Spinach diseases A lecture on ToT training of FFS By Mr Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Islamabad

Spinach diseases A lecture on ToT training of FFS By Mr Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Islamabad

1. Spinach Diseases A Lecture To ToT trainees ( FFS) By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Pakistan

2. Anthracnose Colletotrichum higginisianum Symptoms Small circular or irregularly shaped dry spots which are gray to straw in color on leaves; a high number of spots may cause the leaf to die; lesions may coalesce to form large necrotic patches causing leaves to turn yellow and wilt; lesions may split or crack in dry centers; dry sunken spots on roots which enlarge and turn gray or brown Cause Fungus

3. Alternaria leaf spot (Black spot, Gray spot) Alternaria spp. Symptoms Small dark spots on leaves which turn brown to gray; lesions may be round or angular and may possess a purple-black margin; lesions may form concentric rings, become brittle and crack in center; dark brown elongated lesions may develop on stems and petioles Cause Fungus

4. Cercospora leaf spot (Frogeye leaf spot) Cercospora brassicicola Symptoms Angular or circular green to gray spots with brown borders on leaves; plant defoliation may occur in the case of a severe infestation Cause Fungus

5. Downy mildew Peronospora parasitica Symptoms Irregular yellow patches on leaves which turn light brown in color; fluffy gray growth on the undersides of the leaves Cause Fungus

6. White spot Pseudocercosporella capsellae Symptoms Small, necrotic, brown spots on leaf tips or margins that matures to light gray or white with the original dark spot in center; margins of lesions may be darker; lesions may coalesce to form large chlorotic areas and cause defoliation Cause Fungus

7. Sclerotinia rot (White mold) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Symptoms Irregular, necrotic gray lesions on leaves; white-gray leions on stems; reduced pod set; shattering seed pods Cause Fungus

8. Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae Symptoms Slow growing, stunted plants; yellowish leaves which wilt during day and rejuvenate in part at night; swollen, distorted roots; extensive gall formation Cause Fungus

9. Black root Aphanomyces raphari Symptoms Small black-blue areas on roots which expand and girdle taproot; roots become constricted at site of lesions; black discoloration extends into root Cause Fungus Comments Fungus can survive in soil for prolonged periods Management Control depends on crop rotation with non-brassica species

10. Wirestem (Damping-off) Rhizoctonia solani Symptoms Death of seedlings after germination; brown-red or black rot girdling stem; seedling may remain upright but stem is constricted and twisted ( wirestem ) Cause Fungus

11. Black rot Xanthomonas campestris Symptoms Seedlings develop wilted yellow to brown leaves and collapse; yellow, V-shaped lesions on mature leaf margins; dark rings can be found in the cross section of the stem Cause Bacterium

12. Turnip mosaic Turnip mosaic virus ( TuMV ) Symptoms Yellow and green mosaic patterns on leaves; necrotic areas on leaves; veinclearing and chlorosis may occur in older leaves; black spots and brown necrotic streaks on stems; stunted plant growth ond reduced yield Cause Virus

13. White rust lbugo candida Symptoms White pustules on cotyledons, leaves, stems and/or flowers which coalesce to form large areas of infection; leaves may roll and thicken Cause Fungus