Spoken-English-in-Tamil.pdf
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About This Presentation
spoken english by tamil
Slide Content
ENGLISH THROUGH
TAMIL
By:
V. Sivarajasingam B; A. Hons. (English)
Formerly Asst. Commissioner,
Official Languages Department
Presently Visiting Lesturer (English),
University of Jaffna.
HU MU) e o
Poongothal Publications
1999
TAMIL
By:
V. Sivarajasingam B; A. Hons. (English)
Formerly Asst. Commissioner,
Official Languages Department
Presently Visiting Lesturer (English),
University of Jaffna.
HU MU) e o
Poongothal Publications
1999
Ist Edition
Pages
Copy right
Publication
Printer
Price
September - 1999
All Rights Reserved
Poongotha Publication
Earlalai Mabathma Printing Works,
Kandarmadam .
125/-
DIE TELUS
super papas andy Arno wrewatsdr
Biases Array QorPurad ude pert. art
sé @iROSIE —pAPuZgUdas compo, zm
Goede upés ardvse gs sodugas eto. OS
Sos wrested, sp Ar wos adden wEss
PSBure52 gutgs Sigo poo e
ad Gary SPturtsgd apoyar Dro wa
UG
BORasoss 9954 Carrés wrevatamad
Gus QUMVOSBI8 araamacchee Luro
(the use of tents), oder mous +2 Stared
Wun-Gereg. aréQuiamer yd as wre
aids «far buts Digi guitar; dang oe
cado ya Opräge_ug aap day Dedo
aoe.
ebGurt Re ade pur
sois duree sou Das. Qin AAscverayd
POKhe ass m'amasænuyà iD vu
LO4 Sort aGDu Vue msmLUQUpaR cerord.
Qégra 99 ys@apiomuss abe quifur aa
capas QéerBrrs. außen Bigas o
só. yánasóa APselagr> ufiryenundr Y
Boos WWeUOsSS ads. wrerat Fob gero
Gurpds eriupao urmatagd bp Meran
diera winlurehsezh Gare (Qu US 990
Cuña.
Digit aus ao ayi as
urpüuremd véamaéaps, Qurfdvo «ito
saut Qurnadut a, sP—Bpone7 getawags Quiso
Bape adurdertua, gras ajo 163708
esau cyrmwusnTsor ateasertsge warott ps pars.
Pages
Copy right
Publication
Printer
Price
September - 1999
All Rights Reserved
Poongotha Publication
Earlalai Mabathma Printing Works,
Kandarmadam .
125/-
DIE TELUS
super papas andy Arno wrewatsdr
Biases Array QorPurad ude pert. art
sé @iROSIE —pAPuZgUdas compo, zm
Goede upés ardvse gs sodugas eto. OS
Sos wrested, sp Ar wos adden wEss
PSBure52 gutgs Sigo poo e
ad Gary SPturtsgd apoyar Dro wa
UG
BORasoss 9954 Carrés wrevatamad
Gus QUMVOSBI8 araamacchee Luro
(the use of tents), oder mous +2 Stared
Wun-Gereg. aréQuiamer yd as wre
aids «far buts Digi guitar; dang oe
cado ya Opräge_ug aap day Dedo
aoe.
ebGurt Re ade pur
sois duree sou Das. Qin AAscverayd
POKhe ass m'amasænuyà iD vu
LO4 Sort aGDu Vue msmLUQUpaR cerord.
Qégra 99 ys@apiomuss abe quifur aa
capas QéerBrrs. außen Bigas o
só. yánasóa APselagr> ufiryenundr Y
Boos WWeUOsSS ads. wrerat Fob gero
Gurpds eriupao urmatagd bp Meran
diera winlurehsezh Gare (Qu US 990
Cuña.
Digit aus ao ayi as
urpüuremd véamaéaps, Qurfdvo «ito
saut Qurnadut a, sP—Bpone7 getawags Quiso
Bape adurdertua, gras ajo 163708
esau cyrmwusnTsor ateasertsge warott ps pars.
Amb
Dep «bw ot avs Ourpura datos. ye
aro gite ade 2m vaiagisé Dame rita
vn 2660. Abe anvuyér pb pro gu o
Sp srOachgrd acid. gO 80 tar Qupéaqu
sad uddu Vert LAS LALA qe
Bnsası Quryb ruso ¿yt Qui e
Urata guta aggkerpar. geo ano cork ag
2) urmatagägé sg uti.
Los Dr rg QurPureë «pugCo, ¿dB
ed Gutiurgaler ue. Das Share erruvu
Gap.
4000 Card Qoènci ap du Abad ur
Brände ¿AULA Desgilurs suhag dow
Dé Gerda vegées Gully Oaramaumadar edrerg.
udn ARANA seers rs qe
Ang Hatu surgio BAiutseses Dart
wre esters, dicréadsmend um. grüsse sre Quai
Cate Asalanad Bine sau Guia Gsrioe wei
£78 Dowrad CursadAe ps. Qrderag Qurıd a
URE apatUGd Gur Pumwsysad upsu Bwsakacsd,
dmssdancıs Ascfquosgd Qurfumutyéaé upsu
ordained, deräsiames AphyuGsod ste oe
SILO, UP ado gouge weapurer
Sereda, shpssteps Quad us
aguas Aupwsds Cadran asus GéSuas
unse.
cala, ALE ap uudurE gs
Spade sup af LRO «hyd, ai yapa
Ur Qués vuurs. Di Dés sdiés
vuurssr@ps. dana sop ap
uns EDIL AO apd Dad arg.
Dad ayer aged rua; sarurdá
Augieutu amiga.
Parrg Riad sated PU IA
Las” cago Qégré Qeopu sug "ya? apa ye
Lo aSe2up AetyGaTgsgs uw vardo Psouvrad
uusupd. Pug sats BOBO q sp
a Brbusguppet. Brower DUB yw Pt bs
Agua LOLA, dog sane org da
uravrai supra. Y DAS raras,
auras dy à 8 uu ca IM,
Sort push urna seise. Qu od ou
ser Osm_tdg Qovanpra.
a. spores
voran QvrpSwp CurnsPwë
Qurg~due, gihas goog sar
unpiurens udemosapad,
paar.
21-12-1998.
|
Dep «bw ot avs Ourpura datos. ye
aro gite ade 2m vaiagisé Dame rita
vn 2660. Abe anvuyér pb pro gu o
Sp srOachgrd acid. gO 80 tar Qupéaqu
sad uddu Vert LAS LALA qe
Bnsası Quryb ruso ¿yt Qui e
Urata guta aggkerpar. geo ano cork ag
2) urmatagägé sg uti.
Los Dr rg QurPureë «pugCo, ¿dB
ed Gutiurgaler ue. Das Share erruvu
Gap.
4000 Card Qoènci ap du Abad ur
Brände ¿AULA Desgilurs suhag dow
Dé Gerda vegées Gully Oaramaumadar edrerg.
udn ARANA seers rs qe
Ang Hatu surgio BAiutseses Dart
wre esters, dicréadsmend um. grüsse sre Quai
Cate Asalanad Bine sau Guia Gsrioe wei
£78 Dowrad CursadAe ps. Qrderag Qurıd a
URE apatUGd Gur Pumwsysad upsu Bwsakacsd,
dmssdancıs Ascfquosgd Qurfumutyéaé upsu
ordained, deräsiames AphyuGsod ste oe
SILO, UP ado gouge weapurer
Sereda, shpssteps Quad us
aguas Aupwsds Cadran asus GéSuas
unse.
cala, ALE ap uudurE gs
Spade sup af LRO «hyd, ai yapa
Ur Qués vuurs. Di Dés sdiés
vuurssr@ps. dana sop ap
uns EDIL AO apd Dad arg.
Dad ayer aged rua; sarurdá
Augieutu amiga.
Parrg Riad sated PU IA
Las” cago Qégré Qeopu sug "ya? apa ye
Lo aSe2up AetyGaTgsgs uw vardo Psouvrad
uusupd. Pug sats BOBO q sp
a Brbusguppet. Brower DUB yw Pt bs
Agua LOLA, dog sane org da
uravrai supra. Y DAS raras,
auras dy à 8 uu ca IM,
Sort push urna seise. Qu od ou
ser Osm_tdg Qovanpra.
a. spores
voran QvrpSwp CurnsPwë
Qurg~due, gihas goog sar
unpiurens udemosapad,
paar.
21-12-1998.
|
CONTENTS
Page
1. Parts of Speech = oa
2. The Sentence - Word order 3
3. Negative Sentences 14
4. The Interrogative “ “ 7
5. The Verb: Tense =. 2
6. How To Uso The Tenses . DB
7. Helplog Verbs um 4
$. Nouns eae 88
9. Pronouns 38
10. $
u. “9
12. Adverbs 1
13. Prepositions 2
14, Conjunctions 88
15. The Inifinitive And Its Uses a
16. The Passive Voice 7
17, Direct Speech And Indirect Speech 102
18. The Complex Sentenes + in
19. Spelling Rules me BB
20. How To Write Without Mistakes u
APPENDIX
ie A List Of Words Frequently Mis - Spelt.
il. Some Commonly Used Regular Verbs.
Irregular Verbs,
Some Common Adjectives.
Tenses In Tables.
Page
1. Parts of Speech = oa
2. The Sentence - Word order 3
3. Negative Sentences 14
4. The Interrogative “ “ 7
5. The Verb: Tense =. 2
6. How To Uso The Tenses . DB
7. Helplog Verbs um 4
$. Nouns eae 88
9. Pronouns 38
10. $
u. “9
12. Adverbs 1
13. Prepositions 2
14, Conjunctions 88
15. The Inifinitive And Its Uses a
16. The Passive Voice 7
17, Direct Speech And Indirect Speech 102
18. The Complex Sentenes + in
19. Spelling Rules me BB
20. How To Write Without Mistakes u
APPENDIX
ie A List Of Words Frequently Mis - Spelt.
il. Some Commonly Used Regular Verbs.
Irregular Verbs,
Some Common Adjectives.
Tenses In Tables.
2.
LESSON 1
PARTS OF SPEECH (Qsrpadr)
AÉ802DS Bon pace LO UU: sœur ere
NOUN (Qui )
96 Gurgar, yum, dedos sang Oi sose
exis.
æ uw: book, teacher, horse, England,
PRONOUN ( uSpQuert)
Guns Gerágiigú uBara ages: sona ecos
Quut dur pg.
we: he, she, it, they.
VERB («Será Gere )
Grumas sing.
2-1 read, walk, drink,
ADJECTIVE ( Queen.)
Aus Gerème Mouse Died Gora
e -6; beautiful, kind, sweet
ADVERB ( dwerum_ )
dora drys Pia O
e-- 15: beautifully, kindly, sweetly,
PREPOSITION (eg. Gena)
Dea spé acer Cup egyse Gurb,
© -0: on, in, under, over,
1
LESSON 1
PARTS OF SPEECH (Qsrpadr)
AÉ802DS Bon pace LO UU: sœur ere
NOUN (Qui )
96 Gurgar, yum, dedos sang Oi sose
exis.
æ uw: book, teacher, horse, England,
PRONOUN ( uSpQuert)
Guns Gerágiigú uBara ages: sona ecos
Quut dur pg.
we: he, she, it, they.
VERB («Será Gere )
Grumas sing.
2-1 read, walk, drink,
ADJECTIVE ( Queen.)
Aus Gerème Mouse Died Gora
e -6; beautiful, kind, sweet
ADVERB ( dwerum_ )
dora drys Pia O
e-- 15: beautifully, kindly, sweetly,
PREPOSITION (eg. Gena)
Dea spé acer Cup egyse Gurb,
© -0: on, in, under, over,
1
7. CONJUNCTION ( Qeremiys Genpact)
2-6: and, therefore, hence.
8. INTERJECTION (Guides Gere)
adoñud, Cons, wAPIA ya Bir cria
epica.
alas! ah! hurrah! bravo!
e-b
Seog
LESSON 2
THE SENTENCE - WORD ORDER
(arsausb - Gerd Aus)
prb pug soggiano ardQutar wad Baht
LOSERCOND. ari AU Hayymuure gia
Garce® Babes HS Aerpariurgs. purs ariel
LUS G4Ss ausge _ug. 93 aTé®ud ua 49458
Osrctamer (Meaniful phrases) yarusrs Qasserd.
Saro supas gA8p pers Qurgá acusrú
dus. abrosu vus Augen sang sasoss
ecosós QE Corina Gardumuursen. pa
«paró, Lips uuciwn. ast Gurgiruió eased
DAGA, #5 Tun (Subject). 9350 Qurger
US aa Grid eroocuG@p8er, sg Lua
«Pradicate),
90 uráDu¿Do Gueburgrd Quuté@rré (Noun)
aœanura (Subject) amó, Senend@end (verb) uu
ums (Predicate) wm.
Dour ¿Da gay4 55 9805 CU ar
end UBS UU.
Séragà aer uta.
cuckoo sings
black cuckoo sings.
black cuckoo sings sweetly.
black cuckoo sings sweetly in my garden
black cuckoo with shiny feathers sings
sweetly in my garden.
black cuckoo with shiny feathers sings
sweetly in my garden day and night.
3
>>» >>
>
2-6: and, therefore, hence.
8. INTERJECTION (Guides Gere)
adoñud, Cons, wAPIA ya Bir cria
epica.
alas! ah! hurrah! bravo!
e-b
Seog
LESSON 2
THE SENTENCE - WORD ORDER
(arsausb - Gerd Aus)
prb pug soggiano ardQutar wad Baht
LOSERCOND. ari AU Hayymuure gia
Garce® Babes HS Aerpariurgs. purs ariel
LUS G4Ss ausge _ug. 93 aTé®ud ua 49458
Osrctamer (Meaniful phrases) yarusrs Qasserd.
Saro supas gA8p pers Qurgá acusrú
dus. abrosu vus Augen sang sasoss
ecosós QE Corina Gardumuursen. pa
«paró, Lips uuciwn. ast Gurgiruió eased
DAGA, #5 Tun (Subject). 9350 Qurger
US aa Grid eroocuG@p8er, sg Lua
«Pradicate),
90 uráDu¿Do Gueburgrd Quuté@rré (Noun)
aœanura (Subject) amó, Senend@end (verb) uu
ums (Predicate) wm.
Dour ¿Da gay4 55 9805 CU ar
end UBS UU.
Séragà aer uta.
cuckoo sings
black cuckoo sings.
black cuckoo sings sweetly.
black cuckoo sings sweetly in my garden
black cuckoo with shiny feathers sings
sweetly in my garden.
black cuckoo with shiny feathers sings
sweetly in my garden day and night.
3
>>» >>
>
Duaráluiad uró 907 ausoslu eyive_wr
44 Gars. Fe sgésuruawssms. Re Sfar
œubsæn. Dis ayduars 29808 @achiuoss Did
wauurg Case cudwerta apa (Subject) uvas
(Predicate) mue. g4tucé 194030 yougs® DD
Gb Bie arta ago vos QouTLsBe ums
Guna.
BIBe ase ZB Qerden ao ate Depsdu
ureg. guiagBe acre acai urigai vB
wer, ag Ben pad ajo guéswrpoué Ar
AUD UR Ur ber.
œmnéSu amar 1
1. Subject + be verb + Complement (Adjective)
aus + “qeda + 45H Bend (Quura.)
e—1w: (you) be happy
Jobn is happy
QiaréRvaDa + you’ Ograrpr awpururé qm.
“be” ado godos happy cp Querpeoruph
Cot pg uuhaeurs DURE.
be, am, is, ate cara Quaid Goèssre au
aésarQu was, were, ben educa ¿00
"do verbs’ auQu. Asmar ‘gode carers.
podés Be oréfuèsé Subject (apar),
Predicate (uw) eu Qo Dir Sucwure a gs
Youn réues BmwupsBE Aurardamb.
Géaws dœeréGerà (be verb) agurdé Qrumas
SÍ. ayardar ¿aos ag Farre
Dia wgug. (guarda urtásró, sI
SÓ Amemlurcps. Sidor arar.
‘soie rodar Gte, aras Qurgmer
Vgégo sado sde daras 9558 arar.)
Rorcem ses Qagreyeop UTtiGuTd.
John is happy, DA John Gris Qeus pérg acc
ute. aug cfr ALU
Ben Ge ersrretsæent unictumd,
Peacock is beautiful.
Boys are industrious.
The girls were playful.
Bu aráQuiacó beautiful, industrious, playful créer
"yuásó Gena? (Complement) ru Poerds Desa
Gage. ige sement, wuss ord gud
8rt535 cunas. Calar espero
sol és Qendurs wine Quurenadr
(Adjectives ao.
Noun + be verb + Complement (Noun)
(aqare + “gados” + 44 Berd (Qu)
uaz algu Go Quuñé Gerégnb Hass.
Qereoraagi.
e - + Ceylon is an island.
Rama is a soldier.
Napoleon was an Emperor.
SAR QuUrEGensor® ertue. (Article) ets ye
Gancrag amd, (utes Umesh: eriue_ad)
Die WEtGSArrs ayareud Ubu der gos
aguas sgusrchdsord. Désosu urábutado
agenyb. yugo Genoa HuQurgmerdu ay.
bsos acute.
Ba “papure acréOer pad gotera Caray
Cuero pág) Berdoras Oui.
become, feel, look, appear, seem, small, sound, taste
ave Dane Pa.
2-2 He became ill,
1 feet tired.
She looks young.
5
44 Gars. Fe sgésuruawssms. Re Sfar
œubsæn. Dis ayduars 29808 @achiuoss Did
wauurg Case cudwerta apa (Subject) uvas
(Predicate) mue. g4tucé 194030 yougs® DD
Gb Bie arta ago vos QouTLsBe ums
Guna.
BIBe ase ZB Qerden ao ate Depsdu
ureg. guiagBe acre acai urigai vB
wer, ag Ben pad ajo guéswrpoué Ar
AUD UR Ur ber.
œmnéSu amar 1
1. Subject + be verb + Complement (Adjective)
aus + “qeda + 45H Bend (Quura.)
e—1w: (you) be happy
Jobn is happy
QiaréRvaDa + you’ Ograrpr awpururé qm.
“be” ado godos happy cp Querpeoruph
Cot pg uuhaeurs DURE.
be, am, is, ate cara Quaid Goèssre au
aésarQu was, were, ben educa ¿00
"do verbs’ auQu. Asmar ‘gode carers.
podés Be oréfuèsé Subject (apar),
Predicate (uw) eu Qo Dir Sucwure a gs
Youn réues BmwupsBE Aurardamb.
Géaws dœeréGerà (be verb) agurdé Qrumas
SÍ. ayardar ¿aos ag Farre
Dia wgug. (guarda urtásró, sI
SÓ Amemlurcps. Sidor arar.
‘soie rodar Gte, aras Qurgmer
Vgégo sado sde daras 9558 arar.)
Rorcem ses Qagreyeop UTtiGuTd.
John is happy, DA John Gris Qeus pérg acc
ute. aug cfr ALU
Ben Ge ersrretsæent unictumd,
Peacock is beautiful.
Boys are industrious.
The girls were playful.
Bu aráQuiacó beautiful, industrious, playful créer
"yuásó Gena? (Complement) ru Poerds Desa
Gage. ige sement, wuss ord gud
8rt535 cunas. Calar espero
sol és Qendurs wine Quurenadr
(Adjectives ao.
Noun + be verb + Complement (Noun)
(aqare + “gados” + 44 Berd (Qu)
uaz algu Go Quuñé Gerégnb Hass.
Qereoraagi.
e - + Ceylon is an island.
Rama is a soldier.
Napoleon was an Emperor.
SAR QuUrEGensor® ertue. (Article) ets ye
Gancrag amd, (utes Umesh: eriue_ad)
Die WEtGSArrs ayareud Ubu der gos
aguas sgusrchdsord. Désosu urábutado
agenyb. yugo Genoa HuQurgmerdu ay.
bsos acute.
Ba “papure acréOer pad gotera Caray
Cuero pág) Berdoras Oui.
become, feel, look, appear, seem, small, sound, taste
ave Dane Pa.
2-2 He became ill,
1 feet tired.
She looks young.
5
become maus An swutadd Quuaryó wysgd
Geraomsa Gardreb.
The husband and wife bacame
Prime Ministers.
You will become a teacher.
3. Subject + be verb + Complement (Adverb)
(AGUA qdo” + yuégo Dome (Ramen mL.)
damas (gang Been AsrLes) ye
G8 Qeráara (qdo Gerpasrrs) Garesugıb
arsau QéGargams.
How are you? I am well.
Where are you? 1 am in my room.
Where is your sister? She is outside.
The sky is above. My brother is in England.
ao mms Il
Subject + Verb (award + des)
Grutu@duTad ee fu dara uuslwauraé
Gare aga.
+ B+ Roni smiles.
The boys shouted.
Gopal died.
Rani cried.
aus yours andBunac. Quid esos
GAGA GrulusQunger Curt. Géarg
GrutupQurgér pars douseas Gare agus
Grorcrag ums rá, 1045 Uri ons
Geudupaurgé Gare ai riu
urréRG pra.
me
ans ams Il
Subject + Verb + Object.
(gun + ver + Geuiu@Qumger)
“gode users gepura deso (Verbs
Proper) Qugdur Sd QeuiuG@ured Qudpageer.
e - 6: Boys play football.
She prepares lunch.
He likes cakes.
Gopal killed his enemy,
Gopal killed. (Garum@ Garérpréár) er urb,
PBusBaró, Gurgst yremurarué Dgszó arc
aréfuies PpsPua ureyé Garépré ap
der UPS. ures shag 50e sap der
is éacurs yours Org. Dears
GewiuQGuTge gig AmearaCer ais Cura
Pana LO. LI AarOpsrér.
Subject + Verb + Object + Object
(agarú + dere QeusuGQurgsir > @eutuO@um@sr)
Re dom Arash Gruiupdunger Dra.
Bey Apryurer OewipQurgé (Direct object)
WDDS, Vapor AewUGGuTee (Indirect object)
wepwsi Geuu@GuTger se gromd Cupos
+04 Guupégé sour.
bring, get, give, leave, offer, send, pass,
take, tell, read, write, teach, buy, sell,
make, fix
ql dome Aa Qruiußaunge THO wad.
7m
Geraomsa Gardreb.
The husband and wife bacame
Prime Ministers.
You will become a teacher.
3. Subject + be verb + Complement (Adverb)
(AGUA qdo” + yuégo Dome (Ramen mL.)
damas (gang Been AsrLes) ye
G8 Qeráara (qdo Gerpasrrs) Garesugıb
arsau QéGargams.
How are you? I am well.
Where are you? 1 am in my room.
Where is your sister? She is outside.
The sky is above. My brother is in England.
ao mms Il
Subject + Verb (award + des)
Grutu@duTad ee fu dara uuslwauraé
Gare aga.
+ B+ Roni smiles.
The boys shouted.
Gopal died.
Rani cried.
aus yours andBunac. Quid esos
GAGA GrulusQunger Curt. Géarg
GrutupQurgér pars douseas Gare agus
Grorcrag ums rá, 1045 Uri ons
Geudupaurgé Gare ai riu
urréRG pra.
me
ans ams Il
Subject + Verb + Object.
(gun + ver + Geuiu@Qumger)
“gode users gepura deso (Verbs
Proper) Qugdur Sd QeuiuG@ured Qudpageer.
e - 6: Boys play football.
She prepares lunch.
He likes cakes.
Gopal killed his enemy,
Gopal killed. (Garum@ Garérpréár) er urb,
PBusBaró, Gurgst yremurarué Dgszó arc
aréfuies PpsPua ureyé Garépré ap
der UPS. ures shag 50e sap der
is éacurs yours Org. Dears
GewiuQGuTge gig AmearaCer ais Cura
Pana LO. LI AarOpsrér.
Subject + Verb + Object + Object
(agarú + dere QeusuGQurgsir > @eutuO@um@sr)
Re dom Arash Gruiupdunger Dra.
Bey Apryurer OewipQurgé (Direct object)
WDDS, Vapor AewUGGuTee (Indirect object)
wepwsi Geuu@GuTger se gromd Cupos
+04 Guupégé sour.
bring, get, give, leave, offer, send, pass,
take, tell, read, write, teach, buy, sell,
make, fix
ql dome Aa Qruiußaunge THO wad.
7m
He gave me a book.
vied cede usa share.
1 wrote my sister a letter.
Bide aeg eCarghas ays ayb,
@ésmau aréBuèsmé Indirect Object msg
Direct Object asmaQu Qsritigd es area.
wep GeuiupOurcen& to wie for Gris
Gama Sénat, 05746 Gewpugaure@er Woe
Aráoz agro.
+ -4; He gave a book to me.
I wrote a letter to my sister.
dis Ci) buy, fix, make Qu dose à ‘for
Grès Gags. gama dmaragg dr
‘to! Cercar.
e -u1 I bought a present for Kamala.
He gave a book to me.
bi. (il) describe, explain, return, say
Gunap Ra aca ged Oré
OLLE Ae to qe
for acordo wepwat GeubuOOurg
sd Guppag.
& =: He described the plan to us.
The teacher explained the grammar
lesson to the class
He returned the book to me.
ario ams IV
“it? sex ‘there’ + verb + adject or noun
REDD CITEBU QYPE amigo YDBOLUTEd Be
aréQuñad tit! dog ‘there’ ap Qrrálono
ws
L
eridigo. DéOeré ara wads, ayarı foo
A Gar-hÈS
age.
et: At is blue.
It was a boy.
There are many books in the library.
There was a fire this morning.
EXERCISE
Complete the following sentences using
suitable adjectives in the blanks.
opp Que ama Dgo ardua
BAD Geis.
Jam - oo
Rose is = Leaves are
Rama was mu — My shirt is
They were u. The doctor was. —
Leela 45 mono She looks —
The motor = cycle is Her hair is.
The weather was. Children are _...
The mother became cam
The sky is
Complete the following sentences using
suitable ‘be verbs’ in the blanks.
Séogaæapsé opp
mira yt paros.
The room meca dark.
The girls ....—— ready.
The ground mm. flat.
The boys mam... active.
Bees … bus)
Farmers —
actor muss
oo
vied cede usa share.
1 wrote my sister a letter.
Bide aeg eCarghas ays ayb,
@ésmau aréBuèsmé Indirect Object msg
Direct Object asmaQu Qsritigd es area.
wep GeuiupOurcen& to wie for Gris
Gama Sénat, 05746 Gewpugaure@er Woe
Aráoz agro.
+ -4; He gave a book to me.
I wrote a letter to my sister.
dis Ci) buy, fix, make Qu dose à ‘for
Grès Gags. gama dmaragg dr
‘to! Cercar.
e -u1 I bought a present for Kamala.
He gave a book to me.
bi. (il) describe, explain, return, say
Gunap Ra aca ged Oré
OLLE Ae to qe
for acordo wepwat GeubuOOurg
sd Guppag.
& =: He described the plan to us.
The teacher explained the grammar
lesson to the class
He returned the book to me.
ario ams IV
“it? sex ‘there’ + verb + adject or noun
REDD CITEBU QYPE amigo YDBOLUTEd Be
aréQuñad tit! dog ‘there’ ap Qrrálono
ws
L
eridigo. DéOeré ara wads, ayarı foo
A Gar-hÈS
age.
et: At is blue.
