spinoza and his great principles and thoughts

Principles of spinoza

1. SPINOZA Made by Anushka Ashok Khamkar Nitin Deodare

2. What are we going to observe ? Spinoza’s work and what are the importance of his work and how he influenced the people during the era of the 17 and 18th century Reality of the nature and human life Philosophical methodology Theological & Epistemological views Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise (TPT) of 1670 Analyzing the works of other philosophers Ontological arguments

3. History of Spinoza 1632-1677 Background :- Born in Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish parents Parents sought refuge religious from persecution His life :- Died (1677) - of consumption Jewish philosopher and friends Spinoza:- Unhappy with Jewish social circumstances Jewish emphasize – Asceticism, love & contemplation and purifying soul. Studies :- Early education - Jewish Academy of Amsterdam After died_Talmudis literature Cabalistic philosophy Career Declined offer professorship at Heidelberg,1673 He chose to independent, humble life of lens grinder Published Principle of philosophy,1663 Theological Political Treatise,1670 Opera Posthuma Ethics,1677 His Philosophy Spinozism (Philosophy of Spinoza) - Life his own thought His system of thought ( Spinozism ); Identity of God Nature Substance in the One (infinite & unique substance) His Ideology He used “Cartesian” terminology & idea of method. (Geometrical method - to understand the system of reality) Use of “Axioms”/ “theorems” (To deduce God, nature, truth as nature, attributes and modes of all that is “being” in the cosmos. )

4. Principles of Spinoza :- Spinoza is the Rationalists: Substance, Nature and God GEOMETRICAL ORDER Influenced by Descartes He proof philosophical ideas Base on this he comes out with “theory of Idea” What – Aristotle methods of science Why – analysis and synthesis Result – deduction method Ethics – he presented in the Ethics is the Geometrical form. Divided five parts :- God, Nature & origin of the Mind, origin and nature of the emotions, the power of the intellect or human freedom. 1 st part – 8 definitions & 7 axioms 2 nd part – 7 definitions & 5 axioms 3 rd part – 3 definitions & 2 postulates 4 th part – 8 definitions & 1 axioms 5 th part – 2 axioms. We can differentiate this method in central idea of the unity of God, Nature in one infinite substance. Contributed to Spinoza’s “Metaphysical Idea”. This method provided him i.e. ideal of method & good terminology he doubted Descartes philosophy - efficient cause rather into final causes. Monism – derived to monism due to Cartesianism (adopting from Descartes) – substance to God alone. Rational thinker.

5. Principles of Spinoza :- NO FINAL CAUSE no direction for things moving from or to and no end no purpose and no final cause Mathematics does not deal final cause but with the essences of things For Spinoza, the “truth” is all events are “continuous and necessary set of modifications” of eternal substance which is simply means “is”. Spinoza reduced the biological to mathematical THEORY OF IDEAS Spinoza said - system of ideas must necessarily be infinite. Ultimate infinite to God himself Ontological real substance are merely modes and modifications We must see the logical structure as a whole, integrated, relationship to one subject and that is ultimate substance-GOD CAUSE-EFFECTRELATIONSHIP God is the cause of the universe Causes must logically connected to effects through active principles like how in geometry where the mathematical needs determines the result or the effect (e.g. triangle which necessary cause consist of three sides) all things are exist and operate in a particular manner by the necessity of the divine nature God cannot be called as a contingent thing

6. Principles of Spinoza :- The principle of sufficient reason (PSR) Motivates many of the most important and intriguing doctrines of the Ethics. The priority of the infinite over the finite the infinite is prior to the finite both in nature and in knowledge God’s essence - cause of all things. Cognition depends on the cognition of God’s essence We avoid radical skepticism - must have clear epistemological access to essence of God The priority of the infinite over the finite the infinite is prior to the finite both in nature and in knowledge God’s essence - cause of all things. Cognition depends on the cognition of God’s essence We avoid radical skepticism - must have clear epistemological access to essence of God

7. Substance God is a Being absolutely infinite, necessarily existent Substance as “that which is in itself and is conceived thorough itself” Infinite attributes of God (or substance) we have knowledge of only two i.e. mind and matter Thought and extension, God is thinking thing and also extended thing. Existence of God consists of everything that exists and everything that exists is God God is the one, brought power, creates of essence of things and brings them into existence as an ultimate reality, infinite and divine substance Being, it is his essence that is immortal and thorough intellectual love of God, human being become immortal Two substances nothing in common and one cannot be the cause of the other

8. Understanding of Metaphysics: Substances, Attributes and Modes Metaphysics: - Only one fundamental element of the world: God, or Nature. All other beings are modifications of the substance Substance: - ``that which is in itself and is conceived through itself” Exists necessarily, causa sui, infinite, unique of their kind Modes:- the ways in which the substance can be ``affected” = modified Depends on the substance, caused by something else, multiple

9. SAMPLE = SUBSTANCE, ATTRIBUTES AND MODES Substance = Ocean Attributes = Wave movement Mode = Particular Wave

10. DEUS SIVE NATURA (GOD, OR NATURE) God exists necessarily Ontological argument: God = substance God = absolutely perfect The unique substance Argument: possess all possible attributes, and no two substances share the same attributes God, or Nature, IS everything and everything is in it God for Spinoza Cause of itself Substance Attribute Infinite Eternity Spinoza’s theory & Pantheism is the view that God is everything, then Spinoza is a pantheist only if he identifies God with all of Nature Spinoza is a pantheist, just because he does identify God with the whole of nature.

