence temperature differences on Earth. Tall mountains, for example, often have dramatically lower temperatures than valleys or hills. The mountain range of lithosphere is interacting with the lower air pressure of atmosphere create a cool or even icy climate zone. Thus ice is the part of hydrosphere.

25. 2. Energy flows The earth is a vast, complex system powered by two sources of energy: 1. Internal source (the decay of radioactive elements in the geosphere , which generates geothermal heat) 2. external source (the solar radiation received from the Sun); the vast majority of the energy in the earth system comes from the Sun.

26. Energy As well as being transferred within environmental systems, energy may also be transformed from one form to another Sphere.

27. energy flows and transformations in spheres

28. 3. Biogeochemical cycles. The main components of the earth system are interconnected by  flows  (also known as  pathways  or  fluxes ) of energy and materials. The most important flows in the earth system are those concerned with the transfer of energy and the cycling of key materials in biogeochemical cycles. All of cycles are done by the Interrelationship among the Spheres.

29. The Nitrogen Cycle

30. Oxygen Cycle

31. Phosphorus Cycle

32. Phosphorus Cycle

33. Water Cycle

34. Processes of Water Cycle (con…) Sublimation Runoff

35. 4. Volcanoes Volcanoes ( geosphere ) erupt, sending ash and gases into the air (atmosphere) and sending lava and ash down onto surrounding forests (biosphere) and human habitations (biosphere). Geosphere Atmosphere Biosphere

36. 5. Hurricanes Hurricanes (atmosphere) sweep across the ocean (hydrosphere) and onto the land ( geosphere ), damaging the dwellings of people (biosphere) who live along the coast. Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Biosphere

37. 6. Earthquakes Earthquakes ( geosphere ) can damage buildings which may kill people (biosphere), as well as cause fires which release gases into the air (atmosphere). Earthquakes in the ocean may cause a tsunami (hydrosphere) which can eventually hit land and kill both animals and people (biosphere). Geosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere

38. 7. Climate Change All spheres are interconnected with climate change (cause, effect, dissaster ect ) For example , humans have significantly altered the carbon cycle by extracting and combusting billions of tons of hydrocarbons in fossil that were buried deep in the Earth’s crust, in addition to clearing vegetation that stores carbon. Global release of carbon through human activities has increased from 1 billion tons per year in 1940 to 6.5 billion tons per year in 2000 . 

39. Question? Or Opinion!

40. Thanks.