It was a boy.
There are many books in the library.
There was a fire this morning.
EXERCISE
Complete the following sentences using
suitable adjectives in the blanks.
opp Que ama Dgo ardua
BAD Geis.
Jam - oo
Rose is = Leaves are
Rama was mu — My shirt is
They were u. The doctor was. —
Leela 45 mono She looks —
The motor = cycle is Her hair is.
The weather was. Children are _...
The mother became cam
The sky is
Complete the following sentences using
suitable ‘be verbs’ in the blanks.
Séogaæapsé opp
mira yt paros.
The room meca dark.
The girls ....—— ready.
The ground mm. flat.
The boys mam... active.
Bees … bus)
Farmers —
actor muss
oo
The team .......... victorious.
The trees mm kall.
The workers ..— — tired.
The bride _. _... beautiful.
. Complete the following sentences using
suitable nouns in the blanks. (Do not forget
to use the appropriate article with the noun)
bp GuutsQerdnansy Veragawapops yisD
Gris. (QuuteGerater® Guragsume ent
vaa esd UAB.
1 am... He felt _....
My father is _ Teak fp
Alexander was —— Lodon is...
India is _ This is
She became _ The Himalayas ....
Leela is Mya Jak is mao
They appeared —...— Tadpoles become _.
Shakespeare was mm —
Complete the following sentences using
suitable adverbs or (abverb phrases) in the
blanks.
Saagaapen 969 dema shag ince
wer sRsmt QUO Pröys.
The girl is Nothing I. …
My shirt is... The Farmers were...
All the boys are _.. The officers are —
His bedroom is... The Stars are
The car is moco Money is m
10
5. Complete the follwing sentences using
suitable verbs in the blanks.
Shp dara rra ise ewe,
Fire _.—
Lions
Women —
Birds _—
Stars _
The lorry mo —
The young man mamo
The river
The bell …
The sun —..... in the west.
She —_— out.
The passengers... by bus.
The bus _—. to a halt
The boys —.... away.
A crowd of people mm... at the scene of
accident.
Complete the following sentences using
suitable objects in the blanks.
959 BenuGdurGe mesg rm ye
Geta.
She eaks well
We drink .. the evening.
He missed un.
Iwrote —....
He smokes... all the time,
The hunter shot —
He has lost —
no
The trees mm kall.
The workers ..— — tired.
The bride _. _... beautiful.
. Complete the following sentences using
suitable nouns in the blanks. (Do not forget
to use the appropriate article with the noun)
bp GuutsQerdnansy Veragawapops yisD
Gris. (QuuteGerater® Guragsume ent
vaa esd UAB.
1 am... He felt _....
My father is _ Teak fp
Alexander was —— Lodon is...
India is _ This is
She became _ The Himalayas ....
Leela is Mya Jak is mao
They appeared —...— Tadpoles become _.
Shakespeare was mm —
Complete the following sentences using
suitable adverbs or (abverb phrases) in the
blanks.
Saagaapen 969 dema shag ince
wer sRsmt QUO Pröys.
The girl is Nothing I. …
My shirt is... The Farmers were...
All the boys are _.. The officers are —
His bedroom is... The Stars are
The car is moco Money is m
10
5. Complete the follwing sentences using
suitable verbs in the blanks.
Shp dara rra ise ewe,
Fire _.—
Lions
Women —
Birds _—
Stars _
The lorry mo —
The young man mamo
The river
The bell …
The sun —..... in the west.
She —_— out.
The passengers... by bus.
The bus _—. to a halt
The boys —.... away.
A crowd of people mm... at the scene of
accident.
Complete the following sentences using
suitable objects in the blanks.
959 BenuGdurGe mesg rm ye
Geta.
She eaks well
We drink .. the evening.
He missed un.
Iwrote —....
He smokes... all the time,
The hunter shot —
He has lost —
no
The peon insulted —.....
My motber is preparing me...
We welcomed — «e —
I bought some —..—.
Shah Jahan built —.—-
the following sentences, omitting the
s ‘to’ and ‘for’, as shown in the
example.
Berag> aréfutem, o" for y@e enter
som BER, esrremifé srcguurg Saud
ayas.
e - 5: Thebeadmaster will give a prize to
the best boy.
The headmaster will give the best
boy a prize.
1. She gave a gold watch to her husband
on their tenth wedding anniversary.
2. Can you get a copy of today’s "Times
for me, please?
3. The host offered a drink to everybody.
4, She always tells the latest news to her
friends.
5. Our father promised the money to me.
6. Please send the books to me quickly.
7. Have you shown these old photographs
to your parents?
8. Please bring the newspaper to me.
9. I've lent my bicycle to our neighbour.
10. The Officer refused all leave for his ¡men.
11. If you can't tell the truth to everybody,
at least tell the truth to me.
12. A distinguished Old Boy has given a lot
of books to the school library.
13 The servant brought a cup of tea to
us in bed.
14, If we offer this job to the secretary,
will she accept 4
15. Psent a birth day card to my pen friend
last week.
Complete each of the following sentence
patterns by filling the blanks with a suitable
noun, verb. adverb or adjective.
Beagarapigcr Qo Quad sp» Quut
Sow, Aeon. mes Quurar muss
aserbamert yts® Gova
The motor-bycycle mare
He owes
Many angry people mom ———.
The „m ——— 2 secret.
The .. =
The weather _... the journey...
The _..... has ———. again.
The clerk — a cheque.
Gopal u. ~~
un ae underneath.
m became ———.
o. — the water.
Tt mm me today.
The house mmm mm
18 mine
—— consider momo a failure.
There ——-—-
w= alway calls _.. 2 nuisance.
mme e nobody in the hall.
My motber is preparing me...
We welcomed — «e —
I bought some —..—.
Shah Jahan built —.—-
the following sentences, omitting the
s ‘to’ and ‘for’, as shown in the
example.
Berag> aréfutem, o" for y@e enter
som BER, esrremifé srcguurg Saud
ayas.
e - 5: Thebeadmaster will give a prize to
the best boy.
The headmaster will give the best
boy a prize.
1. She gave a gold watch to her husband
on their tenth wedding anniversary.
2. Can you get a copy of today’s "Times
for me, please?
3. The host offered a drink to everybody.
4, She always tells the latest news to her
friends.
5. Our father promised the money to me.
6. Please send the books to me quickly.
7. Have you shown these old photographs
to your parents?
8. Please bring the newspaper to me.
9. I've lent my bicycle to our neighbour.
10. The Officer refused all leave for his ¡men.
11. If you can't tell the truth to everybody,
at least tell the truth to me.
12. A distinguished Old Boy has given a lot
of books to the school library.
13 The servant brought a cup of tea to
us in bed.
14, If we offer this job to the secretary,
will she accept 4
15. Psent a birth day card to my pen friend
last week.
Complete each of the following sentence
patterns by filling the blanks with a suitable
noun, verb. adverb or adjective.
Beagarapigcr Qo Quad sp» Quut
Sow, Aeon. mes Quurar muss
aserbamert yts® Gova
The motor-bycycle mare
He owes
Many angry people mom ———.
The „m ——— 2 secret.
The .. =
The weather _... the journey...
The _..... has ———. again.
The clerk — a cheque.
Gopal u. ~~
un ae underneath.
m became ———.
o. — the water.
Tt mm me today.
The house mmm mm
18 mine
—— consider momo a failure.
There ——-—-
w= alway calls _.. 2 nuisance.
mme e nobody in the hall.
LESSON 3
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (er Siv@p usada)
URRY um 558 prb wa youd papa
unt sGerd. grb urtásos alu arts
(Affirmative sentences) Dial urLgge «Sum p
weosacr (Negative Sentences) acoja mí
UU. .Laur@ ese gPgucrer dejó not”
Bap Grramas Orisg samc Php aeurésar.
AL@UTEOS apio GBtumps nipregade pp
wepadr surgLp Osrda puras.
1. ‘ue’ diemoracte Day, 059 aras; pro
am, is, aro, was, were mue ge dáder not
Cort asc.
2 -ıb: lam a teacher.
1 am not a teacher.
He is foolisb.
He ls not foolish.
They were rich.
They were not rich.
2. aodamirénrs Sp Saad Pep, Dota
MUSA. ¡amo + not + dmmsgere
do
does Not.+ verb
did
e -6: He likes milk.
He does not like milk.
oO 14
I like milk.
1 do not like milk.
She loved John.
She did not love John.
Yapure Amoryore araña cPtumpursad
UO dtu gs, dom, sremsa Gd mas
domyo esa. not Las Drag pod
Mess amoo.
eBay: do, dees, did gardé cee, Quo
your a, dan Papen
aragesyd Gurpés amó.
(5 qo un serge rés)
smmrdæe (helping verb) Grew deg (main
verb) agb sæwdyésh. Helping verb + not +
main verb, op POLÍ muy,
2.- dt Ho is studying here.
He is not studying here.
He will become a poes.
He will not become a poet.
"Never aug efromp fée Qerála.
never demás gúara, domina as ves
uns unppyb eprg Pdo euturRisdud.
e - ıb: He never smokes.
I have never seen an Eskimo.
My friend has never been to the
cinema,
He had never taken liquor before he
came to Colombo.
150
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (er Siv@p usada)
URRY um 558 prb wa youd papa
unt sGerd. grb urtásos alu arts
(Affirmative sentences) Dial urLgge «Sum p
weosacr (Negative Sentences) acoja mí
UU. .Laur@ ese gPgucrer dejó not”
Bap Grramas Orisg samc Php aeurésar.
AL@UTEOS apio GBtumps nipregade pp
wepadr surgLp Osrda puras.
1. ‘ue’ diemoracte Day, 059 aras; pro
am, is, aro, was, were mue ge dáder not
Cort asc.
2 -ıb: lam a teacher.
1 am not a teacher.
He is foolisb.
He ls not foolish.
They were rich.
They were not rich.
2. aodamirénrs Sp Saad Pep, Dota
MUSA. ¡amo + not + dmmsgere
do
does Not.+ verb
did
e -6: He likes milk.
He does not like milk.
oO 14
I like milk.
1 do not like milk.
She loved John.
She did not love John.
Yapure Amoryore araña cPtumpursad
UO dtu gs, dom, sremsa Gd mas
domyo esa. not Las Drag pod
Mess amoo.
eBay: do, dees, did gardé cee, Quo
your a, dan Papen
aragesyd Gurpés amó.
(5 qo un serge rés)
smmrdæe (helping verb) Grew deg (main
verb) agb sæwdyésh. Helping verb + not +
main verb, op POLÍ muy,
2.- dt Ho is studying here.
He is not studying here.
He will become a poes.
He will not become a poet.
"Never aug efromp fée Qerála.
never demás gúara, domina as ves
uns unppyb eprg Pdo euturRisdud.
e - ıb: He never smokes.
I have never seen an Eskimo.
My friend has never been to the
cinema,
He had never taken liquor before he
came to Colombo.
150
EXERCISE
Tura the following into negative sentences.
Ig Ph armdaurs wrhgs.
I like bananas.
Leela is upstairs.
I can drink that water.
You are wearing a pullover.
The ship is sailing immediately.
The prisoner told the truth.
He insulted the chief.
He wrote a book.
He caught three fish.
That is a viper.
Ram has two sisters.
They won all the prizes.
The food smells appetising.
The crowd is expecting the Prime Minister.
The town remains quiet.
All will be well
16
LESSON 4
THE INTERROGATIVE (er)
dar yey uarda ao.
1. goma Garcieg Ogriigo der.
2. dene Gore Grau) grutas den.
3. abu aqu oder.
soma Garcia Ogritigó der
aan. «Bt q0u QG smog aj.
Diana derräscr gu ang Dan ra
daLursá Garde.
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTIONS (ecc sa)
Das weg cesta sone,
aedande Dad, Opis aro er
sUarüéS para uqe.
eed: He is a musician.
Is he a musician?
They are brave
Are they brave?
scSamuèars Ipdecrschi Dap, Oris sow
“uni: do sang does sang did + rar
+ dom,
<=: He likes music.
Dots he like music?
He studied poetry.
Did he study poetry?
They go to church.
Do they go to church?
17
Tura the following into negative sentences.
Ig Ph armdaurs wrhgs.
I like bananas.
Leela is upstairs.
I can drink that water.
You are wearing a pullover.
The ship is sailing immediately.
The prisoner told the truth.
He insulted the chief.
He wrote a book.
He caught three fish.
That is a viper.
Ram has two sisters.
They won all the prizes.
The food smells appetising.
The crowd is expecting the Prime Minister.
The town remains quiet.
All will be well
16
LESSON 4
THE INTERROGATIVE (er)
dar yey uarda ao.
1. goma Garcieg Ogriigo der.
2. dene Gore Grau) grutas den.
3. abu aqu oder.
soma Garcia Ogritigó der
aan. «Bt q0u QG smog aj.
Diana derräscr gu ang Dan ra
daLursá Garde.
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTIONS (ecc sa)
Das weg cesta sone,
aedande Dad, Opis aro er
sUarüéS para uqe.
eed: He is a musician.
Is he a musician?
They are brave
Are they brave?
scSamuèars Ipdecrschi Dap, Oris sow
“uni: do sang does sang did + rar
+ dom,
<=: He likes music.
Dots he like music?
He studied poetry.
Did he study poetry?
They go to church.
Do they go to church?
17
Soma, S750 deco ag poudre
sw Igaridz pers aed.
e - 16; He is going to write a novel,
Is he going to write a novel?
He will become a doctor,
Will he become a doctor?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS (agivep diem )
25 Daveatooned,
G sorda ‘not aug tn + ere
5360 Pag ayariós dears ag.
e-¿4: Ho is a student.
Isn't he a student?
Da Guedurgnd Guse pie 2 dE.
Gi) gamdastgb, agurissá Sera not agi.
e -ıb: He is a student.
ls he not a student?
2. Questions Starting with Interrogative Words.
(ders Qompace paorsá Geresgugb deta)
who, what, which sag whose serume ayerura
sang agyumü sous yauuidupb derrèaér
ergrgeré KPO GuréOp wong. what, which,
whose ¿Que sefunslen Guuié Geragı..dr
Get ser wad.
2 -w: Jobn arrived late
sétug ersrremure a.
Da who arrived late? cron der ary mon.
DIO who eu aan arrived vue.
Which is correct? arerufi> Which agpmme,
Which is answer is correct? ru Da Which arp dano
Gene answer re Guurég sor_un@py.
wis
Cog Be 2 prrembadr
What happened yesterday?
What person made this kite.
Whose is that?
Whose book is that?
Which is the way to Jaffna?
Which way leads to Jaffna
who aus cuit Deowdgyd, wha avus odo
sed, which, whose a@uma QoS mard gd
autun@sacuGd. what QoPmend uot we gd
soLurs agb.
whom, what, which, whose werume, Qraniu@ dum am
ag «suya Hang Crear
eel (Bra you urtès) apar den
HINA. mo. apor Ber yt -
2-1: Did you see them?
B auto rg
Whom did you sec?
wo ums
What did you paint?
ac Elgar?
What picture did you paint?
ae ud Beyer
Whose book did you borrow,
urge yjèssies rá?
when, where, bow, why séuepæp wets EHER
apouurer 9yabgó ye,
=i: Did you go?
Where did you go?
Are you going?
Where are you going?
sw Igaridz pers aed.
e - 16; He is going to write a novel,
Is he going to write a novel?
He will become a doctor,
Will he become a doctor?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS (agivep diem )
25 Daveatooned,
G sorda ‘not aug tn + ere
5360 Pag ayariós dears ag.
e-¿4: Ho is a student.
Isn't he a student?
Da Guedurgnd Guse pie 2 dE.
Gi) gamdastgb, agurissá Sera not agi.
e -ıb: He is a student.
ls he not a student?
2. Questions Starting with Interrogative Words.
(ders Qompace paorsá Geresgugb deta)
who, what, which sag whose serume ayerura
sang agyumü sous yauuidupb derrèaér
ergrgeré KPO GuréOp wong. what, which,
whose ¿Que sefunslen Guuié Geragı..dr
Get ser wad.
2 -w: Jobn arrived late
sétug ersrremure a.
Da who arrived late? cron der ary mon.
DIO who eu aan arrived vue.
Which is correct? arerufi> Which agpmme,
Which is answer is correct? ru Da Which arp dano
Gene answer re Guurég sor_un@py.
wis
Cog Be 2 prrembadr
What happened yesterday?
What person made this kite.
Whose is that?
Whose book is that?
Which is the way to Jaffna?
Which way leads to Jaffna
who aus cuit Deowdgyd, wha avus odo
sed, which, whose a@uma QoS mard gd
autun@sacuGd. what QoPmend uot we gd
soLurs agb.
whom, what, which, whose werume, Qraniu@ dum am
ag «suya Hang Crear
eel (Bra you urtès) apar den
HINA. mo. apor Ber yt -
2-1: Did you see them?
B auto rg
Whom did you sec?
wo ums
What did you paint?
ac Elgar?
What picture did you paint?
ae ud Beyer
Whose book did you borrow,
urge yjèssies rá?
when, where, bow, why séuepæp wets EHER
apouurer 9yabgó ye,
=i: Did you go?
Where did you go?
Are you going?
Where are you going?
Is be angry?
Why is he angry?
Did you see the film?
When did you see the film?
+ Tag Questions (apooudss oder )
eran «po 48s aptas Asus
dene yonds sep. Da Gute apite Quad
Ur gid maureduqu.
Didar verd aig acéurcrié der apr
Lapis, app Btumpunde Bear aucum-
YE amuumss aus Garérs.
QSsesu dar Jugo sewvshd Herod.
Rodamde Psp, Qpisare aque:
(m) aLecuncos apie QpBId Brunnen
pred. Gédierrdiér anand.
Verb + not + Subject
Btump SDägb ‘not’ op Gere nt aod
e0® Bouts aps.
=: You are late, aren't you?
Jane is clever, isn't she?
He was famous at the time,
wasn’t he?
(9 eBtomps apie QpPI eau ders
Aer gb. Dúdar aan.
Verb + Subject
2-6: You are not late, are you?
Jane is not clever, is she?
He was not famous at that time,
was he?
m0
wepure demuauss aréduèasté :
(m) acdur8 ade QoPSe ders Aenea.
Dadardór ad t
Helpiog Verb + not + Subject
2-5: He works hard, Doesn't he?
(8) oPtvwpt abs QUAD Gers
Agr gd. Dúdar ao
Helping verb + Subject
e.-o: He did not lose his temper,
did he? :
He does not work hard, does he?
They did not win the match,
did they?
EXERCISE
Turn the following sentences into questions.
Séagamaiæp darás arpa.
He was out.
They saw me.
I like fish.
Che river runs fast.
He must see a doctor.
The car seemed new.
The dog became angry.
The village collected ten thousand rupees.
The baby cried all morning
Some fruits are ripe.
The car is here.
They lost the match.
The bullet missed the target.
Gopal prefers cigarettes to cigars.
The snake bid under a rock.
The hunter shot a deer.
The house has many rooms,
21%
Why is he angry?
Did you see the film?
When did you see the film?
+ Tag Questions (apooudss oder )
eran «po 48s aptas Asus
dene yonds sep. Da Gute apite Quad
Ur gid maureduqu.
Didar verd aig acéurcrié der apr
Lapis, app Btumpunde Bear aucum-
YE amuumss aus Garérs.
QSsesu dar Jugo sewvshd Herod.
Rodamde Psp, Qpisare aque:
(m) aLecuncos apie QpBId Brunnen
pred. Gédierrdiér anand.
Verb + not + Subject
Btump SDägb ‘not’ op Gere nt aod
e0® Bouts aps.
=: You are late, aren't you?
Jane is clever, isn't she?
He was famous at the time,
wasn’t he?
(9 eBtomps apie QpPI eau ders
Aer gb. Dúdar aan.
Verb + Subject
2-6: You are not late, are you?
Jane is not clever, is she?
He was not famous at that time,
was he?
m0
wepure demuauss aréduèasté :
(m) acdur8 ade QoPSe ders Aenea.
Dadardór ad t
Helpiog Verb + not + Subject
2-5: He works hard, Doesn't he?
(8) oPtvwpt abs QUAD Gers
Agr gd. Dúdar ao
Helping verb + Subject
e.-o: He did not lose his temper,
did he? :
He does not work hard, does he?
They did not win the match,
did they?
EXERCISE
Turn the following sentences into questions.
Séagamaiæp darás arpa.
He was out.
They saw me.
I like fish.
Che river runs fast.
He must see a doctor.
The car seemed new.
The dog became angry.
The village collected ten thousand rupees.
The baby cried all morning
Some fruits are ripe.
The car is here.
They lost the match.
The bullet missed the target.
Gopal prefers cigarettes to cigars.
The snake bid under a rock.
The hunter shot a deer.
The house has many rooms,
21%
LESSON 5
THE VERB: TENSE (deer : sro)
wrißud, ayanı vos YRu Da ugBamer
eau avus yu Uria ums OSO. gabe
ura unse yádvap docesGerd.
award cee, Dio para ppésà dar pains
SOS EEGD chu dad Bere al ame
vue JARA. dam uucimaurgotaeps Asch
uns She Qro Aum frou ón aif
G40. ghRaZGO Som Papstagiu, arab papa
Gd. sw, Present Tense (Bappeman); Past Tense (Dogg
arm); Future Tense (Stared). Da paró ga
Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous rer Being
amó mœurs skaiuQù. (QUUIGUrO sf» Gude
Wyss acing, Qossew griahd wopupigd
ADIL ime. SérIgd LETTE Heme dealer
ara umgun-eyd, GI SHd AUGE as
deco Osetarragid.)
22
FIRST PERSON
Foture
1 will drink tea
Past
1 drank tea
1 was driokiog tea
Present
1 drink tea
Simple
il be drinking tea
I am drinking tea
I have drunk tea
Continuous
Perfect
3
“
E
3
2
3
5
I had drunk tea
1 had been
g
3
3
2
3
El
>
-
I bave been
Perfect
3
E
drinking tea drinking tea
Continuous
SECOND PERSON
Futore
Past
Present
You drink tea
É
“
E
Ss
a
2
3
>
You drank tea
You are drinking tea You were drinking tea
Simple
g
2
8
ú
=
3
3
You wil
Continuous
You will have drank tea
You had drunk tea
You had been
You have drunk tea
Perfect
been drinking toa
You will have
drinking tea
drinking tea
You bave been
Continuous
Perfect
THE VERB: TENSE (deer : sro)
wrißud, ayanı vos YRu Da ugBamer
eau avus yu Uria ums OSO. gabe
ura unse yádvap docesGerd.
award cee, Dio para ppésà dar pains
SOS EEGD chu dad Bere al ame
vue JARA. dam uucimaurgotaeps Asch
uns She Qro Aum frou ón aif
G40. ghRaZGO Som Papstagiu, arab papa
Gd. sw, Present Tense (Bappeman); Past Tense (Dogg
arm); Future Tense (Stared). Da paró ga
Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous rer Being
amó mœurs skaiuQù. (QUUIGUrO sf» Gude
Wyss acing, Qossew griahd wopupigd
ADIL ime. SérIgd LETTE Heme dealer
ara umgun-eyd, GI SHd AUGE as
deco Osetarragid.)
22
FIRST PERSON
Foture
1 will drink tea
Past
1 drank tea
1 was driokiog tea
Present
1 drink tea
Simple
il be drinking tea
I am drinking tea
I have drunk tea
Continuous
Perfect
3
“
E
3
2
3
5
I had drunk tea
1 had been
g
3
3
2
3
El
>
-
I bave been
Perfect
3
E
drinking tea drinking tea
Continuous
SECOND PERSON
Futore
Past
Present
You drink tea
É
“
E
Ss
a
2
3
>
You drank tea
You are drinking tea You were drinking tea
Simple
g
2
8
ú
=
3
3
You wil
Continuous
You will have drank tea
You had drunk tea
You had been
You have drunk tea
Perfect
been drinking toa
You will have
drinking tea
drinking tea
You bave been
Continuous
Perfect
va Suruup 8% Soup u Soup
uosq aneg III AOL w20q pay ogg usoq eg Kg]
ve Junıp GAB TIM AON, 80) Jump pey AoUL ws YONI reg AfL
snonanuo)
1923194
vod
vay Zuapp oq [1 Log, won Zurupp 910% AsyL vay Bulgunıp ose Ao, Snonunuoy
vay Auup IIS SY vo} yuıp 4041 vay Jap hay,
ES wa mad
NO5YAd QUHL
#1 Sagaıp eo Sayanıp vo) Sugunp
u00q oneg Ilm NOX 1999 Peg nox sag anzu NOX,
wo) Junıp ove [IM NOX 89) XUNIP peg nox va AUNIP SAC NOA
wo) SUIQUUP 9q [[1AA MOX Ba) Zupganıp 010% NOA vo} SOJAULIP o1e no‘
vi AUD Im nox so Jump NO 1 AUP n°4
coming wea mad
NOSYIA GNODAS
e Suquup voy Zargapıp #1 Surquup
uaaq ABN [ITM OM usq PEU om wog SAT om
wo) Janıponeg Im OM PO Junıp peyoM 89) Janıpaaugay
19) Sup 2q [NM OMA 891 Fulanp arm OM 09) SOTO are M
wo Jap 1m M $9) AUPAP OM 101 FUP OM,
ana ua LR
NOSUJA LSHII
aduyg
snonupuo
payed
199J194
snonunuoy
dus
snonunuoy
wand
19H24
nonunuoy
adars
HAL EPROM PRD CEI ap
06 TITTEN DIF OMPO wep ‘7619 IGV wre pP UD
u Soma ta Sorqayp wo) Sarquyp
wooq 2484 LA SH 1999 Peg oH vosq seq 2H
Bo} JunIp reg [IA OFF 29 Junıp PE OH wa JUMP sey oy
vi Zuup oq lm oF] 89) TULIP sem oy 29 BUIOUP SI of
“or AOUP IA od vo) Jusıp oH ex SAUL OH
mag ag mama
NOSYAd QUIHL
snonmuoy
14
190J194
snonupuey
aldo
uosq aneg III AOL w20q pay ogg usoq eg Kg]
ve Junıp GAB TIM AON, 80) Jump pey AoUL ws YONI reg AfL
snonanuo)
1923194
vod
vay Zuapp oq [1 Log, won Zurupp 910% AsyL vay Bulgunıp ose Ao, Snonunuoy
vay Auup IIS SY vo} yuıp 4041 vay Jap hay,
ES wa mad
NO5YAd QUHL
#1 Sagaıp eo Sayanıp vo) Sugunp
u00q oneg Ilm NOX 1999 Peg nox sag anzu NOX,
wo) Junıp ove [IM NOX 89) XUNIP peg nox va AUNIP SAC NOA
wo) SUIQUUP 9q [[1AA MOX Ba) Zupganıp 010% NOA vo} SOJAULIP o1e no‘
vi AUD Im nox so Jump NO 1 AUP n°4
coming wea mad
NOSYIA GNODAS
e Suquup voy Zargapıp #1 Surquup
uaaq ABN [ITM OM usq PEU om wog SAT om
wo) Janıponeg Im OM PO Junıp peyoM 89) Janıpaaugay
19) Sup 2q [NM OMA 891 Fulanp arm OM 09) SOTO are M
wo Jap 1m M $9) AUPAP OM 101 FUP OM,
ana ua LR
NOSUJA LSHII
aduyg
snonupuo
payed
199J194
snonunuoy
dus
snonunuoy
wand
19H24
nonunuoy
adars
HAL EPROM PRD CEI ap
06 TITTEN DIF OMPO wep ‘7619 IGV wre pP UD
u Soma ta Sorqayp wo) Sarquyp
wooq 2484 LA SH 1999 Peg oH vosq seq 2H
Bo} JunIp reg [IA OFF 29 Junıp PE OH wa JUMP sey oy
vi Zuup oq lm oF] 89) TULIP sem oy 29 BUIOUP SI of
“or AOUP IA od vo) Jusıp oH ex SAUL OH
mag ag mama
NOSYAd QUIHL
snonmuoy
14
190J194
snonupuey
aldo
GMiys Ci) Dap arua20 ara rod gado
unidas 95ends 0-06 Capguos.