11. Ethics The human mind Good and Evil Free will & human being Soul & immortality Understanding of the state Theory of Knowledge God’s attributes Extended & thought God – extended thing Not physical or bodily Lack of knowledge – negative results Striving – must be good Man archive realization – seeking the truth Morality Reject freedom in religion Determinism Causal link God is free & independent Will – determined by man God is ultimate substance Soul – nothing else Soul not immortal – absolute – cant destroyed Social contract Socially move Rights & peace agreement (3) levels of knowledge 1) imagination, 2) reason and 3) intuition. Truth

12. Spinoza and other philosophers

13. SPINOZA Substance = “in itself” or ultimate subject Mode = “that which is in another “ attributes = principle properties of substance Among the attributes = thought and extension other properties of a substance are referred through, or are ways of being, that attribute God exists and is a substance cannot be two or more substances of the same nature or attribute One substance cannot be produced by another Substance = necessarily infinite Substance = indivisible Substance = unique. Substance = cant be conceived DESCARTES Many extended substances (pluralist interpretation) & many minds Defines = substance & created substance Created substance in two forms = extended substances and mind. Substance =A thing whose existence dependent on no other thing. Created Substance = A thing whose existence is dependent on nothing other than God. Minds and bodies are really distinct = they are each substances Started whole world with mechanical LEIBNIZ Substances = independent & ultimate subjects Substance =unities & harmony Substance = active No extended substance & Nothing extended can be a substance since nothing that is extended is a unity The ultimate created substances, for Leibniz, are like Cartesian thinking substances & refers to simple substances as “minds” or “souls.” Ultimate constituents of reality are monads which are indivisible and un-extended minds or mind-like substances GEORGE BERKELEY Universal idea of substance is senseless Idea of substance – combination of many ideas Being or what really exists is either ideas (those which are perceived) or the spirit or mind (that which actively perceives). Material Substance does not exist but Spiritual Substance is the only substance that exists. There are as many worlds as monads or spirits World of Spirits – incorporeal, active substance & spirit. A spirit – is one, undivided & active being. Perceive ideas – called understanding & will.

14. SPINOZA God = sole independent of the substance and outside of him no substance. The concept of mind and body, thought and extension are the attributes of God and not independent of him. God is the cause of everything - both extended and extended substance and only once substance. God is thought in the human mind & God is all and all is God. God is single, eternal, infinite, self-caused principle of nature and of all things. God and the world are equal and one. There is only one substance and the word God is interchangeable with Nature DESCARTES God - basic substance of the universe and the relative substances are mind and body & gives motion to body. God - is self-caused, eternal, all knowing, all powerful, perfect, truth and creator of all things. God “originally created matter along with the motion and rest” and God is the prime mover. God independent of Nature. Human will is free but God has knowledge and he can act and will is influencing the body or other part of bodies LEIBNIZ God is an infinite substance which created and conserves the finite world reality is split into two: God and creation.  God is a substance and He produces finite substances—created monads God exists and is responsible for creating and continually conserving everything else. God looks much like you and me; he must have a capacity for thought and action in order to make his choices. God is the ultimate do-gooder. A transcendent God, in the other hand, is the transitive cause of things. GEORGE BERKELEY "External Cause“ - Wills and Thinks. This External Cause is God. Imaginations are caused by us and Sensations are Caused by God. Nature is construed by Berkeley rather teleological than mechanistically.  For the cause of all the (efficient) causes cannot be found in causality, but must be searched in God as the ultimate Cause or Explanation. Being is either perceiving or being perceived. There are as many worlds as monads or spirits 

15. SPINOZA The entire universe is ONE substance = he called nature or God. Substance (stuff), (2) attributes = extension & mind Many modes of attributes. God is universe & universe is God. Body & mind are independent. Every object in the universe = part of God (extension & mind). Anything happens to body it will affect mind & called “psycho-physical parallelism”. Mind and body are always parallel = two aspects of one substance. DESCARTES Universe = (2) substance , Mind & Body Dualism & not satisfied Spinoza. Everything explained mechanically. Substance – exist itself , Mind and Body Both depend on God(absolute substance). Everything in the universe = mode of the substance which is body. Everything in the universe = some form of modification. Motion = same in the universe & cannot be destroyed. Two-fold nature = dualism LEIBNIZ Force – essential attributes of the body. Universe – build by units of force & infinite number of such units. Called “Monads”. “Monads” – eternal & can’t be destroyed. “Monads”- contains within itself in the universe. Universe – not mechanical but it is dynamic & alive. In the universe – God is clearest “Monad”. He has scientific universe – God supreme being & Monad. GEORGE BERKELEY “Can’t prove the concept of the world through philosophy but through ideas”. No universe of Material Object. The cause of Ideas = is God Nothing in the universe existed unless “perceived”. Material objects – not real but they are ideas. He denied the idea of universe thought by Descartes, Spinoza & Locke. All that exist is in my mind or in others mind or in God’s mind – seem to be material but not.

16. THEOLGICO-POLITICAL TREATISE People living very bad lives – but have faith in the Gospels. He examines religion in itself and practice of civil government. Spinoza - turned against the prophets -  does not admit that they have knowledge of nature or the perfections of the Supreme Being. Moses - a jealous, complacent and cruel God. Miracles – found untrue & supernatural phenomenon & in his opinion impossible. Prophets - disturb the natural order and such disturbances are contradictory. Spinoza destroyed all the authority of the Old Testament in a single chapter He said, the work of the authors whose names it bears, so that the Pentateuch, for instance, is not the work of Moses, but a compilation of ancient texts badly transcribed by Esdras . The origin of the other sacred books is no more respectable. Thus people against him.

17. CONCLUSION Spinoza’s ideology – (God) that he necessarily exists, that he is one alone, that he is and acts solely from the necessity of his own nature, that he is the free cause of all things and how so, that all things are in God and are so dependent on him that they can neither be nor be conceived without him, and lastly, that all things have been predetermined by God, not from his free will or absolute pleasure, but from the absolute nature of God, his infinite power.