SOLA, Ari dor garra
aus GerdO Abos. Bs eco
aru Guo PouGacw.
(i) Postes ution 9d
LUCO Urra dear
BOBS 5. es Ox Sersecune.
di) Bump, dar qu arduo
docs LU.
e-b: Affirmative :
She writes stories
Negative :
She does not write stories
Does she write stories?
A A
He
She
Rajah makes
The car
He
She does not make
Rajah
The car
a big nolse
a big nolse,
he
Does she make
a big noise?
the car
You make -
We
They
ws
a big noise,
1
You do not make a big noise
We
They
1
you
Do we make a big noise?
they ©
Qpss areissé alOù did rép gomas ae
wein, Dés Qurgareg.
1
You
He did not make noise.
We
They
gemdamupdu desssazi Suso «gis
A A
€ am I
You did
You 1
We are We
They They did
He
He
She is She s
n n have
i I
You do You have
We We
They They
27
unidas 95ends 0-06 Capguos.
SOLA, Ari dor garra
aus GerdO Abos. Bs eco
aru Guo PouGacw.
(i) Postes ution 9d
LUCO Urra dear
BOBS 5. es Ox Sersecune.
di) Bump, dar qu arduo
docs LU.
e-b: Affirmative :
She writes stories
Negative :
She does not write stories
Does she write stories?
A A
He
She
Rajah makes
The car
He
She does not make
Rajah
The car
a big nolse
a big nolse,
he
Does she make
a big noise?
the car
You make -
We
They
ws
a big noise,
1
You do not make a big noise
We
They
1
you
Do we make a big noise?
they ©
Qpss areissé alOù did rép gomas ae
wein, Dés Qurgareg.
1
You
He did not make noise.
We
They
gemdamupdu desssazi Suso «gis
A A
€ am I
You did
You 1
We are We
They They did
He
He
She is She s
n n have
i I
You do You have
We We
They They
27
He I
She does You
It We
They had
| She
Quede tare aru Iii
anaes.
125
1
LESSON 6
HOW TO USB THE TENSES
(stahemerts yutuE sory)
The present Simple Tense, (Separa)
Da Saga spstoumsches coaureriuod.
(D apœuurs, peters, ausay faq dub
sacred @Stusie.
#4: 1 always get up at 5a.m,
Most of the Hindus go to the
temple on Fridays.
Very often he loses his temper.
(48) Qurg acrousams esse.
e-- 5: The aeroplane travels faster than
the train.
The sun sets in the west.
Children like sweets.
@) ser Gupps@arcdry Gish gg Arucer vita
etwas Otte dr soos
77 72
e 1: I place the test tube over the
flame and the liquid at once
Tests.
Jobn passes the ball to Jennings.
Jennings shoots and the
goalkeeper leaps for it.
Yes, it’s a goal:
29%
She does You
It We
They had
| She
Quede tare aru Iii
anaes.
125
1
LESSON 6
HOW TO USB THE TENSES
(stahemerts yutuE sory)
The present Simple Tense, (Separa)
Da Saga spstoumsches coaureriuod.
(D apœuurs, peters, ausay faq dub
sacred @Stusie.
#4: 1 always get up at 5a.m,
Most of the Hindus go to the
temple on Fridays.
Very often he loses his temper.
(48) Qurg acrousams esse.
e-- 5: The aeroplane travels faster than
the train.
The sun sets in the west.
Children like sweets.
@) ser Gupps@arcdry Gish gg Arucer vita
etwas Otte dr soos
77 72
e 1: I place the test tube over the
flame and the liquid at once
Tests.
Jobn passes the ball to Jennings.
Jennings shoots and the
goalkeeper leaps for it.
Yes, it’s a goal:
29%
2. Tho Present Continuous Tense, (Pain Ogri-darend)
Qe Saga spgtiuiaho esunndugr
(9) Cusilurg per Qupn siumgass guia.
+ =: Look: I am standing on my head.
Don't go out now. It’s raining
She is doing the home work,
don’t disturb her.
(8) Quad Gprybecur, noce aracugSué
Gsrciis Sem Guys siuugesà SOUL,
2-6: He is studying English at the
Foreign Languages Bureau.
We are staying at the flats now
Are you writing a novel?
(D eBtarosg 250506 Arumas SUI:
e.- 1: He is going to Singapore next
month.
Is Jones coming tonight?
He is staying here till next
week.
BHaGd asnzard gérdarerDgyd Present Simple,
Present Continuous QuewGu sur du Gr. ne
eet sD fase ara CuguTcyces Ogeña.
We don’t always work hard, but we are
working hard now,
He doesn’t usually make noise, but he is
making noise now.
She doesn't often laugh, but she is
laughing now.
wo
ER
He doesn’t normally hurry, but he is
hurrying now.
The child doesn't usually cry, but it is
crying now.
She does not ofien sing. but she is
sioging now.
I don’t usually get angry, but I am
getting angry now.
They do not normally quarrel, but they
are quarrelling now
He does not falter in speaking, but now
he is faltering.
The simple Past Tense. (Gps so)
ww
w
sLéptuner wrasßte, 89 SELL ara
ACL SPO sui rutas GO.
© -1b; He left yesterday.
1 received two letters from home
last Tuesday,
At the meeting I recognized him
from his speech.
share 2706820, 99 GPO. ar
usbda Osritig Dibuja PapMouad
ebiaDo.
e-6:; ) was in Zambia during the last
summer.
1 heard bammerin
all day long.
The British ruled Ceylon for
nearly 200 years,
the smithy
31%
Qe Saga spgtiuiaho esunndugr
(9) Cusilurg per Qupn siumgass guia.
+ =: Look: I am standing on my head.
Don't go out now. It’s raining
She is doing the home work,
don’t disturb her.
(8) Quad Gprybecur, noce aracugSué
Gsrciis Sem Guys siuugesà SOUL,
2-6: He is studying English at the
Foreign Languages Bureau.
We are staying at the flats now
Are you writing a novel?
(D eBtarosg 250506 Arumas SUI:
e.- 1: He is going to Singapore next
month.
Is Jones coming tonight?
He is staying here till next
week.
BHaGd asnzard gérdarerDgyd Present Simple,
Present Continuous QuewGu sur du Gr. ne
eet sD fase ara CuguTcyces Ogeña.
We don’t always work hard, but we are
working hard now,
He doesn’t usually make noise, but he is
making noise now.
She doesn't often laugh, but she is
laughing now.
wo
ER
He doesn’t normally hurry, but he is
hurrying now.
The child doesn't usually cry, but it is
crying now.
She does not ofien sing. but she is
sioging now.
I don’t usually get angry, but I am
getting angry now.
They do not normally quarrel, but they
are quarrelling now
He does not falter in speaking, but now
he is faltering.
The simple Past Tense. (Gps so)
ww
w
sLéptuner wrasßte, 89 SELL ara
ACL SPO sui rutas GO.
© -1b; He left yesterday.
1 received two letters from home
last Tuesday,
At the meeting I recognized him
from his speech.
share 2706820, 99 GPO. ar
usbda Osritig Dibuja PapMouad
ebiaDo.
e-6:; ) was in Zambia during the last
summer.
1 heard bammerin
all day long.
The British ruled Ceylon for
nearly 200 years,
the smithy
31%
4. The Past Continuous Tense. (@poys @srit are)
(a) Dada anaABe, 59 etuad Sapadp GS
Caomdd Qr.udupp ISO Papá
(7777 C2
+ - 6: I was doing my English home
work when you telephoned.
The idea came to me while 1
was driving home.
Whea I saw him last, he was
working Ín a firm,
5. The Present perfect Tense. (Baba Bonus ara)
Augsburg coruna siglo Luis.
Da nme Qpissra Pajótoué hasta
LLUIS. 553 37058 5-55 Dio
Anss srasBears (Past Simple) yarupsserd.
Past Simple uusru@ssdu@uCurg Sapa BA
Gsrd soem Qurga ac-oub@py. Present Perfect
youd Dpsssry PspeFoud yaiudssoro.
Damas vnduGsoe Cura sduad suis Usb
acia. déagè eararaad suo
Sum.
(a) A: May I see the manager, please?
B: Sorry, be has gone out.
A: When did he leave?
B:He left at 10. 30.
Géo Taage spots @g vue
10850008,
(9) Dos srasBs of sLL 690 Om
Bspared aor Gsmiióg ALLI
Grumas eSiusss
Sbe has learnt dancing since childhood.
32
(D Qoss erosBs Babero, Baperas
Shfæauc Cares Osreóy Garon
euaimst YOUOsEOS bg.
2-6: dh John has come.
(Bad copy denfés Ogre gülung
Sys ediermt, Agar of taord, a
GurgéruL pus.)
Gi) She has worked in India.
(Qiburg au QDiBurdo umursodame.
Bord Blue) Papué Genow
Syd. ep Qurgasss Baus.)
‘The Past Perfect Tense. (Doc Popes ari)
Opts rod Sapte Qorivakamas Dig
sree add Puss ais saura
won.
e—: The train had left when 1 went to
the station.
She told me she had bought a new
car.
The patient bad died before the
doctor arrived.
‘The Future Tense (Pared)
er spas aBtara ie st yniupsgwshs sr
Gur@ shall parece, urdu will saura g
ayés. shall, will SyOureifé uw peyésadr
eco «on Qulureség GackyuBiae.
seu, yádno, ULtins Ru was oh?
srogmsé agas will GC Gén Cugsursow
pie.
33m
(a) Dada anaABe, 59 etuad Sapadp GS
Caomdd Qr.udupp ISO Papá
(7777 C2
+ - 6: I was doing my English home
work when you telephoned.
The idea came to me while 1
was driving home.
Whea I saw him last, he was
working Ín a firm,
5. The Present perfect Tense. (Baba Bonus ara)
Augsburg coruna siglo Luis.
Da nme Qpissra Pajótoué hasta
LLUIS. 553 37058 5-55 Dio
Anss srasBears (Past Simple) yarupsserd.
Past Simple uusru@ssdu@uCurg Sapa BA
Gsrd soem Qurga ac-oub@py. Present Perfect
youd Dpsssry PspeFoud yaiudssoro.
Damas vnduGsoe Cura sduad suis Usb
acia. déagè eararaad suo
Sum.
(a) A: May I see the manager, please?
B: Sorry, be has gone out.
A: When did he leave?
B:He left at 10. 30.
Géo Taage spots @g vue
10850008,
(9) Dos srasBs of sLL 690 Om
Bspared aor Gsmiióg ALLI
Grumas eSiusss
Sbe has learnt dancing since childhood.
32
(D Qoss erosBs Babero, Baperas
Shfæauc Cares Osreóy Garon
euaimst YOUOsEOS bg.
2-6: dh John has come.
(Bad copy denfés Ogre gülung
Sys ediermt, Agar of taord, a
GurgéruL pus.)
Gi) She has worked in India.
(Qiburg au QDiBurdo umursodame.
Bord Blue) Papué Genow
Syd. ep Qurgasss Baus.)
‘The Past Perfect Tense. (Doc Popes ari)
Opts rod Sapte Qorivakamas Dig
sree add Puss ais saura
won.
e—: The train had left when 1 went to
the station.
She told me she had bought a new
car.
The patient bad died before the
doctor arrived.
‘The Future Tense (Pared)
er spas aBtara ie st yniupsgwshs sr
Gur@ shall parece, urdu will saura g
ayés. shall, will SyOureifé uw peyésadr
eco «on Qulureség GackyuBiae.
seu, yádno, ULtins Ru was oh?
srogmsé agas will GC Gén Cugsursow
pie.
33m
We shall return before dark.
When shall I see you again?
You will help me in difficulty.
They will not (won't) find it easy.
A week's holiday will do you good.
EXERCISE
Im each of the following sentences, use the verb in
brackets, in the third person singular, present simple.
ARLE mr Orhan Sap ana sé euOurBis-
Tom often (catch) fish in this stream.
A saint always (pray) for others:
Whenever Mary (mix) the ingredients for »
pudding, she uses a wooden spoon.
A good man always (seize) an opportunity to
help others.
A man with a bad cold usually (cough)
and (sneeze).
Every evening. when mother does the
washing up, father (dry) the dishes.
A good teacher (wish) to help his students.
Time (pass) slowly when you have nothing
to do.
In many factories, work (begin) at cight
© clock.
The earth «revolve) om its axis.
Everyone (die) one day.
Rani: Rajah is on the phone : he (wishy
to speck to you.
PET
Today's Daily News (inform) us that there
is an outbreak of cholera in Colombo.
The length of one side of a square (equaly
the length of any other side of the
square.
A man who (lie) is not to be trusted.
Ask Tom, he (know) the answer to your
question.
+ Use the verb in the brackets, in. the present continuous
form in the following sentences,
MUSH are emacs Papi Ostras
wußunBas,
You're (hinder) me, please move over.
Rani is <fry) some eggs for.us:
Tom is (stop) a little because he is tired.
In telling this story, Im (omit) some details.
Good news: The boss is (double) our
salaries :
When are you (come) to see us?
I hope you are not (incur) any more debts.
E am (place) you next to Mary at lunch.
The Robin is (hop) about on the window
sill-
I am not (compel) you to do it.
Which teams are (play) there next week?
Why are you (ruby your cheek like that?
I am (dream) of a long holiday.
What is that song you (hum)?
The management is (offer) a ten per cent
increase,
35%
When shall I see you again?
You will help me in difficulty.
They will not (won't) find it easy.
A week's holiday will do you good.
EXERCISE
Im each of the following sentences, use the verb in
brackets, in the third person singular, present simple.
ARLE mr Orhan Sap ana sé euOurBis-
Tom often (catch) fish in this stream.
A saint always (pray) for others:
Whenever Mary (mix) the ingredients for »
pudding, she uses a wooden spoon.
A good man always (seize) an opportunity to
help others.
A man with a bad cold usually (cough)
and (sneeze).
Every evening. when mother does the
washing up, father (dry) the dishes.
A good teacher (wish) to help his students.
Time (pass) slowly when you have nothing
to do.
In many factories, work (begin) at cight
© clock.
The earth «revolve) om its axis.
Everyone (die) one day.
Rani: Rajah is on the phone : he (wishy
to speck to you.
PET
Today's Daily News (inform) us that there
is an outbreak of cholera in Colombo.
The length of one side of a square (equaly
the length of any other side of the
square.
A man who (lie) is not to be trusted.
Ask Tom, he (know) the answer to your
question.
+ Use the verb in the brackets, in. the present continuous
form in the following sentences,
MUSH are emacs Papi Ostras
wußunBas,
You're (hinder) me, please move over.
Rani is <fry) some eggs for.us:
Tom is (stop) a little because he is tired.
In telling this story, Im (omit) some details.
Good news: The boss is (double) our
salaries :
When are you (come) to see us?
I hope you are not (incur) any more debts.
E am (place) you next to Mary at lunch.
The Robin is (hop) about on the window
sill-
I am not (compel) you to do it.
Which teams are (play) there next week?
Why are you (ruby your cheek like that?
I am (dream) of a long holiday.
What is that song you (hum)?
The management is (offer) a ten per cent
increase,
35%
4.
Use the ‘going to’ form for the sentences given below.
Baagearuph® ode daaseigh uPore
‘going to” Gasrag@e euGurdes, *
It will rain soon.
I will rebuke him sharply-
I shan’s be very long.
Will you see your uncle soon?
What will happen tomorrow?
A change will be made.
This will certainly be a surprise for you.
Nothing will go wrong. .
What are you doing tomorrow?
When is Mr. Gopu leaving for London?
Put the verbs im brackets into the correct Present
Tense, Continuous or Simple +
ALTO acre deceso, Gureeetaiu Sap
snassig año PspPAsTtanosgss ars.
Buses usually (run) along this street, but
today they (not run) because it is
repair.
She usually (sit) at the back of the class,
but today she (sit) in the front row.
1 rarely (carry, an umbrella, but 1 (carry)
‘ one now because it is raining.
We nearly always (spend) our holidays in
Kandy. but this year we (go) to
Nuwara Eliya.
Mr. Jones usually Gell) only newspapers,
but this week he (sell) magazines
as well.
=;
+ Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect
I'm sorry you can't see her. She (sleep)
still. ‘She usually (wake) much earlier.
Rani still (do) her homework. Her sister,
who always (work) -quicker, (play)
already in the garden.
These builders: generally (build) very rapidly.
They (work) at present on two
separate contracts.
What (do) you at this moment? If you
not (do) anything, please help me.
John, who (study) medicine at. present,
hopes to go abroad after graduating.
OLS nn dale isos Opty,
Bis vrpos.
After Rajah (take) a good lunch, he felt
sleepy.
I (scarcely, go) to bed when the phone
rang.
As I (not have) a meal for twelve hours,
T felt hungry.
1 (only just, sity down when an inspector
asked me to show him my ticket.
Until that day I (never, see) a hippoptamus.
After he (hear) the sentence, the prisoner
fainted
He started to laugh before I thave) time
to tell him half the joke.
It was a good joke that he (hear) before.
37m
Use the ‘going to’ form for the sentences given below.
Baagearuph® ode daaseigh uPore
‘going to” Gasrag@e euGurdes, *
It will rain soon.
I will rebuke him sharply-
I shan’s be very long.
Will you see your uncle soon?
What will happen tomorrow?
A change will be made.
This will certainly be a surprise for you.
Nothing will go wrong. .
What are you doing tomorrow?
When is Mr. Gopu leaving for London?
Put the verbs im brackets into the correct Present
Tense, Continuous or Simple +
ALTO acre deceso, Gureeetaiu Sap
snassig año PspPAsTtanosgss ars.
Buses usually (run) along this street, but
today they (not run) because it is
repair.
She usually (sit) at the back of the class,
but today she (sit) in the front row.
1 rarely (carry, an umbrella, but 1 (carry)
‘ one now because it is raining.
We nearly always (spend) our holidays in
Kandy. but this year we (go) to
Nuwara Eliya.
Mr. Jones usually Gell) only newspapers,
but this week he (sell) magazines
as well.
=;
+ Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect
I'm sorry you can't see her. She (sleep)
still. ‘She usually (wake) much earlier.
Rani still (do) her homework. Her sister,
who always (work) -quicker, (play)
already in the garden.
These builders: generally (build) very rapidly.
They (work) at present on two
separate contracts.
What (do) you at this moment? If you
not (do) anything, please help me.
John, who (study) medicine at. present,
hopes to go abroad after graduating.
OLS nn dale isos Opty,
Bis vrpos.
After Rajah (take) a good lunch, he felt
sleepy.
I (scarcely, go) to bed when the phone
rang.
As I (not have) a meal for twelve hours,
T felt hungry.
1 (only just, sity down when an inspector
asked me to show him my ticket.
Until that day I (never, see) a hippoptamus.
After he (hear) the sentence, the prisoner
fainted
He started to laugh before I thave) time
to tell him half the joke.
It was a good joke that he (hear) before.
37m
After the Doctor (give) me an injection,
the pain became much less.
Tom told me that I (choose) to represent
our class,
I (hardly, begin) my work when in came
the Professor.
It was only long afeer I(heary his story
that I realized it was a joke.
After I (finish) my work, I went to bed.
I thanked him and told him I (already, have»
lunch.
After I (drink) a glass of water, I felt
less thirsty.
$. Chango the verb in brackets into the suitable tense.
aida dawslerdene opp arabe
unppe.
Yesterday evening a little mouse (creep)
out of his hole; when he (reach) the middle
of the room he (sit) up on the floor in
front of me. He was shivering and
miserable. I (take) pity on him and (give)
him some warm milk with whisky in it.
After he (drink) this, he (begin) to clean
his whiskers. He (do) this for a couple
of minutes when he ¢hiccough). After he
thiccough) for a considerable time, our
cat Blackie (come in. The mouse {not run)
away. He (put) up bis paws and (challenge)
Blackie to fight him. Blackie (look) at him
in astonishment, for he (never, hear) of
a mouse daring a cat to fight him. The
mouse, after he (look) at him scorofully
for a few seconds, slowly (go) into his hole.
PE]
+ Supply the Simple Past Tense in place of the verbs
in brackets.
aL sde daras Dto cr wr bys.
The water in the pond (freeze) last night.
They (get back) very late last night.
I (have) a letter from my wife last week.
Last month the cost of living (rise) to a
new high point.
Last week the government (introduce) new
legislation.
Yesterday afternoon the police (catch) a
thief in the High Street,
He (ring) me up just now.
It is exactly five years ago today that we
(get) married
I (see) the bus pass a few minutes ago.
While he was reading in bis study, his
wife (call) to him to come:
As soon as he bad opened the door, his
dog (rush) out to greet him
He had left before we (have) time to
warn him of the danger.
The thief had escaped before he’ (come)
into the room.
They (not visit) us after we had quarrelled.
When you last (see) your father?
+ Supply the correct - Tense Past Continuous or Past
Simple in place of the verbs in brackets.
weiss ade ara Gurgete Chu Deas
39%
the pain became much less.
Tom told me that I (choose) to represent
our class,
I (hardly, begin) my work when in came
the Professor.
It was only long afeer I(heary his story
that I realized it was a joke.
After I (finish) my work, I went to bed.
I thanked him and told him I (already, have»
lunch.
After I (drink) a glass of water, I felt
less thirsty.
$. Chango the verb in brackets into the suitable tense.
aida dawslerdene opp arabe
unppe.
Yesterday evening a little mouse (creep)
out of his hole; when he (reach) the middle
of the room he (sit) up on the floor in
front of me. He was shivering and
miserable. I (take) pity on him and (give)
him some warm milk with whisky in it.
After he (drink) this, he (begin) to clean
his whiskers. He (do) this for a couple
of minutes when he ¢hiccough). After he
thiccough) for a considerable time, our
cat Blackie (come in. The mouse {not run)
away. He (put) up bis paws and (challenge)
Blackie to fight him. Blackie (look) at him
in astonishment, for he (never, hear) of
a mouse daring a cat to fight him. The
mouse, after he (look) at him scorofully
for a few seconds, slowly (go) into his hole.
PE]
+ Supply the Simple Past Tense in place of the verbs
in brackets.
aL sde daras Dto cr wr bys.
The water in the pond (freeze) last night.
They (get back) very late last night.
I (have) a letter from my wife last week.
Last month the cost of living (rise) to a
new high point.
Last week the government (introduce) new
legislation.
Yesterday afternoon the police (catch) a
thief in the High Street,
He (ring) me up just now.
It is exactly five years ago today that we
(get) married
I (see) the bus pass a few minutes ago.
While he was reading in bis study, his
wife (call) to him to come:
As soon as he bad opened the door, his
dog (rush) out to greet him
He had left before we (have) time to
warn him of the danger.
The thief had escaped before he’ (come)
into the room.
They (not visit) us after we had quarrelled.
When you last (see) your father?
+ Supply the correct - Tense Past Continuous or Past
Simple in place of the verbs in brackets.
weiss ade ara Gurgete Chu Deas
39%
croisés año @poué Ast araégég
umpge.
I (wash) my hands when the telephone
(ring).
She ¢sit) at the table when the children
(come) home.
What you (do) when I knocked at the
door?
Nalini was sewing while Gopal (mend)
the radio. *
They (study) the same exercise all last
week as they were studying this morning.
She broke down when she (hear) the news.
The children ran away when they (see)
thé policeman.
The bus crashed and some of the passengers
(get) burt.
She (look) for her pen when she discovered
she (have) it in her handbag all the time.
I (try) tov ring you up all yesterday but
your telephone wasn't working.
The bus crashed while the driver (looky
the other way:
Why did you talk to that man while I
(wait) all the time?
She already (lie) in hospital when her
husband heard of the accident.
I was thinking about the problem all night,
but I never (find) the answer.
The aeroplave already (fly) very low when
I caught sigut of it,
wo
Did your see Mr, Jones in the theatre last
night? He (sin in the third row.
Her aunt died while she (spend) her
holidays in Italy
They all «haver breakfast when I got up.
. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
Past Simple or past perfect.
AO ORE Amand Qurgei0si Qosa
massig años Docu Dopod eras 565 roo
Wien he (leav:) aheady, be realize he
(forget) his purse
She (burst) into tears the moment he (shut)
the door.
His finger (begin) to bleed as soon as he
‘cut himself.
He (lose) his new knife shortly after he
(buy) it.
He (begin) to read as soon as he (find)
the place in his book.
The fire (burns for three hours when the
firemen arrived. .
It already (rain) for balf an hour when
we (step) out into the street.
The patient (die already by the time the
doctor (assive).
When John enter the room the thief
already (escape)
When we (get) home, night already fall).
Until he (explain), the students
(not understand .
Until the aeroplane (take off), we (can)
not hear ourselves speak.
a
umpge.
I (wash) my hands when the telephone
(ring).
She ¢sit) at the table when the children
(come) home.
What you (do) when I knocked at the
door?
Nalini was sewing while Gopal (mend)
the radio. *
They (study) the same exercise all last
week as they were studying this morning.
She broke down when she (hear) the news.
The children ran away when they (see)
thé policeman.
The bus crashed and some of the passengers
(get) burt.
She (look) for her pen when she discovered
she (have) it in her handbag all the time.
I (try) tov ring you up all yesterday but
your telephone wasn't working.
The bus crashed while the driver (looky
the other way:
Why did you talk to that man while I
(wait) all the time?
She already (lie) in hospital when her
husband heard of the accident.
I was thinking about the problem all night,
but I never (find) the answer.
The aeroplave already (fly) very low when
I caught sigut of it,
wo
Did your see Mr, Jones in the theatre last
night? He (sin in the third row.
Her aunt died while she (spend) her
holidays in Italy
They all «haver breakfast when I got up.
. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
Past Simple or past perfect.
AO ORE Amand Qurgei0si Qosa
massig años Docu Dopod eras 565 roo
Wien he (leav:) aheady, be realize he
(forget) his purse
She (burst) into tears the moment he (shut)
the door.
His finger (begin) to bleed as soon as he
‘cut himself.
He (lose) his new knife shortly after he
(buy) it.
He (begin) to read as soon as he (find)
the place in his book.
The fire (burns for three hours when the
firemen arrived. .
It already (rain) for balf an hour when
we (step) out into the street.
The patient (die already by the time the
doctor (assive).
When John enter the room the thief
already (escape)
When we (get) home, night already fall).
Until he (explain), the students
(not understand .
Until the aeroplane (take off), we (can)
not hear ourselves speak.
a
LESSON 7
HELPING VERBS gimsor Somes
SEP moro Qo Paar, gihagVe
sree ys diac D sh Dr bad A geo
Smead aainGb, Qesmerdacuac vago.
1, Do
Dad dadußserr@u Does, did teu «Bt
wep gb Seared anatenOopes uudr
LOsrduGk, acu Dow Quo
BosDiwe.
æ-w: T eat, I do not eat. Do I eat?
Shayne a 0008 indus OP
Cenáma 2 gu untás.
do samdatu vés “or D Quast
sé D Gurgala gæpurer dmeumayı uude
u. Seaed asıreimsu urguse.
He does tbe work well.
He does not do the work well.
Does he do the work well?
Bo 142089 ‘Dos aug: "Grunpee
wep Quigér seusr® gmpure da
usa JULIO P6905. Qodroeg are
BusSa adm ‘does’ aug ULtems pom
Bipsrosmps an Od som mer. ‘do cous
‘Bed? asp Gurgah ys uueimnd Gene,
Quero Geagusasmpyd srta.
We do not do our exercise at
home.
They did not do the sum
correctly.
se
2
Bo verb (gode er)
am, was, were, been ayu errar deuda.
Beamer yoy was aulurspurug.
(@ Osritarerd (Contioons tense) ancous pao
LU.
2-4: Tam reading a ‘novel.
He is working in the garden.
They were listening to the radio.
di) Grudunt Go arduo euler Bis
vou.
e -6: This picture was painted by my
sister.
The window was broken.
The old clothes were thrown away
Gupartur® sing Quuñé BensGan@
Gba uuisaurs ad.
e 14: Gopal is lazy.
Honey is sweet.
My sister is a teacher.
They are farmers.
Have
bas, bad aéuer Qed dapuèadr,
CW Bale Popes sages amid puso
USE. (2snremégé 5 BETO un es unión)
(il) adesambun® (infioitie) Cetis a tun o
Hanau emi gad ue dr GsocrGd
43
HELPING VERBS gimsor Somes
SEP moro Qo Paar, gihagVe
sree ys diac D sh Dr bad A geo
Smead aainGb, Qesmerdacuac vago.
1, Do
Dad dadußserr@u Does, did teu «Bt
wep gb Seared anatenOopes uudr
LOsrduGk, acu Dow Quo
BosDiwe.
æ-w: T eat, I do not eat. Do I eat?
Shayne a 0008 indus OP
Cenáma 2 gu untás.
do samdatu vés “or D Quast
sé D Gurgala gæpurer dmeumayı uude
u. Seaed asıreimsu urguse.
He does tbe work well.
He does not do the work well.
Does he do the work well?
Bo 142089 ‘Dos aug: "Grunpee
wep Quigér seusr® gmpure da
usa JULIO P6905. Qodroeg are
BusSa adm ‘does’ aug ULtems pom
Bipsrosmps an Od som mer. ‘do cous
‘Bed? asp Gurgah ys uueimnd Gene,
Quero Geagusasmpyd srta.
We do not do our exercise at
home.
They did not do the sum
correctly.
se
2
Bo verb (gode er)
am, was, were, been ayu errar deuda.
Beamer yoy was aulurspurug.
(@ Osritarerd (Contioons tense) ancous pao
LU.
2-4: Tam reading a ‘novel.
He is working in the garden.
They were listening to the radio.
di) Grudunt Go arduo euler Bis
vou.
e -6: This picture was painted by my
sister.
The window was broken.
The old clothes were thrown away
Gupartur® sing Quuñé BensGan@
Gba uuisaurs ad.
e 14: Gopal is lazy.
Honey is sweet.
My sister is a teacher.
They are farmers.
Have
bas, bad aéuer Qed dapuèadr,
CW Bale Popes sages amid puso
USE. (2snremégé 5 BETO un es unión)
(il) adesambun® (infioitie) Cetis a tun o
Hanau emi gad ue dr GsocrGd
43
ws
2-4: He has to look after his sister.
I had to stop at Anuradhapura
on my way to Jaffna.
He had to wear eye glasses,
because his eyesight was week.
You have to study more carefully.
(i) 9% envies Ow, gr Arius, Sperd
Gars? Oui UI (Id
Ouro) Lu.
eeu: Thad my car cleaned.
rer (QeGarrgumss Gars?) Comi
acirgous gm odstss awun Oargo OD
go rata Bors pv subject +
have + object + past participle en opens
au, Gogo Av agrgwenamen) unillumd.
She had ber blouse stitched.
He bad his shoes mended.
He bad his speech recorded.
She bad her children washed.
My eyesight is becoming weak:
I want 10 bave my eyes tested.
He decided to have his car
painted in blue
He had his watch repaired,
The farmer bad his fields ploughed-
I had the trees pruned.
He wants to have his house
remodelled.
Sigo ariduisgidada Qurgè Gum
ur œLé sus.
2-6: He bad his hair cut.
He bad cut his hair.
GiDu aro ua CULO ag
Gurgaw Locus. S5Bu asad sorygoud
sube Gage Garner asp Ourgæm
Bong. Duero asad OW past perfect
tense wads suc Gérer gs.
BiRe WTIAUEDS Arr 9yts Bs pá
bred anelssou Cason aus Qá
eared avr? La. Dismau
Hp Guromné an PSDS "have THUGS
usara get cap Orramayb vuaußssord,
e -b: She bad her blouse stitched,
She got her blouse stitched
egué seg elonovi osudisrá” atop
Gurematy 26g Barre. Bole shade
egrvertecaad Qeandp hive aduspal
uBwra get easy vpo uriès.
Uv) have soæsoæurÿ wi Gud D, ‘nena?
"'ausße: ‘ere cap Qué pep
uns damursyd weds s0u@2ps-
2-4: She has green eyes.
He bas an annual income of*
Rs. 1000/~
Ba ba Blacksheep: Have you
any wool?
amy Dardesé", ami gQu Gorga
«go papura deowurTad UUdUGs stud.
45m
2-4: He has to look after his sister.
I had to stop at Anuradhapura
on my way to Jaffna.
He had to wear eye glasses,
because his eyesight was week.
You have to study more carefully.
(i) 9% envies Ow, gr Arius, Sperd
Gars? Oui UI (Id
Ouro) Lu.
eeu: Thad my car cleaned.
rer (QeGarrgumss Gars?) Comi
acirgous gm odstss awun Oargo OD
go rata Bors pv subject +
have + object + past participle en opens
au, Gogo Av agrgwenamen) unillumd.
She had ber blouse stitched.
He bad his shoes mended.
He bad his speech recorded.
She bad her children washed.
My eyesight is becoming weak:
I want 10 bave my eyes tested.
He decided to have his car
painted in blue
He had his watch repaired,
The farmer bad his fields ploughed-
I had the trees pruned.
He wants to have his house
remodelled.
Sigo ariduisgidada Qurgè Gum
ur œLé sus.
2-6: He bad his hair cut.
He bad cut his hair.
GiDu aro ua CULO ag
Gurgaw Locus. S5Bu asad sorygoud
sube Gage Garner asp Ourgæm
Bong. Duero asad OW past perfect
tense wads suc Gérer gs.
BiRe WTIAUEDS Arr 9yts Bs pá
bred anelssou Cason aus Qá
eared avr? La. Dismau
Hp Guromné an PSDS "have THUGS
usara get cap Orramayb vuaußssord,
e -b: She bad her blouse stitched,
She got her blouse stitched
egué seg elonovi osudisrá” atop
Gurematy 26g Barre. Bole shade
egrvertecaad Qeandp hive aduspal
uBwra get easy vpo uriès.
Uv) have soæsoæurÿ wi Gud D, ‘nena?
"'ausße: ‘ere cap Qué pep
uns damursyd weds s0u@2ps-
2-4: She has green eyes.
He bas an annual income of*
Rs. 1000/~
Ba ba Blacksheep: Have you
any wool?
amy Dardesé", ami gQu Gorga
«go papura deowurTad UUdUGs stud.
45m
e -4: You may get the prize.
You might get the prize.
e - 6; Tvsvally have my dinner at nine, Dès Bro arebsta Qu Qurgd Cagur®
We have three meals a day. 9850 Dame.
Wil: youshaveía cun, Of tear You may get the prize. ade ude Borsacmd
1 cant come now; I am having aap Orga? Anus.
a bath.
sanas asomado sergio Porigana
It is good to bave a sea bath yace.
once in a way.
1 tad a lot of trouble during
my journey. "aD, ‘ape Puan Yyesuoss
geansdeorurat uvduGssered.
5. Can
She is having a wonderful time
at her uncle's place. e =: Can I have your pen for a moment.
Did you have a good time at Can I go a little early? Yes, you
the theatre? can.
No, I am sorry you can't.
4. May
Dar Bosse ego could edusred, can
(i) Qsgrudeoe agudas Haag eps Juste USers could adugemyd under
BRO ATLL UB ugssemd.
& -: May I smoke here? ADOPIGÍCAD cold uu ió Sodus
May I use your telephone? aa:
You may go, if you like. Can I use the telephone
Could I use the telephone?
GU puéstngo 47690 fanawt anc Ospi
LULA. Bre oréBugd Gurga serie pp.
ad Dra ponds apes ao
æ-5: You may get the prize. veo aruba nur.
It may rain this afternoon.
He may be rigbt.
may rusé Qoissre aya might Ego 478
may aus pg Ufamst Luc secon gerd.
wire abs Can Luis
146
You might get the prize.
e - 6; Tvsvally have my dinner at nine, Dès Bro arebsta Qu Qurgd Cagur®
We have three meals a day. 9850 Dame.
Wil: youshaveía cun, Of tear You may get the prize. ade ude Borsacmd
1 cant come now; I am having aap Orga? Anus.
a bath.
sanas asomado sergio Porigana
It is good to bave a sea bath yace.
once in a way.
1 tad a lot of trouble during
my journey. "aD, ‘ape Puan Yyesuoss
geansdeorurat uvduGssered.
5. Can
She is having a wonderful time
at her uncle's place. e =: Can I have your pen for a moment.
Did you have a good time at Can I go a little early? Yes, you
the theatre? can.
No, I am sorry you can't.
4. May
Dar Bosse ego could edusred, can
(i) Qsgrudeoe agudas Haag eps Juste USers could adugemyd under
BRO ATLL UB ugssemd.
& -: May I smoke here? ADOPIGÍCAD cold uu ió Sodus
May I use your telephone? aa:
You may go, if you like. Can I use the telephone
Could I use the telephone?
GU puéstngo 47690 fanawt anc Ospi
LULA. Bre oréBugd Gurga serie pp.
ad Dra ponds apes ao
æ-5: You may get the prize. veo aruba nur.
It may rain this afternoon.
He may be rigbt.
may rusé Qoissre aya might Ego 478
may aus pg Ufamst Luc secon gerd.
wire abs Can Luis
146
CA
wis
e- ió; I can swim in a lake but I
cannot do so in the sea.
She can read and write Spanish.
Can osusóeo ußens be able abusé und
LOST.
She can read and write Spanish.
She is able to read and write
Spanish.
eb:
Must
85 son, yáciao, Lido yOu wd ¿Br
Bed, Piera vusußssiuß. Da so
UG Poor ao ayy sds ag ye
uBœud yaruGss eun,
2-3; You must tell the truth,
Grue)
We must respect our elders.
facu 6)
People must save for their futuro.
(13404)
You must use your leisure
time properly. {ug Bus)
“One must guard one’s tongue.
(45808)
Need
Ls GugtuT syd aPreopds LvéuGss6uBd,
asegusioa ‘nude asp
Gungehe, aura gram 530 vu
UE ASUUOA.
: You need not go there.
You need not answer ail the
questions.
You need not bring the umbrella;
we are going by car.
You need not go so early
the meetiog is only at 9.0° clock.
You need not “have come to
take the book; I would have
brought it myself.
He need not have bought such
a big car; a small one is
enough for him.
1 need not tell you how
I feel.
He need not come tomorrow.
sorry
5,6, 7 40 asrrmtadé ‘aéorp Oeufs
GacnyuBaae srg Qurgér.
Ought
Digamdoa episod piro Us
GUULSTÓ. EEK «OUTLO aros cewtsgag.
You ought to finish the exercise before
the bell rings.
You ought to respect your
‘You ought not to smoke
parents.
too much.
Sage srta Ought Qu prada
Pape atedmatur® etsg Sap, "Deußgas
Casing, gant Gedudime'® ap Gute
abe Doa
49%
wis
e- ió; I can swim in a lake but I
cannot do so in the sea.
She can read and write Spanish.
Can osusóeo ußens be able abusé und
LOST.
She can read and write Spanish.
She is able to read and write
Spanish.
eb:
Must
85 son, yáciao, Lido yOu wd ¿Br
Bed, Piera vusußssiuß. Da so
UG Poor ao ayy sds ag ye
uBœud yaruGss eun,
2-3; You must tell the truth,
Grue)
We must respect our elders.
facu 6)
People must save for their futuro.
(13404)
You must use your leisure
time properly. {ug Bus)
“One must guard one’s tongue.
(45808)
Need
Ls GugtuT syd aPreopds LvéuGss6uBd,
asegusioa ‘nude asp
Gungehe, aura gram 530 vu
UE ASUUOA.
: You need not go there.
You need not answer ail the
questions.
You need not bring the umbrella;
we are going by car.
You need not go so early
the meetiog is only at 9.0° clock.
You need not “have come to
take the book; I would have
brought it myself.
He need not have bought such
a big car; a small one is
enough for him.
1 need not tell you how
I feel.
He need not come tomorrow.
sorry
5,6, 7 40 asrrmtadé ‘aéorp Oeufs
GacnyuBaae srg Qurgér.
Ought
Digamdoa episod piro Us
GUULSTÓ. EEK «OUTLO aros cewtsgag.
You ought to finish the exercise before
the bell rings.
You ought to respect your
‘You ought not to smoke
parents.
too much.
Sage srta Ought Qu prada
Pape atedmatur® etsg Sap, "Deußgas
Casing, gant Gedudime'® ap Gute
abe Doa
49%
e - 61 You ought to bave told me the
fact
8 aman saga ¿fué
CET
1 ought
books
library.
Be focus 085 ¿e
sœur PQUGE DarOsHgéa Caro:
to have returned the
which I took from the
He ought to have crossed the
road at the proper point
¿Be «¿05505 ses BI
ur 239er
Dare
Da aa yang errar. ae
und Sama paga SecsQury uvas
ur are auyaagá Garde. ated ap
capi arar puedas Aug
ups.
aLdumo2e espero
He dared to disobey his father,
siegde coum sae unpre
Belpre.
She dared to go away with her lover.
argeter® Dr a,
RLÁTUTCGO, Dérdme, to do, to go «deuce
Gundry Bapara séedomse-ér (infinitives)
W504 a awug cursor,
stéss
"Atumpig eurem:
50
She dared not go against her father’s
wishes,
esr simsdc Sgcuss4e wmpra pang
saudi.
u,
He dared not leave without permission.
sun HB Cures True.
They dared not move from the place.
ata as Qu se s80 paré ama
How dare
adarg (Bugs) Betws sir cp (Canad
Garèga)
e-
rc Dura UU.
letters?
room in
#: How dare you open my
How dared he enter my
my absence?
Used to
(a) Use agé made Dpèsere axed Pap
ta)
sre ascimtoro (infinitive: Botbg, Gé
(Bugs Qsúyd) apsad Bosse od gid
Guraché, gemdasuras uunsunssöußd.
Wade Doóssro evCurad wiG%0 ach
ug paws Deir Gare.
e - 1 People used to travel by horse
carriages before the invention
of motor cars.
I used to play football when I was
at school
He used to smoke, but now -he
has given it up.
LpsscUCOdOSe «go Gurgda Ga
uudugs sup.
e- 61 She is used to thelr funny
remarks; she will not be
offended.
Et
fact
8 aman saga ¿fué
CET
1 ought
books
library.
Be focus 085 ¿e
sœur PQUGE DarOsHgéa Caro:
to have returned the
which I took from the
He ought to have crossed the
road at the proper point
¿Be «¿05505 ses BI
ur 239er
Dare
Da aa yang errar. ae
und Sama paga SecsQury uvas
ur are auyaagá Garde. ated ap
capi arar puedas Aug
ups.
aLdumo2e espero
He dared to disobey his father,
siegde coum sae unpre
Belpre.
She dared to go away with her lover.
argeter® Dr a,
RLÁTUTCGO, Dérdme, to do, to go «deuce
Gundry Bapara séedomse-ér (infinitives)
W504 a awug cursor,
stéss
"Atumpig eurem:
50
She dared not go against her father’s
wishes,
esr simsdc Sgcuss4e wmpra pang
saudi.
u,
He dared not leave without permission.
sun HB Cures True.
They dared not move from the place.
ata as Qu se s80 paré ama
How dare
adarg (Bugs) Betws sir cp (Canad
Garèga)
e-
rc Dura UU.
letters?
room in
#: How dare you open my
How dared he enter my
my absence?
Used to
(a) Use agé made Dpèsere axed Pap
ta)
sre ascimtoro (infinitive: Botbg, Gé
(Bugs Qsúyd) apsad Bosse od gid
Guraché, gemdasuras uunsunssöußd.
Wade Doóssro evCurad wiG%0 ach
ug paws Deir Gare.
e - 1 People used to travel by horse
carriages before the invention
of motor cars.
I used to play football when I was
at school
He used to smoke, but now -he
has given it up.
LpsscUCOdOSe «go Gurgda Ga
uudugs sup.
e- 61 She is used to thelr funny
remarks; she will not be
offended.
Et
1 am used to drinking plain tea.
When you go to a new place,
you must get used to the
habits of those people.
13. Shall y Witl
Dos Perosast atu. uudupdsiuguer.
shall sad Quadros, will grama,
uttémau Guerre ergrremora (465 seœ8&
20e Poné ane) uusupssuuße. (BEM,
Somo um-dawen ura)
Dour_ ¿90 smb umtás 24 seb Anomalous
Finites (gmpuda Seca) me aaykaiaugın.
Qs gmaudmashigss Gage ace
Gapudacr.
1. aftumpœué GB4eù not rép Gerd Qupop
103% agb. Wopurer darammupis not
@ecucerargy. 1 80 not ado Aawurg. Ldo
not go amp sou.
2. Dis vepubp gamas not ag
Gurg don't (do + not), Won't (will 4 not), Can't
(Can + not) sor Do Gendoayd Wet ea Gué®
ABI gi.
8. spp aréfuies deraréBuuragé Burg,
Disoudamson yde weds wneBurd
amutsora. papura dem, den paño
avrg. (sroro ur ¿ago urtès)
4. atill, yet, always, never exp deeruæcad gi
deowaner 410809 où.
e—1w: I am always busy.
She is still pretty.
Gédoauarsé yapura damsda qe
«go.
+ -w: He always comes late.
She still looks jpretty.
m5
LESSON 8
NOUNS (Quufé Qerpac )
wma: giles Se Quuté Gerpsér sre wm0100,
1. Common Noun (Quagid Quu)
© -:6; man, dog, book, pen, field.
2. Proper Noun (/püyé Quim)
2-4: John, Ceylon, England, Mississij
Mrs. Jones.
3. Abstract Noun (uainyd Quwá)
e—w1 beauty, joy, fear, love.
4. Collective Noun (Qg*@$6 Quwt)
ed: crew, flock, class, group, gallery.
GENDER (ura)
ads PI Labgagis und Uy a. 2 drop
Gurgdacsd Ag Parrraglu urèusr sigamos
ur Buße.
1. Masculine, Gender (sehuna)
us atsepB géuragù dobgacie gon
vera.
2. Feminine Gender (Qvesund)
wets atésigé Quiruraga, dubgsit Quer
rare man.
3. Common Gender (Qua güurà)
4guigo, Guiayága Curgiguvn Qurgen
Ss QuutsGerpacr.
bt teacher, friend, child, winister
53%
When you go to a new place,
you must get used to the
habits of those people.
13. Shall y Witl
Dos Perosast atu. uudupdsiuguer.
shall sad Quadros, will grama,
uttémau Guerre ergrremora (465 seœ8&
20e Poné ane) uusupssuuße. (BEM,
Somo um-dawen ura)
Dour_ ¿90 smb umtás 24 seb Anomalous
Finites (gmpuda Seca) me aaykaiaugın.
Qs gmaudmashigss Gage ace
Gapudacr.
1. aftumpœué GB4eù not rép Gerd Qupop
103% agb. Wopurer darammupis not
@ecucerargy. 1 80 not ado Aawurg. Ldo
not go amp sou.
2. Dis vepubp gamas not ag
Gurg don't (do + not), Won't (will 4 not), Can't
(Can + not) sor Do Gendoayd Wet ea Gué®
ABI gi.
8. spp aréfuies deraréBuuragé Burg,
Disoudamson yde weds wneBurd
amutsora. papura dem, den paño
avrg. (sroro ur ¿ago urtès)
4. atill, yet, always, never exp deeruæcad gi
deowaner 410809 où.
e—1w: I am always busy.
She is still pretty.
Gédoauarsé yapura damsda qe
«go.
+ -w: He always comes late.
She still looks jpretty.
m5
LESSON 8
NOUNS (Quufé Qerpac )
wma: giles Se Quuté Gerpsér sre wm0100,
1. Common Noun (Quagid Quu)
© -:6; man, dog, book, pen, field.
2. Proper Noun (/püyé Quim)
2-4: John, Ceylon, England, Mississij
Mrs. Jones.
3. Abstract Noun (uainyd Quwá)
e—w1 beauty, joy, fear, love.
4. Collective Noun (Qg*@$6 Quwt)
ed: crew, flock, class, group, gallery.
GENDER (ura)
ads PI Labgagis und Uy a. 2 drop
Gurgdacsd Ag Parrraglu urèusr sigamos
ur Buße.
1. Masculine, Gender (sehuna)
us atsepB géuragù dobgacie gon
vera.
2. Feminine Gender (Qvesund)
wets atésigé Quiruraga, dubgsit Quer
rare man.
3. Common Gender (Qua güurà)
4guigo, Guiayága Curgiguvn Qurgen
Ss QuutsGerpacr.
bt teacher, friend, child, winister
53%
Neuter Gender (uadvae 3: Paar)
autom Qurgsiacr una.
e - 6 chair, book, house, garden, mountain.
ars, prada Quésuraersé sc Ouh
ur LAU need.
PLURALS (uérenw)
eogaremora pam Quuté Oerédypaé ‘3°
Cet gous vos uu gestiuGD.
e -6: dog dogs
boy boys
day days
house houses
pencil pencils
um peas
1. 0, as, sb, ch, xaduaden Qofura amı u Gerd
2846 “e Defága va gisela.
e - 4; voleano volocanoes
dress dresses
kiss kisses
bush bushes
brush brushes
watch watches
match matches
box boxes
photo, piano ep Qengaér photograph, pianoforte
évasée acgeapss Grrpsurab. use
uérew photos, pianos sp ama.
2. Aeradig ade gt py PI Y Gare
guy Guutagég ‘is 094G vdeo gee
Cupo. Angägyere y, Y gawrgd.
ra
de
e- 61 baby babies
lady ladies
country countries
fly flies
party parties
cooly coolies
Geradpsie iit #055 Y amu Quutsend
Uden aed UU ' WO Cerro,
ab: key keys
monkey monkeys
boy boys
day days
Shage {sans Te GuBurs acu Benpacr
1, fe? Qa. Beg ves DUDO vs age
Garces.
e-o;
wife wives shelf shelves
life lives leaf leaves
knife knives loaf loaves
wolf wolves thief thicves
self selves half balves
calf calves
5 1 gang ‘fe Doure sore oder pad e
Get$g Udeowunas Quai,
æ 41 handkerchief handkerchiefs
lift cliffs
roof roofs
6. Aa Cuts Genpacr gup fice adora pps
su Uden aya Aug.
55
autom Qurgsiacr una.
e - 6 chair, book, house, garden, mountain.
ars, prada Quésuraersé sc Ouh
ur LAU need.
PLURALS (uérenw)
eogaremora pam Quuté Oerédypaé ‘3°
Cet gous vos uu gestiuGD.
e -6: dog dogs
boy boys
day days
house houses
pencil pencils
um peas
1. 0, as, sb, ch, xaduaden Qofura amı u Gerd
2846 “e Defága va gisela.
e - 4; voleano volocanoes
dress dresses
kiss kisses
bush bushes
brush brushes
watch watches
match matches
box boxes
photo, piano ep Qengaér photograph, pianoforte
évasée acgeapss Grrpsurab. use
uérew photos, pianos sp ama.
2. Aeradig ade gt py PI Y Gare
guy Guutagég ‘is 094G vdeo gee
Cupo. Angägyere y, Y gawrgd.
ra
de
e- 61 baby babies
lady ladies
country countries
fly flies
party parties
cooly coolies
Geradpsie iit #055 Y amu Quutsend
Uden aed UU ' WO Cerro,
ab: key keys
monkey monkeys
boy boys
day days
Shage {sans Te GuBurs acu Benpacr
1, fe? Qa. Beg ves DUDO vs age
Garces.
e-o;
wife wives shelf shelves
life lives leaf leaves
knife knives loaf loaves
wolf wolves thief thicves
self selves half balves
calf calves
5 1 gang ‘fe Doure sore oder pad e
Get$g Udeowunas Quai,
æ 41 handkerchief handkerchiefs
lift cliffs
roof roofs
6. Aa Cuts Genpacr gup fice adora pps
su Uden aya Aug.
55
ed: man men
woman women
foot feet
goose geese
mouse mice
louse lice
7. Pa dnbgd Quutad pomo vd 607
ayam_ue. Séagas Ra:
e-us sheep
deer
swine
fish
Possessive Case of Noumt.
(Quwid Qergacró Loca Qurgá Cages)
BRAVO, rocamidurge Gappow yáRuras
suero Gepssintackyu pa. Dita Ser
aga sonata au Bund
L pom Aura corms at Guute
Gorater@ 's* Crtéatur Cursa.
«e + boys book.
man's bat.
girl's blouse.
9 DoBuras Qardarg user Cured Od
papllaly Locos seciauao.
women's work.
children’s park.
ano:
56
Y DoBura estu veut Guutsé, 5d yyda
€" apostrophe (Lomo) ALU ga,
LL #CLüUGD.
e-6; girls school.
bulls’ horns.
dogs’ kennel.
Drs, gén Osa pad Ortds ALGU GuetéQeré
seras rd, WwAIUTPE Ds
Daupbnégo eo ver.
e — 15; mother - in - law’s house,
autDamó Quutsdere, amos op
smcaué ¿uu (*) wueuossiuod.
Tom's car.
woman's clothes.
2-0:
AA
51m
woman women
foot feet
goose geese
mouse mice
louse lice
7. Pa dnbgd Quutad pomo vd 607
ayam_ue. Séagas Ra:
e-us sheep
deer
swine
fish
Possessive Case of Noumt.
(Quwid Qergacró Loca Qurgá Cages)
BRAVO, rocamidurge Gappow yáRuras
suero Gepssintackyu pa. Dita Ser
aga sonata au Bund
L pom Aura corms at Guute
Gorater@ 's* Crtéatur Cursa.
«e + boys book.
man's bat.
girl's blouse.
9 DoBuras Qardarg user Cured Od
papllaly Locos seciauao.
women's work.
children’s park.
ano:
56
Y DoBura estu veut Guutsé, 5d yyda
€" apostrophe (Lomo) ALU ga,
LL #CLüUGD.
e-6; girls school.
bulls’ horns.
dogs’ kennel.
Drs, gén Osa pad Ortds ALGU GuetéQeré
seras rd, WwAIUTPE Ds
Daupbnégo eo ver.
e — 15; mother - in - law’s house,
autDamó Quutsdere, amos op
smcaué ¿uu (*) wueuossiuod.
Tom's car.
woman's clothes.
2-0:
AA
51m
LESSON 9
PRONOUNS (up Quuisd }
Quuré Gorágágd Lars aga Gere UBs2uUt.
Quad Oursrdgyd, 95 Quuar Ed Ledo aa
BOug amauvüusrars. DS Asi. mes stud
ara UBPuUt ULEAD. Ba
2400, game, vite Quutad, #190 Quut ed,
‘Per, (um, acer econ ruta gd
Gundy achomadu gar Pronoms merk
6d pue.
RB, ‘sre, "prado, “8, ‘Bias’ gs
son Wichnaı Buutad, Geudupruree Bmw
Yaodı, taa, tañamar”, der, “añamar ap
ang Aor ppb my. ULA Quutad urppd
soap. BtI0SBO Gugbur gd añade pp
ied. ‘you’ Bae, Udo 0 Da race
Sword AruuOGuTEe® ¿Lu Ya Bam, 907
anes rus svefésjureg.
You are a good boy. subject - singular.
I saw you yesterday. object - singular,
The teacher said to the boys, “You may go
now.’ subject — plural.
The teacher said to the boys, “I will tell you
a story now.” object — plural.
Werne ¿Put Tage aro
WGs UPA por,
ss
PLURAL
vdeo
agen
SINGULAR
23 ope
$1 |$58 35 23
33 58 23 23
gd
&
RE:
B33]. 2 8 8
gig]? & 2 à
ga
33
35 2 > >
53 |? 3 2 8
ae
23 3 ge
2 Be 53 se 2
E Be 88 33 =
od
&
A 2 u;
„28%
sis 2 8
22 2 ES
23013 8 ds.
886 se;
gd
8 2 $2
Bb |" £ #8
Be
E 8,8 =
2 222: se
332283
EEE
gt 2 4
a 432389
PRONOUNS (up Quuisd }
Quuré Gorágágd Lars aga Gere UBs2uUt.
Quad Oursrdgyd, 95 Quuar Ed Ledo aa
BOug amauvüusrars. DS Asi. mes stud
ara UBPuUt ULEAD. Ba
2400, game, vite Quutad, #190 Quut ed,
‘Per, (um, acer econ ruta gd
Gundy achomadu gar Pronoms merk
6d pue.
RB, ‘sre, "prado, “8, ‘Bias’ gs
son Wichnaı Buutad, Geudupruree Bmw
Yaodı, taa, tañamar”, der, “añamar ap
ang Aor ppb my. ULA Quutad urppd
soap. BtI0SBO Gugbur gd añade pp
ied. ‘you’ Bae, Udo 0 Da race
Sword AruuOGuTEe® ¿Lu Ya Bam, 907
anes rus svefésjureg.
You are a good boy. subject - singular.
I saw you yesterday. object - singular,
The teacher said to the boys, “You may go
now.’ subject — plural.
The teacher said to the boys, “I will tell you
a story now.” object — plural.
Werne ¿Put Tage aro
WGs UPA por,
ss
PLURAL
vdeo
agen
SINGULAR
23 ope
$1 |$58 35 23
33 58 23 23
gd
&
RE:
B33]. 2 8 8
gig]? & 2 à
ga
33
35 2 > >
53 |? 3 2 8
ae
23 3 ge
2 Be 53 se 2
E Be 88 33 =
od
&
A 2 u;
„28%
sis 2 8
22 2 ES
23013 8 ds.
886 se;
gd
8 2 $2
Bb |" £ #8
Be
E 8,8 =
2 222: se
332283
EEE
gt 2 4
a 432389
Her
Geuupaurg (object) found Lo Qurgér
(Possesivo) Pawderd gr uz.
Yesterday, I saw her in the park. (object)
This is her book. (possessive)
It
aqurd posa, GeuGuQaurgr Pag
997 ayqeres.
There is a big house near the bridge.
It belongs to my aunt,
Can you see it?
(subject)
(object)
Gude sro Oca qna, eens
auge eñiga ABI Degas Qgiuesd
ans
Do “pas earmomnd Ehe aora,
DrárGigdm_lu Gurgér Gapur® 2070, easy
seem musee.
e -Ó: This is my book.
Da een yssad.
This book is mine.
Qiyssed ca ge_og,
my : QuwQgdeub.
mine : Quuf,
Qiartp garvapepyd suptohéga
Garars.
Bes Quuracher Lote urge egubadare
self irn gtyoed Gerégé umerudssb esstd
uéadr Ae aes. Qouy self CetsaiuGaserrd, myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself. ourselves, themselves m
ayañad aganGéper. Quid Baumes autors
ebis Dusan GS wmaura moypour.
1. Reflexive Pronoun +
Discos UDI, aréQusDà DLL AU
agb. 280510 asus acre ayaurdnalo
Maut sy Bose. wsTag, a Pas Ca
uy ab, Gurgehd péOp.
t. He blamed Aimself for bis mistake.
au zug Wopéersà pendu Ostia
Gardener.
2. She looked at herself in the mirror.
3. I enjoyed myself at the cinema.
2. Empratic Pronoun
(Emphasis - atyp ssa) Quuter pow anio
uosdé QuQuut Duda. sgusess Gedgueter
(wurde) gidusguses adyps5155% Da vu
L0$50000. Da SARA acrer Sigos gero dura
aniBoiumss arar.
e-ó; I myself saw it.
amp enter Unt sac.
The minister himself wrote the letter.
amuisly systos «ys.
Emphatic Pronoun miQuuer wlynsu@pts 9555
wuss gets Apuy. Fa? Aasmsu UPS Guar
rita DARIO aura.
1 saw it myself aor gang Qagetome. gerd
Qunga watad gputod umtäge Garègisæ.
61%
Geuupaurg (object) found Lo Qurgér
(Possesivo) Pawderd gr uz.
Yesterday, I saw her in the park. (object)
This is her book. (possessive)
It
aqurd posa, GeuGuQaurgr Pag
997 ayqeres.
There is a big house near the bridge.
It belongs to my aunt,
Can you see it?
(subject)
(object)
Gude sro Oca qna, eens
auge eñiga ABI Degas Qgiuesd
ans
Do “pas earmomnd Ehe aora,
DrárGigdm_lu Gurgér Gapur® 2070, easy
seem musee.
e -Ó: This is my book.
Da een yssad.
This book is mine.
Qiyssed ca ge_og,
my : QuwQgdeub.
mine : Quuf,
Qiartp garvapepyd suptohéga
Garars.
Bes Quuracher Lote urge egubadare
self irn gtyoed Gerégé umerudssb esstd
uéadr Ae aes. Qouy self CetsaiuGaserrd, myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself. ourselves, themselves m
ayañad aganGéper. Quid Baumes autors
ebis Dusan GS wmaura moypour.
1. Reflexive Pronoun +
Discos UDI, aréQusDà DLL AU
agb. 280510 asus acre ayaurdnalo
Maut sy Bose. wsTag, a Pas Ca
uy ab, Gurgehd péOp.
t. He blamed Aimself for bis mistake.
au zug Wopéersà pendu Ostia
Gardener.
2. She looked at herself in the mirror.
3. I enjoyed myself at the cinema.
2. Empratic Pronoun
(Emphasis - atyp ssa) Quuter pow anio
uosdé QuQuut Duda. sgusess Gedgueter
(wurde) gidusguses adyps5155% Da vu
L0$50000. Da SARA acrer Sigos gero dura
aniBoiumss arar.
e-ó; I myself saw it.
amp enter Unt sac.
The minister himself wrote the letter.
amuisly systos «ys.
Emphatic Pronoun miQuuer wlynsu@pts 9555
wuss gets Apuy. Fa? Aasmsu UPS Guar
rita DARIO aura.
1 saw it myself aor gang Qagetome. gerd
Qunga watad gputod umtäge Garègisæ.
61%
Dis rast urgéaért The
shooting himself.* @scr Guragár erévor? eur gts
armé “BER alu” sus? ‘ae Serr gee
dansé ¿ríe Carecurpañé Aavv” rus
LILA Geshe. Gésmau wudsd gd.
is fond of
Reugesd Quugrayh Quupeunayd LuturDa
5555 Somym_uer. pihuereroa ı some, many, much,
more, little, few, any, none sréruer,
e -ó: Some people
poor. (adjective)
Some are born great; some achieve
greatness. (noun)
Little drops of water make a mighty
ocean. (adjective)
He cams much; he saves only a
little, (oun)
are rich; others are
any, some, no adua20pr@ body, thing dag one
Ort 29 UPC gar 20.
someone somebody something
enyone anybody anything
everyone everybody everytbing
none nobody nothing
‘Use suitable pronouns in the blanks.
1. When I met... friend Gopal after three
years, I could not recognize ....—... because
——— appearance had changed very much.
2. m= bicycle was under repair, so I asked
mu friend, if I could borrow
m6
pen is better than —...., but I don't
… colour.
like —
They argued that _..... school was older than
* but we told that... was much
bigger.
Marie desired to go to the university, but
=... father could not send —_... there,
because —....... WAS very poor.
The women 1
are hard working. ——. glve —
every possible assistance,
ing in the village of Ambana
husbands,
There lived in Ayodhya a great king named
Dasaratha. .. was so good to
people that —...... loved .....— more than any
kiog had been loved.
When Ravana heard the news of ......... son's
death ...... could not control ...... grief.
Some years ago I went into the jungle with
mo. brotber and —.— friend Jones. _
idea was to take photograph of some wild
animals. So, each of ....... carried a camera.
ee all realized that —.... greatest difficulty
would be to get near enough to the animals
before ..... — became aware of ..... presence,
but... guide knew a place where...
might succeed in doing this.
63m
shooting himself.* @scr Guragár erévor? eur gts
armé “BER alu” sus? ‘ae Serr gee
dansé ¿ríe Carecurpañé Aavv” rus
LILA Geshe. Gésmau wudsd gd.
is fond of
Reugesd Quugrayh Quupeunayd LuturDa
5555 Somym_uer. pihuereroa ı some, many, much,
more, little, few, any, none sréruer,
e -ó: Some people
poor. (adjective)
Some are born great; some achieve
greatness. (noun)
Little drops of water make a mighty
ocean. (adjective)
He cams much; he saves only a
little, (oun)
are rich; others are
any, some, no adua20pr@ body, thing dag one
Ort 29 UPC gar 20.
someone somebody something
enyone anybody anything
everyone everybody everytbing
none nobody nothing
‘Use suitable pronouns in the blanks.
1. When I met... friend Gopal after three
years, I could not recognize ....—... because
——— appearance had changed very much.
2. m= bicycle was under repair, so I asked
mu friend, if I could borrow
m6
pen is better than —...., but I don't
… colour.
like —
They argued that _..... school was older than
* but we told that... was much
bigger.
Marie desired to go to the university, but
=... father could not send —_... there,
because —....... WAS very poor.
The women 1
are hard working. ——. glve —
every possible assistance,
ing in the village of Ambana
husbands,
There lived in Ayodhya a great king named
Dasaratha. .. was so good to
people that —...... loved .....— more than any
kiog had been loved.
When Ravana heard the news of ......... son's
death ...... could not control ...... grief.
Some years ago I went into the jungle with
mo. brotber and —.— friend Jones. _
idea was to take photograph of some wild
animals. So, each of ....... carried a camera.
ee all realized that —.... greatest difficulty
would be to get near enough to the animals
before ..... — became aware of ..... presence,
but... guide knew a place where...
might succeed in doing this.
63m
LESSON 10
ARTICLES (ærfuœu.sé )
1. A bull has two horns,
2, The bull in the garden has a broken
hora,
3. I gave him a mango.
4. She is a musician,
5. The musician who gave the recital is
my sister.
6. An elephant never forgets.
7. The sun rises in the east.
8. An aeroplane goes faster than a train.
Culo acter aréuaté Go Gerpaweg éter
a, an, the 00 Genpacr vigas sagreldscmb,
Dapop articles (ertumaór) awd agar. (Quote
Gordon eri USO Gum Busey
Bdpargyd aric mung APS sntum. awd
295% Qumasan. )
+a? auction:
Crusoe actus (uwabpé gépra
daube 56 Qurgamé Ghésbe:
PEU aréBiéBé acter a bull ap Gerd ad
Quué ¿dis Pass dows ars (Qs
ae gtrept ating) asomo iad.
Qoca_rars; uri Be the dull sugar Cortes
Bosch Ped wn. aci
aro ans@usBh aver musician asp Gerd
1885 aéent va 20; gugér Dago govt
sp Qurger sg Abus.
us
ghsrag aridos9o 640s wuss po HOI
Qurgarla sigo and the cp emu
musician eeu s7@ Crt og Gén Béaiur Dérar si
yápres aridusiadr ‘a, *90* ego
Gurgduco Pr.
ye ‘2’ Quad ay Bop "90" Auge
Dumas 54051875 93 Qurgmas CHAS
Baus.
"an! Lab à
La? pucu@ssudd pepitas, ‘an? séugd
UUÉLOBROLOD. eur GE Geno, eye
(vowel ) Aero Agredigasrdes sé para gd
entum. ‘an qe Dosso Campo. gras anta
Sa clepbant ap Geneedér wad ayssrau “o”
ad? egáersdór an elephant warn pued.
Garon Sagan) Dgo stove.
an ant, an egg, an ink- pot,
an orange, an umbrella.
an hour.
(hour aug PIIGIOS YSOTS aa ergo,
Grrama 2értigo lurg ging ‘0’ arde, apa
Psowssrad GarcreriGids )
an year
(year sua os og mu *e' odie
Gé Gerétarqè on Getuugde pep, y
“the + uuchuGing +
i) 960p géprs acres Qurgdrsda wir ‘the’
eurg Bo Guga,
æ-1#: the sun, the moon, the sky,
the earth, the sea.
sm
ARTICLES (ærfuœu.sé )
1. A bull has two horns,
2, The bull in the garden has a broken
hora,
3. I gave him a mango.
4. She is a musician,
5. The musician who gave the recital is
my sister.
6. An elephant never forgets.
7. The sun rises in the east.
8. An aeroplane goes faster than a train.
Culo acter aréuaté Go Gerpaweg éter
a, an, the 00 Genpacr vigas sagreldscmb,
Dapop articles (ertumaór) awd agar. (Quote
Gordon eri USO Gum Busey
Bdpargyd aric mung APS sntum. awd
295% Qumasan. )
+a? auction:
Crusoe actus (uwabpé gépra
daube 56 Qurgamé Ghésbe:
PEU aréBiéBé acter a bull ap Gerd ad
Quué ¿dis Pass dows ars (Qs
ae gtrept ating) asomo iad.
Qoca_rars; uri Be the dull sugar Cortes
Bosch Ped wn. aci
aro ans@usBh aver musician asp Gerd
1885 aéent va 20; gugér Dago govt
sp Qurger sg Abus.
us
ghsrag aridos9o 640s wuss po HOI
Qurgarla sigo and the cp emu
musician eeu s7@ Crt og Gén Béaiur Dérar si
yápres aridusiadr ‘a, *90* ego
Gurgduco Pr.
ye ‘2’ Quad ay Bop "90" Auge
Dumas 54051875 93 Qurgmas CHAS
Baus.
"an! Lab à
La? pucu@ssudd pepitas, ‘an? séugd
UUÉLOBROLOD. eur GE Geno, eye
(vowel ) Aero Agredigasrdes sé para gd
entum. ‘an qe Dosso Campo. gras anta
Sa clepbant ap Geneedér wad ayssrau “o”
ad? egáersdór an elephant warn pued.
Garon Sagan) Dgo stove.
an ant, an egg, an ink- pot,
an orange, an umbrella.
an hour.
(hour aug PIIGIOS YSOTS aa ergo,
Grrama 2értigo lurg ging ‘0’ arde, apa
Psowssrad GarcreriGids )
an year
(year sua os og mu *e' odie
Gé Gerétarqè on Getuugde pep, y
“the + uuchuGing +
i) 960p géprs acres Qurgdrsda wir ‘the’
eurg Bo Guga,
æ-1#: the sun, the moon, the sky,
the earth, the sea.
sm
AGA Para GU y Qéertuon
Coton: auto :
tbe north, the cast,
the south, the west.
ovéupisouçt Sram Burpee 95
Gurgamrtu sg Quut? Gerd wee * the’
won.
2-6; 1) Leela is in the garden.
(sog Ds delos Geiis
Osriió ap Quise )
3) Please send for the doctor.
(Das ety usssat rép
Gurgduc® Papa.)
10) Call the taxi on the street.
(ALO85 werd can LQ
Queen Gurgá Coreen Beeps.)
Hi] 90 Yen Ws Gurgor ¿ga |B
$00 Curg the unwußsscugb.
e-1b: Once there was a man.
The man lived in a cave.
The cave was in a forest.
NI 98 aitdsbert Qurgd yyansya «CO spa
the Beda.
enor
The tiger is a ferocious animal.
The peacock is proud.
Marconi inveated the radio.
v] ado auto Quureorsepince (Superlative Adjec-
fives) the Getesougs,
eb:
Mount Everest is the highest peak in
the world.
ws
She bought the most expensive sari.
Jane Ís the cleverest girl in the class.
(i) par, edad, umuschir Quueré 6PU9Gd
Surgió the acá agi.
© -6: The Himalayas India»
The Missouri Mississippi is the
widest river in the world.
The Suez Canal was built by
Ferdinand de Lesseps.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles
RPL Qrisctd gap ertumae® sands.
1. Ceylon is sland in …— Indian ocean.
2. —-.- egg is smaller than ... potato,
3. > parrot is smaller then
3 ben.
4. Some schools in Ceylon have .....— library,
—... . laboratory.
5. My uncle works as... clerk in...
Central Bank,
—-—-- lion is called — - ...king of Beasts. There
are lions in... forests of Africa and
India, but there aren't any lions in ———
forests of Ceylon. There are lions in ——
Dehiwala zoo. — male lion is ==
beautiful animal, He has. long shaggy
mane. ..... lioness does not have …
mane She has ........ short glossy coat,
EC
Coton: auto :
tbe north, the cast,
the south, the west.
ovéupisouçt Sram Burpee 95
Gurgamrtu sg Quut? Gerd wee * the’
won.
2-6; 1) Leela is in the garden.
(sog Ds delos Geiis
Osriió ap Quise )
3) Please send for the doctor.
(Das ety usssat rép
Gurgduc® Papa.)
10) Call the taxi on the street.
(ALO85 werd can LQ
Queen Gurgá Coreen Beeps.)
Hi] 90 Yen Ws Gurgor ¿ga |B
$00 Curg the unwußsscugb.
e-1b: Once there was a man.
The man lived in a cave.
The cave was in a forest.
NI 98 aitdsbert Qurgd yyansya «CO spa
the Beda.
enor
The tiger is a ferocious animal.
The peacock is proud.
Marconi inveated the radio.
v] ado auto Quureorsepince (Superlative Adjec-
fives) the Getesougs,
eb:
Mount Everest is the highest peak in
the world.
ws
She bought the most expensive sari.
Jane Ís the cleverest girl in the class.
(i) par, edad, umuschir Quueré 6PU9Gd
Surgió the acá agi.
© -6: The Himalayas India»
The Missouri Mississippi is the
widest river in the world.
The Suez Canal was built by
Ferdinand de Lesseps.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles
RPL Qrisctd gap ertumae® sands.
1. Ceylon is sland in …— Indian ocean.
2. —-.- egg is smaller than ... potato,
3. > parrot is smaller then
3 ben.
4. Some schools in Ceylon have .....— library,
—... . laboratory.
5. My uncle works as... clerk in...
Central Bank,
—-—-- lion is called — - ...king of Beasts. There
are lions in... forests of Africa and
India, but there aren't any lions in ———
forests of Ceylon. There are lions in ——
Dehiwala zoo. — male lion is ==
beautiful animal, He has. long shaggy
mane. ..... lioness does not have …
mane She has ........ short glossy coat,
EC
Rewrite the following sentences inserting articles wherever
necessary,
Saag oraRuiaña Csewures Qutadds ont
Lea Betas.
1. Earth on which we live is planet.
2. Plenets are not stars.
3. Planets reflect suns light,
4. Sun is very large star
5. Planets of Sun's family get light from sun.
6. Sun's family is called solar system.
7. Earth has one moon.
8. Moon is much smaller and lighter than earth.
9. Other planets also have moons.
10. Moon is sometimes called satellite.
ws
LESSON 11
ADJECTIVES (Quusr ane. dr )
Quuer Blryasb Gerd Quuger weriupb.
Quad Deráoa Gong Ger pag, Qugburoreme
ueno Quumenuasr (Adjectives of quality) Dear,
Aura sou, gajos Quéœué arg fue.
©: good, bad, new, old, large, small,
easy, hard, ustful, useless.
Dos she very Guurpures Sos (sha,
Bu. Bu, umpn, Gude, Au, Qagare, sean
wumsdunep) Quu@rieisgis Barra dues
Lord. ussysQuuger Geh, ug, Csrdpi,
78, HRunmssnmyo_ us. (Qasepo ur pata
ed ao) ancien.)
Dguñd ura, tag as, Kafe que
POL Gier, epasho are ÍpgLlar QUE unta
Sard argo Duby. Pis PUIG bro yan
pp dona ease untaaiugeo.
serena Uassue.
SSA cm Dad a
Is aguda along Malla UBssodr.
Qúarg HuILCE umadug (Comparison) «evupa,
Ms Positive, Comparative, Superlative gv wag Saw
de mass UrhaeüuOn.
Positive Kannan is fat.
Comparative Varathan is fatter than Kannan
Superlative ı Gopu is the fattest of all in
the class.
om
necessary,
Saag oraRuiaña Csewures Qutadds ont
Lea Betas.
1. Earth on which we live is planet.
2. Plenets are not stars.
3. Planets reflect suns light,
4. Sun is very large star
5. Planets of Sun's family get light from sun.
6. Sun's family is called solar system.
7. Earth has one moon.
8. Moon is much smaller and lighter than earth.
9. Other planets also have moons.
10. Moon is sometimes called satellite.
ws
LESSON 11
ADJECTIVES (Quusr ane. dr )
Quuer Blryasb Gerd Quuger weriupb.
Quad Deráoa Gong Ger pag, Qugburoreme
ueno Quumenuasr (Adjectives of quality) Dear,
Aura sou, gajos Quéœué arg fue.
©: good, bad, new, old, large, small,
easy, hard, ustful, useless.
Dos she very Guurpures Sos (sha,
Bu. Bu, umpn, Gude, Au, Qagare, sean
wumsdunep) Quu@rieisgis Barra dues
Lord. ussysQuuger Geh, ug, Csrdpi,
78, HRunmssnmyo_ us. (Qasepo ur pata
ed ao) ancien.)
Dguñd ura, tag as, Kafe que
POL Gier, epasho are ÍpgLlar QUE unta
Sard argo Duby. Pis PUIG bro yan
pp dona ease untaaiugeo.
serena Uassue.
SSA cm Dad a
Is aguda along Malla UBssodr.
Qúarg HuILCE umadug (Comparison) «evupa,
Ms Positive, Comparative, Superlative gv wag Saw
de mass UrhaeüuOn.
Positive Kannan is fat.
Comparative Varathan is fatter than Kannan
Superlative ı Gopu is the fattest of all in
the class.
om
BA gd Bo error uMAEGuTd,
This mango tree is tall.
This coconut tree is taller than the mango
tree.
This palmyrah tree is the tallest of the three
trees,
India ls a big country.
Russia is bigger than India.
China is the biggest of the three countries
Positive Comparative Superlative
long longer longest
easy easier easiest
hard harder hardest
funny funnier funniest
fast faster fastest
quick quicker quickest
thin thinner thinnest
kind kinder kindest
Auto gro umids rra aora gt sees
(one syllable) sens ama, Dry grwas Gers
oro od Quegeoacr=cr,-est gRu PB Ge
sors Garsix® (pepa Comparative, Superlative upedr
ON
RR E mr
Gars Genpectee Comparativo, Superlative user
Po Boaycé weoptu more, mot c@uapeps
Crtas senndatud.
70
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
important more important most important
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
mocosumás sony syeoaciée Comparative, Super
ative Sensor Oupadu Qramadgud goudsd
Gancrerevris.
Quguur gid *y”, ter”, de Ou DuBamcré Dare
ga rar goede or, est mern 9D Lud
LOSE. cmeœuwe more, mot Aarex@ argo
argo.
2-6: angry, dirty, easy, funny, ugly,
clever, bitter, tender, simple, gentle,
noble.
DUSCOS soñar amuágó yay
Boots nn Dolurgása Co derugh
eufænœué an DehE0 Sia genia œaurcr
uge.
alu suyenás (positive comparison) +
as as
«grup gdycude (negative comparison) ;
not as _ as
ao not so as
acdurco piymuás esroemó y
Kalidasa was as great as Shakespeare.
She is as proud as a peacock.
He is as obstinate as 2 mule.
An apple is as big as an orange.
71
This mango tree is tall.
This coconut tree is taller than the mango
tree.
This palmyrah tree is the tallest of the three
trees,
India ls a big country.
Russia is bigger than India.
China is the biggest of the three countries
Positive Comparative Superlative
long longer longest
easy easier easiest
hard harder hardest
funny funnier funniest
fast faster fastest
quick quicker quickest
thin thinner thinnest
kind kinder kindest
Auto gro umids rra aora gt sees
(one syllable) sens ama, Dry grwas Gers
oro od Quegeoacr=cr,-est gRu PB Ge
sors Garsix® (pepa Comparative, Superlative upedr
ON
RR E mr
Gars Genpectee Comparativo, Superlative user
Po Boaycé weoptu more, mot c@uapeps
Crtas senndatud.
70
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
important more important most important
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
mocosumás sony syeoaciée Comparative, Super
ative Sensor Oupadu Qramadgud goudsd
Gancrerevris.
Quguur gid *y”, ter”, de Ou DuBamcré Dare
ga rar goede or, est mern 9D Lud
LOSE. cmeœuwe more, mot Aarex@ argo
argo.
2-6: angry, dirty, easy, funny, ugly,
clever, bitter, tender, simple, gentle,
noble.
DUSCOS soñar amuágó yay
Boots nn Dolurgása Co derugh
eufænœué an DehE0 Sia genia œaurcr
uge.
alu suyenás (positive comparison) +
as as
«grup gdycude (negative comparison) ;
not as _ as
ao not so as
acdurco piymuás esroemó y
Kalidasa was as great as Shakespeare.
She is as proud as a peacock.
He is as obstinate as 2 mule.
An apple is as big as an orange.
71
agivap gÜyavig esrocró !
An orange is not -2 big as a coconut,
He is mot 43. clever as his brother,
Mathematics is not = easy as history.
@retrusrBu Comparative Peake of or & gb
Gusdæs puICIITCOGÓG than ap Gera uud
UOSSOUG2. (Bole Comparativo Home ¿ie
agryenbsoms unse), paa Gu
orig, water werde Cuerslar asrlerr
Borde seg, yálpr papis Comratan acer
Gurgérasten-Gu deregá CusSmamu (Superlative
Degree) arc.oshe the ——— of yde the in
ap Gsm UU.
= 1-+ Raju is the cleverest of all the boys,
Ranee is the most beautiful of them
all
The Pedro Dala Gala is the tallest
mountaia in Ceylon,
Quad Ja ars
Demonstrative Adjectives («DÍ Quwom act)
e 38: this, these, that, those.
Quantitative Adjectives (aes Quura-air)
e-- ib: some, few, many, much, “any, no.
Interrogative Adjective (Parad Quugemadt)
2-6: which, what, whose.
Possessive Adjectives (m.a@wd Quurer.aér}
2-0: my, your. his, her, its, our, their.
a2
Paare, Doss sra Guut ésta Quuts
Borden SCrycuoan edd ao Quurar seras
Carcreniu@id.
Pspero seed, dame -ing pub
de ad
singing bird wandering bee
sleeping beauty dying man
waning moon dazzling light
grumbling woman winding path
rolling stone barking dog.
Mnbs ara order, daria (Aenomder se
Gesu) ed, en SELLO nœud.
broken arm dissappointed lover
stolen money unwanted child
written message cooked rice
fallen tree Polished floor
learned judge
Queres, Gueté Gorda Mryuushg mio
wog Sami ugBuraqd vodusss5u0b. Guurer,
aréu amuvde godes puigó Aendors
Bag unedanins qm Qréscrà ur ¿De
untálgad. unger, Guat Konerorsaó, uo
ur uni unpepa aura,
735%
An orange is not -2 big as a coconut,
He is mot 43. clever as his brother,
Mathematics is not = easy as history.
@retrusrBu Comparative Peake of or & gb
Gusdæs puICIITCOGÓG than ap Gera uud
UOSSOUG2. (Bole Comparativo Home ¿ie
agryenbsoms unse), paa Gu
orig, water werde Cuerslar asrlerr
Borde seg, yálpr papis Comratan acer
Gurgérasten-Gu deregá CusSmamu (Superlative
Degree) arc.oshe the ——— of yde the in
ap Gsm UU.
= 1-+ Raju is the cleverest of all the boys,
Ranee is the most beautiful of them
all
The Pedro Dala Gala is the tallest
mountaia in Ceylon,
Quad Ja ars
Demonstrative Adjectives («DÍ Quwom act)
e 38: this, these, that, those.
Quantitative Adjectives (aes Quura-air)
e-- ib: some, few, many, much, “any, no.
Interrogative Adjective (Parad Quugemadt)
2-6: which, what, whose.
Possessive Adjectives (m.a@wd Quurer.aér}
2-0: my, your. his, her, its, our, their.
a2
Paare, Doss sra Guut ésta Quuts
Borden SCrycuoan edd ao Quurar seras
Carcreniu@id.
Pspero seed, dame -ing pub
de ad
singing bird wandering bee
sleeping beauty dying man
waning moon dazzling light
grumbling woman winding path
rolling stone barking dog.
Mnbs ara order, daria (Aenomder se
Gesu) ed, en SELLO nœud.
broken arm dissappointed lover
stolen money unwanted child
written message cooked rice
fallen tree Polished floor
learned judge
Queres, Gueté Gorda Mryuushg mio
wog Sami ugBuraqd vodusss5u0b. Guurer,
aréu amuvde godes puigó Aendors
Bag unedanins qm Qréscrà ur ¿De
untálgad. unger, Guat Konerorsaó, uo
ur uni unpepa aura,
735%
(oseaqd oancofpe) anjoa yaıy fo Bor e sy 91
(eanoofpe) Sam ajgonma e st 37
(oseaqd oanoofpe) anf 30048 fo ystasou e sl Aquousjeo
(@ansafpe) ystoaou snowof e st kquomBeD me
“00m ESO mwpsserinne ANO phepa ¿100
Frwsarg Onis (4170 Frecane) send oanoofpe Bie Funpphneie
œuwvque en ‘phase 9519 seg en iphnwle aseguro 06 sano (1
sosnog uvopamy umpom om
sus esoçequis | 1183 18 [3uno4| Inzuneoq PCR
soxog poo osenbs dos
unes | xp Anaıd m
plo Aisnz e
punos - yooms ®
TON Pury 10 des | aay Kenn | FHI
Teo ANOJOD JO 3215 y ¿feo moy
E a g 2 2 A
3 53 3 3
y ei 2 po 38 3 .
Boge ¿7 2 Fe eo El
$2 3 8 El 13 13
yon 4 id 3 $ 4 3
a E a © = 3 é 3
3 2 à
e À a 3 é 23 83
ad E B
2 + la 23
B 32 8 3 5 202 83
4 2 F2 4 S 85 2 F « 2°
à * zu 3 so ce £8 2 gS
Ÿ E SS af £2 BZ By FES
« = $ | ao 8 3 + +
3 S 8 Bf 33 gf $3 3
io: js 32 ge CS PO
a Boas Fs Se F 3d 4
¿e À El a E gos
90 Quuté Gendmad veas Quevoad drgis
aguada yaa drag pués gourd,
ws
(eanoofpe) Sam ajgonma e st 37
(oseaqd oanoofpe) anf 30048 fo ystasou e sl Aquousjeo
(@ansafpe) ystoaou snowof e st kquomBeD me
“00m ESO mwpsserinne ANO phepa ¿100
Frwsarg Onis (4170 Frecane) send oanoofpe Bie Funpphneie
œuwvque en ‘phase 9519 seg en iphnwle aseguro 06 sano (1
sosnog uvopamy umpom om
sus esoçequis | 1183 18 [3uno4| Inzuneoq PCR
soxog poo osenbs dos
unes | xp Anaıd m
plo Aisnz e
punos - yooms ®
TON Pury 10 des | aay Kenn | FHI
Teo ANOJOD JO 3215 y ¿feo moy
E a g 2 2 A
3 53 3 3
y ei 2 po 38 3 .
Boge ¿7 2 Fe eo El
$2 3 8 El 13 13
yon 4 id 3 $ 4 3
a E a © = 3 é 3
3 2 à
e À a 3 é 23 83
ad E B
2 + la 23
B 32 8 3 5 202 83
4 2 F2 4 S 85 2 F « 2°
à * zu 3 so ce £8 2 gS
Ÿ E SS af £2 BZ By FES
« = $ | ao 8 3 + +
3 S 8 Bf 33 gf $3 3
io: js 32 ge CS PO
a Boas Fs Se F 3d 4
¿e À El a E gos
90 Quuté Gendmad veas Quevoad drgis
aguada yaa drag pués gourd,
ws
fil) Gunga 93 Sordund (clause) gad won.
eb:
He who is kind is loved by all.
People who live in glass houses should
not throw stones.
The man whom you invited to dinner has
just come.
(Ds Mom 18.45 UT ago urréa.)
Choose the correct adjective from those given below
and use suitably the positive, or superlative form in the
blanks.
aula Cep tdo Aurgssure Quer
sans OOO GD. GureedGspu, GUTLOSsr,
ander ame Dupónciado gods.
hard, popular, hevay, thick, busy, easy,
cold, tasty. large, valuable, big
China is ..— than Japan.
Newyork is ........ than London.
Radium is than gold.
Cake is... than bread.
Blood {s ......... than water.
-- language in the world.
- ... amount of rain fall.
than Kandy.
~~ than English
English is the _
Chirapoonji has the .
Nuwara Eliya is —
Hindi films are
films in Ceylon.
Iron is the - of all the metals.
Tt is... to swin than to dive.
Some stars are many times ......— than the sun,
Tropical forests are. than temperate forests,
Lead is. than iron.
Bee {s the — of insects,
76
LESSON 12
ADVERBS (clear Soret)
Boos OLI 0 wosiupb: ga :
1. Adverbs of Manner ( ¿reno dewum_se)
Dow aug aap dergis denpgó amada
onion,
e -:b; She sang sweetly.
He speaks English fluently.
They work quickly.
2. Adverbs of Place (Qu nentégb merumı.ad)
e: He works here,
Boys are playing there.
Crows are found everywhere.
Have you seen a swan anywhere?
‘anywhere’, “adOsurag' ado Aurgmenun. Da
Cugdurgd Bruni dardo pues
Sud.
I searched for the book everywhere.
It could not be found anywhere,
Have you seen it anywhere?
3. Adverbs of Time (ared ads dama)
2.-b: He was here yesterday.
She goes to bed early.
The results will be out soon,
Now he is working as a clerk,
Then we returned home.
arab «9b doma avers QsrıisBs
2605 DS JOER,
TR
eb:
He who is kind is loved by all.
People who live in glass houses should
not throw stones.
The man whom you invited to dinner has
just come.
(Ds Mom 18.45 UT ago urréa.)
Choose the correct adjective from those given below
and use suitably the positive, or superlative form in the
blanks.
aula Cep tdo Aurgssure Quer
sans OOO GD. GureedGspu, GUTLOSsr,
ander ame Dupónciado gods.
hard, popular, hevay, thick, busy, easy,
cold, tasty. large, valuable, big
China is ..— than Japan.
Newyork is ........ than London.
Radium is than gold.
Cake is... than bread.
Blood {s ......... than water.
-- language in the world.
- ... amount of rain fall.
than Kandy.
~~ than English
English is the _
Chirapoonji has the .
Nuwara Eliya is —
Hindi films are
films in Ceylon.
Iron is the - of all the metals.
Tt is... to swin than to dive.
Some stars are many times ......— than the sun,
Tropical forests are. than temperate forests,
Lead is. than iron.
Bee {s the — of insects,
76
LESSON 12
ADVERBS (clear Soret)
Boos OLI 0 wosiupb: ga :
1. Adverbs of Manner ( ¿reno dewum_se)
Dow aug aap dergis denpgó amada
onion,
e -:b; She sang sweetly.
He speaks English fluently.
They work quickly.
2. Adverbs of Place (Qu nentégb merumı.ad)
e: He works here,
Boys are playing there.
Crows are found everywhere.
Have you seen a swan anywhere?
‘anywhere’, “adOsurag' ado Aurgmenun. Da
Cugdurgd Bruni dardo pues
Sud.
I searched for the book everywhere.
It could not be found anywhere,
Have you seen it anywhere?
3. Adverbs of Time (ared ads dama)
2.-b: He was here yesterday.
She goes to bed early.
The results will be out soon,
Now he is working as a clerk,
Then we returned home.
arab «9b doma avers QsrıisBs
2605 DS JOER,
TR
4. Adverbs of Frequency (Papa Pues)
e-—w: He rarely smokes.
We usually meat at ten O'clock.
I have never seen a television show.
Bis dawum scr samdawau 20450, yop
une dosis wrargd GiuGupd caves
Beebe Dance.
5. Adverbs of Degree (ay acai Sth dora)
Gea Gugdurgih GuuraLœu dOegás aga.
2-1: He is quite right.
She is very fair.
Your handwriting is extremely bad.
It is too hot to drink.
6. Interrogative Adverbs (Gerrügunger dæœue ach)
Ba deransQubiad Reagh dera
Gsrcéauraë Qancie® ajemoejó ı when, where, how,
why.
2-1: When were you bora?
Where do you live?
How did she sing?
How did you come?
ShBu eproersBd how nus ‘ase wo
"abs apie’ ap Qurgchd gmopgcerg. Qisæau,
how ams srr aig Jargis aya doors
sasreyaed. vudana 904s 204b Quuga
as sasaspuras. by ap 260470 Quur,
ario GarBéQuut (gerund) Geis gi, how ere p derreiäg,
Bo ADA.
How did he become rich so quickly?
He became rich by foul means.
How did he get a distinction?
He got a distinction by doing hard work.
ws
Why were you absent yesterday.
I was absent because I had a head ache.
Why do you go to temple?
I go to temple to pray.
GuGouyde dursawésé soiuiOcrer de. ae
ausrisara aptos avd eur
Betws arcudtaó. why sap Osmiigó der Da
s'œsû Qurgá ae Bus
LEO esrrer8é acer et arpa (reason)
agSu der. Dado owns because arp Asrit
an.
Qrásras osrromsfé ete dem prés
(purpose) «¿Qu Ir. O56 dara Sapere dee
edegQgrie (infinitivo) oca. Corded ag Gu dardo
why eusieo uBers ‘what for” «o Ogre
uuduossers. Dis sra,
Why do you go to the temple?
What do you go to the temple for?
Comparison of Adverbs (dinswumıder guiso)
udeyo Quuræ Gurdig sero doy
{Adverbs of Manoer) pá GO sobra uz.
Comparative Superlative „Mu srwadr weptw more,
most Adu ya Luo.
e- a: Leela sings sweetly.
Rani sings more sweetly than Leela.
Malini sings most sweetly of all.
Adverbs formed from Adjectives (Guava ddese equ
dazun_se)
(m) sauf dorar Gagtorormce, Que
FOL. QOPI -ly Ortuusune asiduo.
7
e-—w: He rarely smokes.
We usually meat at ten O'clock.
I have never seen a television show.
Bis dawum scr samdawau 20450, yop
une dosis wrargd GiuGupd caves
Beebe Dance.
5. Adverbs of Degree (ay acai Sth dora)
Gea Gugdurgih GuuraLœu dOegás aga.
2-1: He is quite right.
She is very fair.
Your handwriting is extremely bad.
It is too hot to drink.
6. Interrogative Adverbs (Gerrügunger dæœue ach)
Ba deransQubiad Reagh dera
Gsrcéauraë Qancie® ajemoejó ı when, where, how,
why.
2-1: When were you bora?
Where do you live?
How did she sing?
How did you come?
ShBu eproersBd how nus ‘ase wo
"abs apie’ ap Qurgchd gmopgcerg. Qisæau,
how ams srr aig Jargis aya doors
sasreyaed. vudana 904s 204b Quuga
as sasaspuras. by ap 260470 Quur,
ario GarBéQuut (gerund) Geis gi, how ere p derreiäg,
Bo ADA.
How did he become rich so quickly?
He became rich by foul means.
How did he get a distinction?
He got a distinction by doing hard work.
ws
Why were you absent yesterday.
I was absent because I had a head ache.
Why do you go to temple?
I go to temple to pray.
GuGouyde dursawésé soiuiOcrer de. ae
ausrisara aptos avd eur
Betws arcudtaó. why sap Osmiigó der Da
s'œsû Qurgá ae Bus
LEO esrrer8é acer et arpa (reason)
agSu der. Dado owns because arp Asrit
an.
Qrásras osrromsfé ete dem prés
(purpose) «¿Qu Ir. O56 dara Sapere dee
edegQgrie (infinitivo) oca. Corded ag Gu dardo
why eusieo uBers ‘what for” «o Ogre
uuduossers. Dis sra,
Why do you go to the temple?
What do you go to the temple for?
Comparison of Adverbs (dinswumıder guiso)
udeyo Quuræ Gurdig sero doy
{Adverbs of Manoer) pá GO sobra uz.
Comparative Superlative „Mu srwadr weptw more,
most Adu ya Luo.
e- a: Leela sings sweetly.
Rani sings more sweetly than Leela.
Malini sings most sweetly of all.
Adverbs formed from Adjectives (Guava ddese equ
dazun_se)
(m) sauf dorar Gagtorormce, Que
FOL. QOPI -ly Ortuusune asiduo.
7
eue quick - quickly.
sweet — sweetly.
(8 upper :
© ly @ofurs sew Fe QuuraLsa
ep.
« -&3 lovely, lonely, lowly, likely.
cowardly, leisurely, beastly.
dy Be Genpacr Quupor, dama De
Bonde gr ayqcrucr. high, low,
hard, fast rue Ba,
u:
Guam.
It is a high mountain
It is a fast train.
Stone is Aard.
Pava
The bird flew high.
He drives fast.
She works hard.
Order of Adverbs (deverum_ıcr Huy PUR
rue AeucuGQurgnc O4, Qruüu®
Gurgdianr Dés der Cerri ag. eur
UPGUTGRIGd dwmighatu aGsaTars.
ed: He speaks English well.
The thief ran quickly.
prpés Cube deemed agurddé, se
sera (manner), Bid (place), ered (time cp SUR
mug Casings.
&-ı6: He spoke loud.
Don't shout loud here.
He behaves well here now.
They played rather carelessly, at the
esplanade yesterday.
3880
ob Oh dera crs
Dow aráduslo gato stag OPI arar.
æ-4: I will bring the book tomorrow.
Then he went home.
Adverb Phrase (Forum ¿ Ogre)
96 rad wig prie Gorgas Coti
daruaursord, Dana dara srt (Adverd
Phrase) vat @0450 ed.
© - 6: They walked along the road
They are talking all the time
He is workiog in the garden.
He could not come on account of
illness.
81%
sweet — sweetly.
(8 upper :
© ly @ofurs sew Fe QuuraLsa
ep.
« -&3 lovely, lonely, lowly, likely.
cowardly, leisurely, beastly.
dy Be Genpacr Quupor, dama De
Bonde gr ayqcrucr. high, low,
hard, fast rue Ba,
u:
Guam.
It is a high mountain
It is a fast train.
Stone is Aard.
Pava
The bird flew high.
He drives fast.
She works hard.
Order of Adverbs (deverum_ıcr Huy PUR
rue AeucuGQurgnc O4, Qruüu®
Gurgdianr Dés der Cerri ag. eur
UPGUTGRIGd dwmighatu aGsaTars.
ed: He speaks English well.
The thief ran quickly.
prpés Cube deemed agurddé, se
sera (manner), Bid (place), ered (time cp SUR
mug Casings.
&-ı6: He spoke loud.
Don't shout loud here.
He behaves well here now.
They played rather carelessly, at the
esplanade yesterday.
3880
ob Oh dera crs
Dow aráduslo gato stag OPI arar.
æ-4: I will bring the book tomorrow.
Then he went home.
Adverb Phrase (Forum ¿ Ogre)
96 rad wig prie Gorgas Coti
daruaursord, Dana dara srt (Adverd
Phrase) vat @0450 ed.
© - 6: They walked along the road
They are talking all the time
He is workiog in the garden.
He could not come on account of
illness.
81%
LESSON 13
PREPOSITIONS (20m # Qarpam)
Ling aru ei adrw Orar
suyas
The letter was written by my friend.
1990 sure EU.
I wrote a letter to my friend.
phugägé «ysb AE.
The bird is onthe branch of the tree.
upma upaQande Does.
He fell from the tree.
sod sig Ber
The Hoogly is a branch of the Ganges.
nich, cima Lamu.
Bib Cujpeuugueé Curae yikesse
muy Ger pad prepositions. silo Qroerd
Cappo 204 'g Gunde yin Re Qruupaurgér
Cappme rey Divo. ape ap dape
eB, wos", Garces’, "of", Gaara ade aut,
‘dure’, pin), Ysera guasa acme, #5 Curry
ata gormwrer aya ad. Qa Quuts
Ger pase YrerTe agi. Deoras Asritis 98
Quute Gerd agb. a FU wesc
WO.
1. Prepositions of Place or Direction.
(Qué sing Bar aextagd agyad)
DQaigysce aprversBO cuss gusrahiOurs,
82
A man is waiting af the door.
She is sitting in the garden
The servant went info my room.
The book is on the table.
He is going to the post office.
The boy is returning from school-
The cat is climbing up the tree
Water flows down the canal ©
Don't lean against the wall.
You should not throw anything through the
window.
The thief ran over the bridge.
A bus is going under the bridge.
My houre is near the post office
There is a black sheep among white ones.
The dwarf stood between the two legs of the
giant.
1 saw him walking along the beach,
The boy ran across the street
The boys sat round the table.
Mis. Raju is walking beside Mr. Raju.
Their son is going behind them.
The parrot is inside the cage
The cat sits outside the cage, watching the
parrot.
The shepherd is sitting beneath the branches
of the tree,
The sky is above our heads.
The carth is below our feet.
LE ]
PREPOSITIONS (20m # Qarpam)
Ling aru ei adrw Orar
suyas
The letter was written by my friend.
1990 sure EU.
I wrote a letter to my friend.
phugägé «ysb AE.
The bird is onthe branch of the tree.
upma upaQande Does.
He fell from the tree.
sod sig Ber
The Hoogly is a branch of the Ganges.
nich, cima Lamu.
Bib Cujpeuugueé Curae yikesse
muy Ger pad prepositions. silo Qroerd
Cappo 204 'g Gunde yin Re Qruupaurgér
Cappme rey Divo. ape ap dape
eB, wos", Garces’, "of", Gaara ade aut,
‘dure’, pin), Ysera guasa acme, #5 Curry
ata gormwrer aya ad. Qa Quuts
Ger pase YrerTe agi. Deoras Asritis 98
Quute Gerd agb. a FU wesc
WO.
1. Prepositions of Place or Direction.
(Qué sing Bar aextagd agyad)
DQaigysce aprversBO cuss gusrahiOurs,
82
A man is waiting af the door.
She is sitting in the garden
The servant went info my room.
The book is on the table.
He is going to the post office.
The boy is returning from school-
The cat is climbing up the tree
Water flows down the canal ©
Don't lean against the wall.
You should not throw anything through the
window.
The thief ran over the bridge.
A bus is going under the bridge.
My houre is near the post office
There is a black sheep among white ones.
The dwarf stood between the two legs of the
giant.
1 saw him walking along the beach,
The boy ran across the street
The boys sat round the table.
Mis. Raju is walking beside Mr. Raju.
Their son is going behind them.
The parrot is inside the cage
The cat sits outside the cage, watching the
parrot.
The shepherd is sitting beneath the branches
of the tree,
The sky is above our heads.
The carth is below our feet.
LE ]
2. Prepositions of Time (arab eewtsob agyadı)
I will meet you at 4p. m.
He will come here on Monday.
She ls leaving for India on the 15th of August.
It rains hard in September and October,
Our Principal is going to retire in 1999
If you want to meet me, you must come
before evening.
You cannot see me after 8 p. m.
1 have been waiting here since 10 O'clock
I will stay in Jaffna until next month.
Ants do not work much during theraiay season.
3. Of amp roy.
Quay vo Gurgdrache Jus suo.
1 saw the palace of the Maharajah of Mysore.
The cattle returned home at the end of the
day.
Oliver was given a very small loaf of bread.
The city of Colombo looks beautiful at
night.
Shylock wanted to cut a pound of flesh
from Antonio's body.
4. ara BUSH gd aga.
Preposition sp Gerade Gurge (Quugés
“dara Sua ousreó. Bogyrer SAojaché
orb uTtsp esrocshadhQaaamd ys Quué
Gord gieg péerré jeusDQiues qc,
serré Ge spptiubachd Gem arre am
gb LO. aserers aie? An.
sa
What is this ring made of?
What are you looking ar?
What is the news about
He is the man whom I told you about.
This is the car which I am intereseted in.
ago yweasss agusand Duró
DRUG geod.
Of what fs this ring made?
(it is made of gold)
At what are you looking?
( am looking at the picture)
About what is the news?
(The news is about a robbery)
He is the man about whom I told you.
This is the car in which I am interested.
3. Quutelawé Si Quulsareos Qugnd don Qery
“sis Gers D anys ag. demo
Quunasr (gerunds), «Ieoroydurg -ing Grtuusek
sony. AS
He worked without stopping.
My mother prevented me from seeing” the
film.
1 have an idea of going to England.
He is used to sleeping after lunch,
I thanked him for helping me.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions,
OU chp ÍA Gerpacr Howes,
85m
I will meet you at 4p. m.
He will come here on Monday.
She ls leaving for India on the 15th of August.
It rains hard in September and October,
Our Principal is going to retire in 1999
If you want to meet me, you must come
before evening.
You cannot see me after 8 p. m.
1 have been waiting here since 10 O'clock
I will stay in Jaffna until next month.
Ants do not work much during theraiay season.
3. Of amp roy.
Quay vo Gurgdrache Jus suo.
1 saw the palace of the Maharajah of Mysore.
The cattle returned home at the end of the
day.
Oliver was given a very small loaf of bread.
The city of Colombo looks beautiful at
night.
Shylock wanted to cut a pound of flesh
from Antonio's body.
4. ara BUSH gd aga.
Preposition sp Gerade Gurge (Quugés
“dara Sua ousreó. Bogyrer SAojaché
orb uTtsp esrocshadhQaaamd ys Quué
Gord gieg péerré jeusDQiues qc,
serré Ge spptiubachd Gem arre am
gb LO. aserers aie? An.
sa
What is this ring made of?
What are you looking ar?
What is the news about
He is the man whom I told you about.
This is the car which I am intereseted in.
ago yweasss agusand Duró
DRUG geod.
Of what fs this ring made?
(it is made of gold)
At what are you looking?
( am looking at the picture)
About what is the news?
(The news is about a robbery)
He is the man about whom I told you.
This is the car in which I am interested.
3. Quutelawé Si Quulsareos Qugnd don Qery
“sis Gers D anys ag. demo
Quunasr (gerunds), «Ieoroydurg -ing Grtuusek
sony. AS
He worked without stopping.
My mother prevented me from seeing” the
film.
1 have an idea of going to England.
He is used to sleeping after lunch,
I thanked him for helping me.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions,
OU chp ÍA Gerpacr Howes,
85m
(a) I live ......... a small village. It is close...
Jaffna. My village is four miles ...— Jaffna.
I go there to buy books, I set out...
the town early ........ the morning- I usually
go...—.. bus, Sometimes my friend also
comes. me. The bus goes ……… paddy
fields and a bridge.
When we arrive _... - the bus-stand _.....
the town we get down the bus and
walk ......-. the direction - the bookshop,
To get there, we have to pass - milk
bar and usually we have some milk... - …
the bar. When we come —... the milk bar
after finishing the milk we walk on —..
the bookshop. It is only a short distance
…—- the milk bar and the stall. we buy
the books and sometimes we walk
the Main Street. There is a fancy stall ...
that street. Sometimes we go .—... the shop
to have a look _—.. the things there. Then
we return... the bus-stand.
(b) Mr. Edward was teaching... my village
school when I joined it. He was a teacher
„nun. English. He was a short man …—
ourly hair He was always ...... white
national dress. He always smiled —...
ss
students when he met them ——.: the way
or —- school. But ....... class he was very
strict, He used to come —.... school ma
on old bicycle. He would give us much
home work. Few students came ... class
…— . doing it. He made the lessons interesting
—... telling jokes. When anyone _._. the
last row .__._ the class fell asleep, he would
make the whole class laugh ....... 2 timely
joke and the sleeper would suddenly rise
—- a jerk. I am gland to say that all
who studied ....... him are doing well m.
life today.
Er
Jaffna. My village is four miles ...— Jaffna.
I go there to buy books, I set out...
the town early ........ the morning- I usually
go...—.. bus, Sometimes my friend also
comes. me. The bus goes ……… paddy
fields and a bridge.
When we arrive _... - the bus-stand _.....
the town we get down the bus and
walk ......-. the direction - the bookshop,
To get there, we have to pass - milk
bar and usually we have some milk... - …
the bar. When we come —... the milk bar
after finishing the milk we walk on —..
the bookshop. It is only a short distance
…—- the milk bar and the stall. we buy
the books and sometimes we walk
the Main Street. There is a fancy stall ...
that street. Sometimes we go .—... the shop
to have a look _—.. the things there. Then
we return... the bus-stand.
(b) Mr. Edward was teaching... my village
school when I joined it. He was a teacher
„nun. English. He was a short man …—
ourly hair He was always ...... white
national dress. He always smiled —...
ss
students when he met them ——.: the way
or —- school. But ....... class he was very
strict, He used to come —.... school ma
on old bicycle. He would give us much
home work. Few students came ... class
…— . doing it. He made the lessons interesting
—... telling jokes. When anyone _._. the
last row .__._ the class fell asleep, he would
make the whole class laugh ....... 2 timely
joke and the sleeper would suddenly rise
—- a jerk. I am gland to say that all
who studied ....... him are doing well m.
life today.
Er
Brei Genie
LESSON 14
CONJUNCTIONS (@mamtyjs Ger pad)
DO erp ia QQ erdButsme Doris
Domus Genpaé (Conjunctions)
CEA
L
AND
Jack and Jill went up the bill.
Joan and Jane are sisters.
Last week I went to Batticalo and
Trincomalee
Raman, Gopal and Sivam are brothers.
Dis asia ‘and’ cp Qué Gord
(ad ara comente Gure y) Quito Gen aer
Demss Phuest rund.
Brie Cope Quudé Gerdadr agilung
Doso Guns Gerégés years Où ad
Cetescu@d Que sigma rss
earvensmpi untés.
He took his umbrella and went out.
Last week I went to Batticalo and
stayed there for three days.
Dis navi Do aréQuüecr and ye Garra
Su youumgk arorena.
2. OR
Dago 95 Quutsmer Qoemiussgh, De aria
wésme Damisógd unaußssuuns.
(a) You or your brother may come with me.
You can use a pencil or a pen.
The Secretary or the Treasurer must be
informed.
ss
(æ You may come with me or stay with
your aunt. =
Hurry up or you will be late.
He must come tomorrow or he may be
punished.
3. BUT
He is strict but kind-hearted.
She is dark but pretty.
The film was good but long.
It was raining but I decided to go.
She was angry but didn't say anything.
1 like jak fruit but it gives me stomach-
ache,
4. EITHER-OR
DS songs Abs diurno Loa cag
or uni sad Dare LAU.
(2) Either you or your brother may come
with us.
On Sundays he goes either to the beach
or to the cinema.
Either the Secretary or the Treasurer must
be informed.
(b) On Sundays either he works in the garden
or (he) reads novels.
Either you telephone me or send me a
post card.
Either he should come in time or (he
should) leave the job.
89m
LESSON 14
CONJUNCTIONS (@mamtyjs Ger pad)
DO erp ia QQ erdButsme Doris
Domus Genpaé (Conjunctions)
CEA
L
AND
Jack and Jill went up the bill.
Joan and Jane are sisters.
Last week I went to Batticalo and
Trincomalee
Raman, Gopal and Sivam are brothers.
Dis asia ‘and’ cp Qué Gord
(ad ara comente Gure y) Quito Gen aer
Demss Phuest rund.
Brie Cope Quudé Gerdadr agilung
Doso Guns Gerégés years Où ad
Cetescu@d Que sigma rss
earvensmpi untés.
He took his umbrella and went out.
Last week I went to Batticalo and
stayed there for three days.
Dis navi Do aréQuüecr and ye Garra
Su youumgk arorena.
2. OR
Dago 95 Quutsmer Qoemiussgh, De aria
wésme Damisógd unaußssuuns.
(a) You or your brother may come with me.
You can use a pencil or a pen.
The Secretary or the Treasurer must be
informed.
ss
(æ You may come with me or stay with
your aunt. =
Hurry up or you will be late.
He must come tomorrow or he may be
punished.
3. BUT
He is strict but kind-hearted.
She is dark but pretty.
The film was good but long.
It was raining but I decided to go.
She was angry but didn't say anything.
1 like jak fruit but it gives me stomach-
ache,
4. EITHER-OR
DS songs Abs diurno Loa cag
or uni sad Dare LAU.
(2) Either you or your brother may come
with us.
On Sundays he goes either to the beach
or to the cinema.
Either the Secretary or the Treasurer must
be informed.
(b) On Sundays either he works in the garden
or (he) reads novels.
Either you telephone me or send me a
post card.
Either he should come in time or (he
should) leave the job.
89m
NEITHER-NOR
“Bither or" acórurigó owdu@psiudag. Neither
nor @Btumpd Guresia undußbsüugeg.
He is neither clever nor honest.
sad cut ssquénd, Cia via:
You can have neither the money nor the
present.
eme verga Pecans, uted BeLurg.
Neither the Secretary nor the Treasurer was
present at the meeting.
Geuererts gid, Gurgaredr er ali sedges eya
udäsdane.
LESSON 15
THE INFINITIVE AND ITS USES
(Bshsro dow séeybh Agár eutursh sob)
sd Prone dgdy@prers
den omvias Qreprer
Bra Conan és gudtard,
Dueridunaió acer elós us Gon pecans
öde "rules ose e@turd, au “Ori
089 amicunind ams add.
Ds areQuaacrs
so Ponurtusje doser,
dar smviugigs Qed prer.
Bra Casamn gadusós Guitarra,
fa wpigugó wry. Ds Qurgar ydhasfe
GachlGdturg darás párr to Cotes Carrara
von. (to = G) Dada infinitive corcuGe.
to go, to drink, to eat, to understand eres infinitive
wed, 90 area urtúluri.
I want 10 go home.
They began to shout,
She began to learn dancing.
I am going to write a letter.
It is difficult to explain.
I have to do some home work,
He tried to finish the work.
It is time to have dinner.
He promised to send me the book.
We hope to start the work tomorrow.
BPs DowQused ouais yáaro agi.
W888886 infinitive cuan aO4g09% rues
Bande Garda à Bacto.
OP
“Bither or" acórurigó owdu@psiudag. Neither
nor @Btumpd Guresia undußbsüugeg.
He is neither clever nor honest.
sad cut ssquénd, Cia via:
You can have neither the money nor the
present.
eme verga Pecans, uted BeLurg.
Neither the Secretary nor the Treasurer was
present at the meeting.
Geuererts gid, Gurgaredr er ali sedges eya
udäsdane.
LESSON 15
THE INFINITIVE AND ITS USES
(Bshsro dow séeybh Agár eutursh sob)
sd Prone dgdy@prers
den omvias Qreprer
Bra Conan és gudtard,
Dueridunaió acer elós us Gon pecans
öde "rules ose e@turd, au “Ori
089 amicunind ams add.
Ds areQuaacrs
so Ponurtusje doser,
dar smviugigs Qed prer.
Bra Casamn gadusós Guitarra,
fa wpigugó wry. Ds Qurgar ydhasfe
GachlGdturg darás párr to Cotes Carrara
von. (to = G) Dada infinitive corcuGe.
to go, to drink, to eat, to understand eres infinitive
wed, 90 area urtúluri.
I want 10 go home.
They began to shout,
She began to learn dancing.
I am going to write a letter.
It is difficult to explain.
I have to do some home work,
He tried to finish the work.
It is time to have dinner.
He promised to send me the book.
We hope to start the work tomorrow.
BPs DowQused ouais yáaro agi.
W888886 infinitive cuan aO4g09% rues
Bande Garda à Bacto.
OP
sert desu. dejan,
Kannan likes 10 play.
Sam setas Qeérprér.
Leela went to cook.
BOROBSE Dis Papsra dara Qugbur syd
dag drugs.
remember, forget, promise, swear, consent,
agree, refuse, propose, regret, try, attempt, fail,
care, hope, hesitate, prepare, decide, determine,
undertake, manage, arrange, seem, cease
Gude eérara bg Rowhpte carr
I forgot to post the letter.
He promised to send me the book.
My friend refused to go with me.
The servant refused to obey his master.
He agreed to help me.
1 propose to write a book.
Que wweteoura ar, Qurgsgurer infinitive ease
aréfuisé gmp go uTtas,
aseñea UOsUGd ¿dara Saagury amar
ugasemds
1. Infinktives after Objects.
(QrecubQurgmcrigsg wad adres)
Grodupauree spas unden wire
ad GeucuGQurgæwupés infinitive aero.
et He asked me to help him.
swig apor amará Cant,
1692
+ Infialtives after Adject
She invited her friends to bave dinner
with her.
24007 ma agurg psa
ABE.
Quugs Genru@Gurg@d sem ara
Garde dema Ystiunama das.
ask, tell. invite, force, allow, get, beg, help,
want, wish, like, prefer, mean, compel, request,
show, remind, advise, urge, encourage.
war 46 amadd Dúdar Genuß
Gure@d, sry easy ansBuded genie
Qués,
js
Guuraiœu aPésagé cerco)
He was glad to see me.
I was delighted to receive the prize.
It is useful to learn English.
It was necessary to meet him.
Some English words are hard to pronounce,
A love story is exciting to read.
It is practically impossible to save money
now.
It is bad to eat too much,
. Infinitives as Subjects
(ayarurs aye atedad)
Bebsrn AmeQuses Asrit ura agar
une web,
87d Oule unites aréBuèañà it mp grag
ara It cep uP Quot ayarors soup
Lules gasrAsBarstad, adrande guard
93m
Kannan likes 10 play.
Sam setas Qeérprér.
Leela went to cook.
BOROBSE Dis Papsra dara Qugbur syd
dag drugs.
remember, forget, promise, swear, consent,
agree, refuse, propose, regret, try, attempt, fail,
care, hope, hesitate, prepare, decide, determine,
undertake, manage, arrange, seem, cease
Gude eérara bg Rowhpte carr
I forgot to post the letter.
He promised to send me the book.
My friend refused to go with me.
The servant refused to obey his master.
He agreed to help me.
1 propose to write a book.
Que wweteoura ar, Qurgsgurer infinitive ease
aréfuisé gmp go uTtas,
aseñea UOsUGd ¿dara Saagury amar
ugasemds
1. Infinktives after Objects.
(QrecubQurgmcrigsg wad adres)
Grodupauree spas unden wire
ad GeucuGQurgæwupés infinitive aero.
et He asked me to help him.
swig apor amará Cant,
1692
+ Infialtives after Adject
She invited her friends to bave dinner
with her.
24007 ma agurg psa
ABE.
Quugs Genru@Gurg@d sem ara
Garde dema Ystiunama das.
ask, tell. invite, force, allow, get, beg, help,
want, wish, like, prefer, mean, compel, request,
show, remind, advise, urge, encourage.
war 46 amadd Dúdar Genuß
Gure@d, sry easy ansBuded genie
Qués,
js
Guuraiœu aPésagé cerco)
He was glad to see me.
I was delighted to receive the prize.
It is useful to learn English.
It was necessary to meet him.
Some English words are hard to pronounce,
A love story is exciting to read.
It is practically impossible to save money
now.
It is bad to eat too much,
. Infinitives as Subjects
(ayarurs aye atedad)
Bebsrn AmeQuses Asrit ura agar
une web,
87d Oule unites aréBuèañà it mp grag
ara It cep uP Quot ayarors soup
Lules gasrAsBarstad, adrande guard
93m
Bidacigen adesQzritatm syaruned. oF
PAO gr @8g0 UBors it ap ub) Gower uri
groupé was smuüug goums. add
OgrepCu awanure yadó mais aréfiies
sowing JOE aces.
It is bad to eat too much,
To eat too much is bad.
Qidrp arms 907 Cura amumda,
che Gsrit ayarurs agd Bap % esp
armó uriddumd.
To obey the laws Is everyone's duty
To lean out of the the window is dangerous,
To be or not to be, is the question.
To ert is human; to foregive is divine.
To speak low of superiors Is bad.
4. Infinitive eg Purpose.
Cerdasese yoiussugr al
1er)
Children go to school to learn.
People go to the zoo to see the animals
and birds.
He ran fast to catch the train.
People go to the temple to pray.
I switched on the radio to listen to the
news.
He saves money to buy a car.
Y bought some crepe paper to decorate
the house.
Some boys dress well to impress the girls
We go to the beach to enjoy the cool
breeze,
mo.
She worked hard to get distinction in
English.
. Too + Adjective + Infinitive.
100° + Qun@peen + faparodmaQuéed
Dae demars Ja prayer dép durgá
ag sei.
She is too fat to dance.”
He is too fat to enter by this door.
The child ís too small to walk.
The boy is too stupid to understand.
Usa arto, “qu Denese ste sBeucr;
asarı, guard pied IS 9-5)
sau yyurs amb sc Larra
caer Gurogenua. Ds sois top Do
ando apro.
She is so fat that she cannot dance,
She cannot dance because she Is very fat.
Qúamas sotGh Guen Re esrrembscio 18 yd
UTL ZB AmmQuéss Gi psu es
ancla.
- ing expand
dem Grater - lng Betpp Panda An Gerd
ame urdu.
reading, speaking, eating, walklog,
interesting looking, dancing.
fes Cura -ing Qufuras Guy. dows
Gonpacr wag vesúre vu 2e. Qa:
(Baje, Ooiy, Bapys srt arabe
(Present, Past and Perfect Continuous Tenaos )
LURO IU.
95%
PAO gr @8g0 UBors it ap ub) Gower uri
groupé was smuüug goums. add
OgrepCu awanure yadó mais aréfiies
sowing JOE aces.
It is bad to eat too much,
To eat too much is bad.
Qidrp arms 907 Cura amumda,
che Gsrit ayarurs agd Bap % esp
armó uriddumd.
To obey the laws Is everyone's duty
To lean out of the the window is dangerous,
To be or not to be, is the question.
To ert is human; to foregive is divine.
To speak low of superiors Is bad.
4. Infinitive eg Purpose.
Cerdasese yoiussugr al
1er)
Children go to school to learn.
People go to the zoo to see the animals
and birds.
He ran fast to catch the train.
People go to the temple to pray.
I switched on the radio to listen to the
news.
He saves money to buy a car.
Y bought some crepe paper to decorate
the house.
Some boys dress well to impress the girls
We go to the beach to enjoy the cool
breeze,
mo.
She worked hard to get distinction in
English.
. Too + Adjective + Infinitive.
100° + Qun@peen + faparodmaQuéed
Dae demars Ja prayer dép durgá
ag sei.
She is too fat to dance.”
He is too fat to enter by this door.
The child ís too small to walk.
The boy is too stupid to understand.
Usa arto, “qu Denese ste sBeucr;
asarı, guard pied IS 9-5)
sau yyurs amb sc Larra
caer Gurogenua. Ds sois top Do
ando apro.
She is so fat that she cannot dance,
She cannot dance because she Is very fat.
Qúamas sotGh Guen Re esrrembscio 18 yd
UTL ZB AmmQuéss Gi psu es
ancla.
- ing expand
dem Grater - lng Betpp Panda An Gerd
ame urdu.
reading, speaking, eating, walklog,
interesting looking, dancing.
fes Cura -ing Qufuras Guy. dows
Gonpacr wag vesúre vu 2e. Qa:
(Baje, Ooiy, Bapys srt arabe
(Present, Past and Perfect Continuous Tenaos )
LURO IU.
95%
eb: She is learning music.
They were listening to the radio.
We have been studying English.
Gi) Guupesarads Undeugsscugs. Da Goudsse
uns Quuié Genders Ary be gro ma sy
LTBU Gowası pus.
: I read a very interesting story.
The story was interesting
se araQu SOs interesting ace Qeré story sriegyd
Quuer Meuse Haps. Qrén-rag asso
ASÍ CU Gifs suas.
dl) Quuts Gera Gureg uréBuiDa ayarurs
stag Geudupaurgers ugb. Qivuduni4e
Da @erPs2uuF Burdepy.
2-161 Running is a good exercise (subject)
Smoking is probibited subject)
Looking after children needs
patience, ésubject)
You must stop smoking. (object)
1 hate gossiping. (object)
She does not like cookidg. (object)
ws
LESSON 16
THE PASSIVE VOICE (0swtwurcG Ava)
Am Sncos2erpacr Qruiuglurgó ous Quay
wer pay UTAs Seems, Désosa de transitive
verb (Geudupaureér Séprdme aos ablar,
Qateoee Qédara Perris passive verbs ( Gemium-®
dom) mr ampésiudo, Séragh addy Qomœus
amu. .
She broke the glass.
The glass was broken by her.
DI wérmau ans@usBayiror sever (activo verb)
Qidos cayo, dor aru dieser
(passive verb) GemcumiP der mao piso.
Geo wrábutanas Oruiuricodar url
Mikiscrré ga PO daa dra gasrah 556 Cup.
1. Oeidam artigo Gruüupaurgdr, Aout
odas araBudBa agarurs mou.
2. Qeurcodes aráfusgo, de
be verb + past participle
Gare) yayo.
3. Oridam riu dad ars
Gouri @ Gamarra be verb
ario Boe.
Dis Ban vB Bute act Geert
wa Gdene ariba aovins dada unicGura,
1. Qrudar anéQugpe Geudugaurgers
diga glass Grudum pies aré@uisé
agarra apa.
3. Grid améMusBgrrer broke’ ade gu
acsGere Cda aru ‘was
broken" rer qa. Güte was rá
be verb; broken eerug break cp dende
Past participle apor.
97
They were listening to the radio.
We have been studying English.
Gi) Guupesarads Undeugsscugs. Da Goudsse
uns Quuié Genders Ary be gro ma sy
LTBU Gowası pus.
: I read a very interesting story.
The story was interesting
se araQu SOs interesting ace Qeré story sriegyd
Quuer Meuse Haps. Qrén-rag asso
ASÍ CU Gifs suas.
dl) Quuts Gera Gureg uréBuiDa ayarurs
stag Geudupaurgers ugb. Qivuduni4e
Da @erPs2uuF Burdepy.
2-161 Running is a good exercise (subject)
Smoking is probibited subject)
Looking after children needs
patience, ésubject)
You must stop smoking. (object)
1 hate gossiping. (object)
She does not like cookidg. (object)
ws
LESSON 16
THE PASSIVE VOICE (0swtwurcG Ava)
Am Sncos2erpacr Qruiuglurgó ous Quay
wer pay UTAs Seems, Désosa de transitive
verb (Geudupaureér Séprdme aos ablar,
Qateoee Qédara Perris passive verbs ( Gemium-®
dom) mr ampésiudo, Séragh addy Qomœus
amu. .
She broke the glass.
The glass was broken by her.
DI wérmau ans@usBayiror sever (activo verb)
Qidos cayo, dor aru dieser
(passive verb) GemcumiP der mao piso.
Geo wrábutanas Oruiuricodar url
Mikiscrré ga PO daa dra gasrah 556 Cup.
1. Oeidam artigo Gruüupaurgdr, Aout
odas araBudBa agarurs mou.
2. Qeurcodes aráfusgo, de
be verb + past participle
Gare) yayo.
3. Oridam riu dad ars
Gouri @ Gamarra be verb
ario Boe.
Dis Ban vB Bute act Geert
wa Gdene ariba aovins dada unicGura,
1. Qrudar anéQugpe Geudugaurgers
diga glass Grudum pies aré@uisé
agarra apa.
3. Grid améMusBgrrer broke’ ade gu
acsGere Cda aru ‘was
broken" rer qa. Güte was rá
be verb; broken eerug break cp dende
Past participle apor.
97
3. Geüdæer airsOu 590 adrer ‘broke’ ep dam
Dos crop smusgteg. Deocunto
Goede der ms asp god Dos
ara gags srg Pps.
Saagd alamo, Grüne Geucund@ de
ersorga ung, Gaétan arafesacte Caro
eyuisasra Guss.
‘TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVER VOICE
Present Simple breaks is broken
Present Continuous is breaking is being broken
Past Simple broke was broken
Past Continuous was breaking was being broken
Present Perfect has broken has been broken
Past perfect had broken had been broken
Future will break will be broken
Gary UTiss epromaraBud ue ropa
Gardes Qewiuregdiae agosmands umdülumb.
The glass. is broken by her.
‘The glass is being broken by her.
The glass was broken by her.
The glass was beiog broken by her.
The glass has been broken by her.
The glass had been broken by her.
The glass will be broken by her.
(ns ώuurer tener Oo ari DA)
4 Qrulurodar uráfuda ia Sugdurgyd
eer 30 athe (agent) LLO
acarg aciiugiturg ash wéerré by
sé aa. GrtssduGa, Gedo ariba
ws
Bayer (subject) ayarı, Geucum dimer
aréêusSé (object) Gruduaurger Bub
suis Bdgd. Dala agent (stdar) ord
201. The glass was broken by her een ona
WSS her agua ArutuG2uTadr Pease by
aay agmu géersé Qs amd BUS
ana.
Gadmeracr direct, indirect ¿Qu Quansd Goud
LOUIS Carded Qudyeruer uses
Qocend ur 590 urtéséard. Qésmau
Bence ow ardBuQursens Orta
aréBuurégt Gumg Direct object, Indirect object
atu Dragó grep ayuTuTs urppemd.
2-6: My aunt gave me a book.
BéaréRuggé book erérug direet objects
me sus indirect object.
I was given a book by my aunt.
Gruner oriDujDa ade me oyó
ww pypad Oro ur, Dari go
Laer agarura awpgcromgs ares.
A book was given to me by my aunt.
DL ‘book’ gra Osrys Qeusup
urge Igerura ubEgúuoaé arena.
Passive Vole vucru@urgy
9G Grund Grüsat @éswrt as @siurs
Landa Grwiurgdes eribud vuupésouDag
ury.
&-i5: My pen was stolen.
Hundreds of people are killed in
traffic accidents.
ET
Dos crop smusgteg. Deocunto
Goede der ms asp god Dos
ara gags srg Pps.
Saagd alamo, Grüne Geucund@ de
ersorga ung, Gaétan arafesacte Caro
eyuisasra Guss.
‘TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVER VOICE
Present Simple breaks is broken
Present Continuous is breaking is being broken
Past Simple broke was broken
Past Continuous was breaking was being broken
Present Perfect has broken has been broken
Past perfect had broken had been broken
Future will break will be broken
Gary UTiss epromaraBud ue ropa
Gardes Qewiuregdiae agosmands umdülumb.
The glass. is broken by her.
‘The glass is being broken by her.
The glass was broken by her.
The glass was beiog broken by her.
The glass has been broken by her.
The glass had been broken by her.
The glass will be broken by her.
(ns ώuurer tener Oo ari DA)
4 Qrulurodar uráfuda ia Sugdurgyd
eer 30 athe (agent) LLO
acarg aciiugiturg ash wéerré by
sé aa. GrtssduGa, Gedo ariba
ws
Bayer (subject) ayarı, Geucum dimer
aréêusSé (object) Gruduaurger Bub
suis Bdgd. Dala agent (stdar) ord
201. The glass was broken by her een ona
WSS her agua ArutuG2uTadr Pease by
aay agmu géersé Qs amd BUS
ana.
Gadmeracr direct, indirect ¿Qu Quansd Goud
LOUIS Carded Qudyeruer uses
Qocend ur 590 urtéséard. Qésmau
Bence ow ardBuQursens Orta
aréBuurégt Gumg Direct object, Indirect object
atu Dragó grep ayuTuTs urppemd.
2-6: My aunt gave me a book.
BéaréRuggé book erérug direet objects
me sus indirect object.
I was given a book by my aunt.
Gruner oriDujDa ade me oyó
ww pypad Oro ur, Dari go
Laer agarura awpgcromgs ares.
A book was given to me by my aunt.
DL ‘book’ gra Osrys Qeusup
urge Igerura ubEgúuoaé arena.
Passive Vole vucru@urgy
9G Grund Grüsat @éswrt as @siurs
Landa Grwiurgdes eribud vuupésouDag
ury.
&-i5: My pen was stolen.
Hundreds of people are killed in
traffic accidents.
ET
POVGALU Luar Ora fado, cog
Cum sy Qurudcız, yt “aug Cueros
unter UCLA” CD gat ia.
Wings agua Sp wu. yard gbRasPa Qa
“05034 Crutunigdaada Caiga wry.
Some body stole my pen seg apodo
‘My pen was stolen’ ro «gets up.
Grud yhuwegi Grue géuurs ace ep
Bade Cruda vuérupésupe.
£-- 6: The results will be published tomorrow.
The drama was first staged in 1972,
EXERCISE
Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice,
Seagurapaps Geuurcgdoe aréêutaurs
(A)
1. Some people eat snails.
2. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penici
3. The careless cook spoilt the soup.
4. He tames even the wildest beasts.
5. They cut the bread into small pieces,
6. They cat a lot of beef in this country,
7. The Goverament is spending a lot of money
on our education.
8. Tomorrow Professor Jones will examine us
on English Literature.
9. People always suspect new opinions,
10. Kalu Banda’s strange appearance attracted
the attention of the street urchins.
3100
11, We need more water for agriculture.
12. The Committee bas approved the plan.
13. The C. I. D. officer is secretly observing the
behaviour of the thugs
14. The police have completed their inquiries,
15. Can we overcome bunger and disease?
«By
1. My mother teaches me music.
2. The doctor gave the patient a mixture and
some tablets,
3. The University grants bursaries for deserving
students.
4. Ceylon will supply electricity to India.
5. The Mahaveli project will supply water to
the Dry zone.
6. I cannot give you any more money.
7. She gave her son a swimming suit as a
birthday present.
8. The Goverment refused liquor licence to
the Welfare Society.
9. She tells me all sorts of funny stories.
10. Mark Antony requested the audience to lend
him their ears.
101
Cum sy Qurudcız, yt “aug Cueros
unter UCLA” CD gat ia.
Wings agua Sp wu. yard gbRasPa Qa
“05034 Crutunigdaada Caiga wry.
Some body stole my pen seg apodo
‘My pen was stolen’ ro «gets up.
Grud yhuwegi Grue géuurs ace ep
Bade Cruda vuérupésupe.
£-- 6: The results will be published tomorrow.
The drama was first staged in 1972,
EXERCISE
Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice,
Seagurapaps Geuurcgdoe aréêutaurs
(A)
1. Some people eat snails.
2. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penici
3. The careless cook spoilt the soup.
4. He tames even the wildest beasts.
5. They cut the bread into small pieces,
6. They cat a lot of beef in this country,
7. The Goverament is spending a lot of money
on our education.
8. Tomorrow Professor Jones will examine us
on English Literature.
9. People always suspect new opinions,
10. Kalu Banda’s strange appearance attracted
the attention of the street urchins.
3100
11, We need more water for agriculture.
12. The Committee bas approved the plan.
13. The C. I. D. officer is secretly observing the
behaviour of the thugs
14. The police have completed their inquiries,
15. Can we overcome bunger and disease?
«By
1. My mother teaches me music.
2. The doctor gave the patient a mixture and
some tablets,
3. The University grants bursaries for deserving
students.
4. Ceylon will supply electricity to India.
5. The Mahaveli project will supply water to
the Dry zone.
6. I cannot give you any more money.
7. She gave her son a swimming suit as a
birthday present.
8. The Goverment refused liquor licence to
the Welfare Society.
9. She tells me all sorts of funny stories.
10. Mark Antony requested the audience to lend
him their ears.
101
LESSON 17
DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Crt mógd Core apago
Seat ade amtsosan QaaPeid Gsidéser.
sat asuontpagsocr giugty 2905+ Gordag
98 wos. Oo Direct Speech (Utada) eva.
Chua s antsmside 055 wrong Get pace
Lor POO atacado apa Indirect Speech (Bp7 moo)
aupa.
Csr app Guoduran Cuésmparé Dip.
Ost apap Use apor Quutdgd ès Ro
Un ppisd IIS GIRA. e ansBudac,
Rass, «coma ac Sere aos aré@uaæer
Cpr apprégtsrse Bayo wrbpèsse gia
aréu ando easy Oprégag wgesp.
Statements (rd ave@utad)
Ost ap Sacwds Fa rip araQudace ade
ertaduna.
He said, “I have lost my purse.”
The teacher said to the students, “You may
go home now."
The teacher sald to me, “You have not done
well ia the test.”
She says, “I am golog to leave the job.”
PraréBudado Sao miehswer surge
Gap.
MM) gende 2. Coplará GHécautou
eds. gan. Coplará chseès dt
Baus ejopr a.
39102
di) 85 apacigud Quilagy sradadr (Tenses)
Sewsgicrcrer, ápra, yeh aria
usb nd Dogs sra (Past Tenses)
Copiar apse Papy Bonus area
(Present Perfect Tense) srunQerwer.
Opt ajo Oso appre urpyiturg Sirga
wrbphaër HUA
1. Iso afrol pu Wwptarcr app
dead aro es.
(m) Srgo app dem feparaspe
2dmgrdó, Coglará amdBudmmu
PaparapBte Quéso.
(4) Tama araña Igor ea,
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Future : Future Pasta
will do would do
Future Cont:
will be doing
Future Past cont, :
would be doing
Pres. Simple : do Past Simple : did
Present : Cont; Past Cont. :
doing was doing
Present Perf. : Past Perf.
have done had done,
Past Simple 3 Past Perf. :
did had been
Pres. Perf, Cont ı Past, Perf, cont. t
have been doing had been dotng
103%
DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Crt mógd Core apago
Seat ade amtsosan QaaPeid Gsidéser.
sat asuontpagsocr giugty 2905+ Gordag
98 wos. Oo Direct Speech (Utada) eva.
Chua s antsmside 055 wrong Get pace
Lor POO atacado apa Indirect Speech (Bp7 moo)
aupa.
Csr app Guoduran Cuésmparé Dip.
Ost apap Use apor Quutdgd ès Ro
Un ppisd IIS GIRA. e ansBudac,
Rass, «coma ac Sere aos aré@uaæer
Cpr apprégtsrse Bayo wrbpèsse gia
aréu ando easy Oprégag wgesp.
Statements (rd ave@utad)
Ost ap Sacwds Fa rip araQudace ade
ertaduna.
He said, “I have lost my purse.”
The teacher said to the students, “You may
go home now."
The teacher sald to me, “You have not done
well ia the test.”
She says, “I am golog to leave the job.”
PraréBudado Sao miehswer surge
Gap.
MM) gende 2. Coplará GHécautou
eds. gan. Coplará chseès dt
Baus ejopr a.
39102
di) 85 apacigud Quilagy sradadr (Tenses)
Sewsgicrcrer, ápra, yeh aria
usb nd Dogs sra (Past Tenses)
Copiar apse Papy Bonus area
(Present Perfect Tense) srunQerwer.
Opt ajo Oso appre urpyiturg Sirga
wrbphaër HUA
1. Iso afrol pu Wwptarcr app
dead aro es.
(m) Srgo app dem feparaspe
2dmgrdó, Coglará amdBudmmu
PaparapBte Quéso.
(4) Tama araña Igor ea,
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Future : Future Pasta
will do would do
Future Cont:
will be doing
Future Past cont, :
would be doing
Pres. Simple : do Past Simple : did
Present : Cont; Past Cont. :
doing was doing
Present Perf. : Past Perf.
have done had done,
Past Simple 3 Past Perf. :
did had been
Pres. Perf, Cont ı Past, Perf, cont. t
have been doing had been dotng
103%
He said, “Gopal will go to Jaffna soon.”
He said that Gopal would goto Jaffna soon.
He said, “I will be celebrating my birthday
on monday,”
He said that be would be celebrating bis
birthday on monday.
He said, “I do not like crime stories.”
He said that he did not like crime stories,
Sits said, “1 am going to give a dance
recital at Saraswathi Hall.”
Sita said that she was going to give a dance
recital at Sarawathi Hall.
He said, “I have made a mistake.”
He said that he had made a mistake.
He said; “Jones left for Zambia on Tuesd:
He said that Jones had left for Zambia on
Tuesday.
2. snob neat igh dara Séagurg unppb
eb.
Direct Judireet
today that day
yesterday the day before,
tomorrow the next day/the following
day.
ago before
next week/month/year the following week/montb/
year.
last week/montb/year the previous week/month/
year,
now then
104
CETTE
“
.
He said, “Gopal will go to Jaffna tomorrow.”
He said that Gopal would go to Jaffna the
next day. -
He said, “Jones left for Zambia last week”
Ho said that Jones had left for Zambia the
previous weck.
+ Rag par qa” quero.
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
+ Ost spé Gerad urerig Sass spot mGar
AQUÍ séœuéGagu, Omplará aráluiDa
Saw, géant unir Guutace Qcun ge,
añeg urprus Deia.
e-bs
The teacher said to the students. “You
have not dono well in the test.”
The teacher said to the students that they
had not done well Io the test.
The teacher said to me, “You have not
done well in the test.”
The teacher told me that I had not done
well in the test.
Question in Indirect Speech (2570 mg Pan sauvé)
Opt apoderr, Opa appreciu@iurs Séragd
un pptac J buQu.
1, are gai uu, dara ume,
ersp aria Cursa podar
aro.
105%
He said that Gopal would goto Jaffna soon.
He said, “I will be celebrating my birthday
on monday,”
He said that be would be celebrating bis
birthday on monday.
He said, “I do not like crime stories.”
He said that he did not like crime stories,
Sits said, “1 am going to give a dance
recital at Saraswathi Hall.”
Sita said that she was going to give a dance
recital at Sarawathi Hall.
He said, “I have made a mistake.”
He said that he had made a mistake.
He said; “Jones left for Zambia on Tuesd:
He said that Jones had left for Zambia on
Tuesday.
2. snob neat igh dara Séagurg unppb
eb.
Direct Judireet
today that day
yesterday the day before,
tomorrow the next day/the following
day.
ago before
next week/month/year the following week/montb/
year.
last week/montb/year the previous week/month/
year,
now then
104
CETTE
“
.
He said, “Gopal will go to Jaffna tomorrow.”
He said that Gopal would go to Jaffna the
next day. -
He said, “Jones left for Zambia last week”
Ho said that Jones had left for Zambia the
previous weck.
+ Rag par qa” quero.
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
+ Ost spé Gerad urerig Sass spot mGar
AQUÍ séœuéGagu, Omplará aráluiDa
Saw, géant unir Guutace Qcun ge,
añeg urprus Deia.
e-bs
The teacher said to the students. “You
have not dono well in the test.”
The teacher said to the students that they
had not done well Io the test.
The teacher said to me, “You have not
done well in the test.”
The teacher told me that I had not done
well in the test.
Question in Indirect Speech (2570 mg Pan sauvé)
Opt apoderr, Opa appreciu@iurs Séragd
un pptac J buQu.
1, are gai uu, dara ume,
ersp aria Cursa podar
aro.
105%
2. daragad srbgaréfuegaurs ung.
3. apusinpógón ‘say aap doué Gere
ask, inquire wer or pa.
4, des Cerdo is gama Garo
OsrLigd Gerard, ADORA Bcc
OSs whether ap Gerd Getésoupu.
QuáBano wer sBh Dari Berango apra
ahd Denim 057% apprgsturs Giu0s mp pde
nn aru probeta.
He sald, “Where does Copal live?”
He asked wbere Gopal lived.
He sald, “How can I go to the station?”
He asked how he could go tothe station.
He said, “Is that the Mail train?”
He asked (me) whether it was the Mail train.
Question beginning shall, will, can.
(shall, will, con gawapag yaurad Oardea
Decó Parás)
shall, will attuapepd uuduossiotu dad
¿gas Qdswav arABubsensgd Oda.
Cpt apo, strode (st person) supe shall,
Ogró Roge Uitéwedd will oo unge. aba
«Hé ade Dow Dye sroszerde, Copla
Apodacyd apar wruwsr®, will would «er
amo.
ends
He said, “When shall I know the result
of the interview?”
He inquired when he would know the
result of the interview.
106
He said, “Will you have a drink?
He asked me whether I would have a drink
or He offered me a driok,
He said to the boss, “May I go out?
He asked the boss whether he could go out.
or He asked the boss to let him go out.
or He asked permission from the boss to
go out.
Request and Commands ( Cuce@Gancs, acer)
Gpiapde Cala gung acim gas
wisse, Iagú wtppiad MQ wun.
1. IBID dar, Suri request,
order, command ser weg.
2. api daras DIG, urer Csra@
GacrpGsrir año sar Ur
aúdor BvGugse Cardo. asoma
Cuptarcr midge dew sra
(infinitive: wr pB mus sun,
ed;
He said, “Ram, bring my pen.”
He told Ram to bring his pen.
The judge said, “Produce the culprit
immediately Inspector. 1”
The judge ordered the Inspector to produce
the culprit immediately.
EXERCISE
Put the following into indirect speech.
1. My friend said to me “We have bought a
new house.
107%
3. apusinpógón ‘say aap doué Gere
ask, inquire wer or pa.
4, des Cerdo is gama Garo
OsrLigd Gerard, ADORA Bcc
OSs whether ap Gerd Getésoupu.
QuáBano wer sBh Dari Berango apra
ahd Denim 057% apprgsturs Giu0s mp pde
nn aru probeta.
He sald, “Where does Copal live?”
He asked wbere Gopal lived.
He sald, “How can I go to the station?”
He asked how he could go tothe station.
He said, “Is that the Mail train?”
He asked (me) whether it was the Mail train.
Question beginning shall, will, can.
(shall, will, con gawapag yaurad Oardea
Decó Parás)
shall, will attuapepd uuduossiotu dad
¿gas Qdswav arABubsensgd Oda.
Cpt apo, strode (st person) supe shall,
Ogró Roge Uitéwedd will oo unge. aba
«Hé ade Dow Dye sroszerde, Copla
Apodacyd apar wruwsr®, will would «er
amo.
ends
He said, “When shall I know the result
of the interview?”
He inquired when he would know the
result of the interview.
106
He said, “Will you have a drink?
He asked me whether I would have a drink
or He offered me a driok,
He said to the boss, “May I go out?
He asked the boss whether he could go out.
or He asked the boss to let him go out.
or He asked permission from the boss to
go out.
Request and Commands ( Cuce@Gancs, acer)
Gpiapde Cala gung acim gas
wisse, Iagú wtppiad MQ wun.
1. IBID dar, Suri request,
order, command ser weg.
2. api daras DIG, urer Csra@
GacrpGsrir año sar Ur
aúdor BvGugse Cardo. asoma
Cuptarcr midge dew sra
(infinitive: wr pB mus sun,
ed;
He said, “Ram, bring my pen.”
He told Ram to bring his pen.
The judge said, “Produce the culprit
immediately Inspector. 1”
The judge ordered the Inspector to produce
the culprit immediately.
EXERCISE
Put the following into indirect speech.
1. My friend said to me “We have bought a
new house.
107%
2. The boy said to his companion. I will
not come to school tomorrow.
3. “I am unable to memorize the poem”, said
Leela.
4, “We will be moving Into our new flat
next week”, said my aunt.
5. The teacher said to us “You must read a
book a week.
6. “I am disgusted with politics”, said the
candidate.
7. Alice says, “I am taking every effort to
improve my Mathematics.»
8. My friend asked me,
bring me from India?”
9. A student asked the teacher, “T's it possible
for the Eskimos to be Vegetarians”
10. “Never shall I seek employment abroad”,
said my friend.
11. “What is your name and where do you
live?” asked the constable.
12. How can you hold a feast in such a little
room?” Todd asked,
Tora the following sentences into the indirect speech
daa Ds appre undpe
1. My. friend said. “I think it’s going to rain
soon.”
2, Mary said. “P've been reading this book for
two days and I still haven't any idea what
it’s about,”
3. He told his friend, “If you break your promise,
T'll never speak to you again.”
“What will you
ml08
7
1
The manager asked the typist, “why are you
wasting the firm’s time instead of getting on
with those letters that I dictated this morning?”
The fisherman said : “After I bad been fishing
for an hour. I caught the biggest fish that
has ever been caught in this lake.”
The doctor said to the patient: “You must
take a long rest or your will suffer a nervous
breakdown **
The motorist said: “As I was coming round
the corner, a man suddenly stepped out in
front of me, so I swerved to avoid him.”
The employee telephoned to say: “I may not
be able to come in tomorrow as I have caught
a cold and am running a fairly high
temperature."*
The Ugly Ducking said: “They tell me that
when I grow up I shall be a very handsome
bird.”
The man told the police, “While I was sleeping
last night, a burgler broke in and stole my
suitease
The boy said: “I didn't kick the football
through the window, the wind blew it
through it"
The professoor enquired, “Has anyone seen my
spectacles anywhere? (and added) I know I put
them down somewhere in the room a little
while ago.”
The father asked the children: “What have
you been doing since I went out this morning?”
The girl said. “I shall do my best to succeed,
as I do not want to disappoint my parents."
The boy asked. “If I pass the examination
will you give me a bicycle as a reward?"
109%
not come to school tomorrow.
3. “I am unable to memorize the poem”, said
Leela.
4, “We will be moving Into our new flat
next week”, said my aunt.
5. The teacher said to us “You must read a
book a week.
6. “I am disgusted with politics”, said the
candidate.
7. Alice says, “I am taking every effort to
improve my Mathematics.»
8. My friend asked me,
bring me from India?”
9. A student asked the teacher, “T's it possible
for the Eskimos to be Vegetarians”
10. “Never shall I seek employment abroad”,
said my friend.
11. “What is your name and where do you
live?” asked the constable.
12. How can you hold a feast in such a little
room?” Todd asked,
Tora the following sentences into the indirect speech
daa Ds appre undpe
1. My. friend said. “I think it’s going to rain
soon.”
2, Mary said. “P've been reading this book for
two days and I still haven't any idea what
it’s about,”
3. He told his friend, “If you break your promise,
T'll never speak to you again.”
“What will you
ml08
7
1
The manager asked the typist, “why are you
wasting the firm’s time instead of getting on
with those letters that I dictated this morning?”
The fisherman said : “After I bad been fishing
for an hour. I caught the biggest fish that
has ever been caught in this lake.”
The doctor said to the patient: “You must
take a long rest or your will suffer a nervous
breakdown **
The motorist said: “As I was coming round
the corner, a man suddenly stepped out in
front of me, so I swerved to avoid him.”
The employee telephoned to say: “I may not
be able to come in tomorrow as I have caught
a cold and am running a fairly high
temperature."*
The Ugly Ducking said: “They tell me that
when I grow up I shall be a very handsome
bird.”
The man told the police, “While I was sleeping
last night, a burgler broke in and stole my
suitease
The boy said: “I didn't kick the football
through the window, the wind blew it
through it"
The professoor enquired, “Has anyone seen my
spectacles anywhere? (and added) I know I put
them down somewhere in the room a little
while ago.”
The father asked the children: “What have
you been doing since I went out this morning?”
The girl said. “I shall do my best to succeed,
as I do not want to disappoint my parents."
The boy asked. “If I pass the examination
will you give me a bicycle as a reward?"
109%
‘Transform the following sentences into Direct specch.
Shagsmupen Opt appa wrbpe.
1. John told the fellow ihat he was a liar.
2. My friend said that he bad been absent earlier
that day.
3. The traveller said that he had nothing to
declare.
4. The boy promised that he would never do it
acaio
5, The passenger declared that be could not
understand what was written on the form
6 The driver stated that he was not to be blamed
for the accident that had occurred
7. The customs officer asked the girl what she
had in her bag
8, The tourist told them that when he was living
abroad he always did as the people of the
country did.
9. The doctor told his patient that he was not
getting enough sleep.
10, The shopkeeper told them that the previous
day he had sold ail the things they wanted.
11. The orator said that while he had been
speaking some rude fellow had thrown a rotien
tomato at him.
12. The park-keeper told them that they must not
leave litter on the grass.
13. The man told the police that he was being
followed by enemy agents, who bad even tried
to kill bim.
14, The meteorogical experts declared that there
might be some rain before the end of the
month.
15, The tourist asked how he could get to the
Colombo Museum and whether it was open
that day.
110
LESSON 18
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE (soy arré@uith)
Growin ure s8d, gt agurys 99 wont
wuehmeyb Orig wrdBub aude
untálgro. 995495 Ws alu nade Dar 9
Quugé 99 yágdosyé Gard oa.
Bis Aiu Gere QUO. Aids
2945466 va gépsnbs aru 9B Ia
uuslænuloué yápis Cofuli ayarnsgd
vuslossg ALLA Dssesu aro
Complex Sentence (amy @ré@und) aupa. DéaréQuà
Ya 99 sœnœué 10550 9? ado UD amará ayáa
se DGsed. swamus 20405 QaciiUo seb a
¿avd Dew (Principal Clause) seau, smeé
049m Gackiudsed vB entys Bordud
(Subordinate Clause) web mglar.
Clause (Berafuns)
entya Beräuwrerg Quura Peru (Noun Clause),
Guages Bau (Adjective Clave) demums
Bardia (Adverb Clause) ase pág uva. Qabpa
2959 Oueiuntaó yiRu Qu Rigo daras
Dududaner (Adwerb Clauses) pedo umtudumd.
1. ADVERB CLAUSE (Gemums Serius)
Qsead Sragury ups.
(N Adverb Claus of Condition
(Lauro ApAdags Secu Dan)
"wepQuuste ut Gepsge". Quarshus Be
ust OrPigó «avg pm Rada,
‘weyQuigra* adug ortya Badus, ut?
Grpéshe. wep Guiser®u SowduT@
a bs PU “sé” ca gid
Re8ard yaIUGssiuG2ps. gBoZBo Qe
s0$p muy yapevó urtibura,
111
Shagsmupen Opt appa wrbpe.
1. John told the fellow ihat he was a liar.
2. My friend said that he bad been absent earlier
that day.
3. The traveller said that he had nothing to
declare.
4. The boy promised that he would never do it
acaio
5, The passenger declared that be could not
understand what was written on the form
6 The driver stated that he was not to be blamed
for the accident that had occurred
7. The customs officer asked the girl what she
had in her bag
8, The tourist told them that when he was living
abroad he always did as the people of the
country did.
9. The doctor told his patient that he was not
getting enough sleep.
10, The shopkeeper told them that the previous
day he had sold ail the things they wanted.
11. The orator said that while he had been
speaking some rude fellow had thrown a rotien
tomato at him.
12. The park-keeper told them that they must not
leave litter on the grass.
13. The man told the police that he was being
followed by enemy agents, who bad even tried
to kill bim.
14, The meteorogical experts declared that there
might be some rain before the end of the
month.
15, The tourist asked how he could get to the
Colombo Museum and whether it was open
that day.
110
LESSON 18
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE (soy arré@uith)
Growin ure s8d, gt agurys 99 wont
wuehmeyb Orig wrdBub aude
untálgro. 995495 Ws alu nade Dar 9
Quugé 99 yágdosyé Gard oa.
Bis Aiu Gere QUO. Aids
2945466 va gépsnbs aru 9B Ia
uuslænuloué yápis Cofuli ayarnsgd
vuslossg ALLA Dssesu aro
Complex Sentence (amy @ré@und) aupa. DéaréQuà
Ya 99 sœnœué 10550 9? ado UD amará ayáa
se DGsed. swamus 20405 QaciiUo seb a
¿avd Dew (Principal Clause) seau, smeé
049m Gackiudsed vB entys Bordud
(Subordinate Clause) web mglar.
Clause (Berafuns)
entya Beräuwrerg Quura Peru (Noun Clause),
Guages Bau (Adjective Clave) demums
Bardia (Adverb Clause) ase pág uva. Qabpa
2959 Oueiuntaó yiRu Qu Rigo daras
Dududaner (Adwerb Clauses) pedo umtudumd.
1. ADVERB CLAUSE (Gemums Serius)
Qsead Sragury ups.
(N Adverb Claus of Condition
(Lauro ApAdags Secu Dan)
"wepQuuste ut Gepsge". Quarshus Be
ust OrPigó «avg pm Rada,
‘weyQuigra* adug ortya Badus, ut?
Grpéshe. wep Guiser®u SowduT@
a bs PU “sé” ca gid
Re8ard yaIUGssiuG2ps. gBoZBo Qe
s0$p muy yapevó urtibura,
111
If it rains, plañts will thrive
BeBe UU, Pou ‘If wad arc
LPS. ‘Quüsra" ap oscar Doss 10484
eters. wi@esBe if-rins eu Paparod,
Doses giles arésQubshe gar Arde
aña dew Pajaros Dgo, guna BerdusPgider
des oPtarasBerd aos Hasnohéa.
Qega, Dslurp Ge aréButamad uriibumá.
If she comes, I shall be happy.
If ‘it rains, I may not go to the cinema,
I will pay you a visit, if I find time.
She may stay at home, if she does not want
to go out with us.
If you want to pass the examination, you must
work hard.
It a student falls the entrance examination, he
can try to enter the Technical College.
If you don't pay the money in time, you
will be sued for default,
If you read the news papers every day, you
will improve your knowledge.
If you annoy the cat, she will scratch you,
If he runs, he will catch the train.
Culo urtáa aprromibació ¿Die Braun
Bopisisoa. Dósosus Powiurd erDu Par
«(possible condition) ewuußsb. llora Parar
LiDusDe (impossible condition) weruumb. ssw
Had PapsA gamps eH Qouy ps9os
só Qiang dasrpseigd. aap qué Sai
unceng Oia Désautg.
mu
If you had come yesterday, I would havo
helped you.
8 0500 aiSossrà Bre à 58 GrifgiGuér.
If he had studied carefully, he would have
passed the examination
He could have caught the train, if he
had started earlier.
If we bad knowa in time, we could have
Prevented the disaster. u
If you had not explained to me, I would
not have understood.
If the car had not broken down, we would
have been in time for the show.
If the windows had been closed, the thief
would not have got inside.
If I had worked harder in my young age,
I would have become a rich man.
If my friend had not warned me, I would
have made the mistake.
We could have won the match, if we had
practised harder.
Douro daré Ostia ‘unless’ ceo
vos ALO. Sau aPtwern Sas
yedupós unless euGurRésu art. Berge Gwen
aréfubawsr quart.
Unless you work hard, you may fail.
If you do not work hard, you may fait.
Unless it rains, we cannot sow paddy.
If it does not rain, we cannot sow paddy.
Unless you invite, she will not come.
If you do not invite, she will not come.
1128
BeBe UU, Pou ‘If wad arc
LPS. ‘Quüsra" ap oscar Doss 10484
eters. wi@esBe if-rins eu Paparod,
Doses giles arésQubshe gar Arde
aña dew Pajaros Dgo, guna BerdusPgider
des oPtarasBerd aos Hasnohéa.
Qega, Dslurp Ge aréButamad uriibumá.
If she comes, I shall be happy.
If ‘it rains, I may not go to the cinema,
I will pay you a visit, if I find time.
She may stay at home, if she does not want
to go out with us.
If you want to pass the examination, you must
work hard.
It a student falls the entrance examination, he
can try to enter the Technical College.
If you don't pay the money in time, you
will be sued for default,
If you read the news papers every day, you
will improve your knowledge.
If you annoy the cat, she will scratch you,
If he runs, he will catch the train.
Culo urtáa aprromibació ¿Die Braun
Bopisisoa. Dósosus Powiurd erDu Par
«(possible condition) ewuußsb. llora Parar
LiDusDe (impossible condition) weruumb. ssw
Had PapsA gamps eH Qouy ps9os
só Qiang dasrpseigd. aap qué Sai
unceng Oia Désautg.
mu
If you had come yesterday, I would havo
helped you.
8 0500 aiSossrà Bre à 58 GrifgiGuér.
If he had studied carefully, he would have
passed the examination
He could have caught the train, if he
had started earlier.
If we bad knowa in time, we could have
Prevented the disaster. u
If you had not explained to me, I would
not have understood.
If the car had not broken down, we would
have been in time for the show.
If the windows had been closed, the thief
would not have got inside.
If I had worked harder in my young age,
I would have become a rich man.
If my friend had not warned me, I would
have made the mistake.
We could have won the match, if we had
practised harder.
Douro daré Ostia ‘unless’ ceo
vos ALO. Sau aPtwern Sas
yedupós unless euGurRésu art. Berge Gwen
aréfubawsr quart.
Unless you work hard, you may fail.
If you do not work hard, you may fait.
Unless it rains, we cannot sow paddy.
If it does not rain, we cannot sow paddy.
Unless you invite, she will not come.
If you do not invite, she will not come.
1128
2, Adverb Clause of Time (are mamma Dare)
@sMercharbacr when, while, until, before, after, as
soon as wicnever ráU mp wears Dans.
When (Ours)
I will come when I am ready.
When he goes to London, he will take his
wife with bim.
Ber pegs Aurgd Gury gat weeroud
Gs Gada,
as soon as (ace)
I shall give you the money as soon as I
get my salary.
lud QupsaL® werig uen sata.
Rajah plans to go to Zambia as soon as
he completes his studies.
Until (are)
Don's start writing, until 1 tell you.
Bree Derágib woe oyps@srLws Cuero;
The child went on crying until it got the
sweets.
before (pay)
He was working as a clerk befor he went
to the university.
useoaieyadgigo Dura way gat ave
Sora atan pr.
Don't count the chickens before they are
hatched,
mis
after (Sr)
Gopu began reading a novel after he had
finished his home work.
LLO Cura yy ee Séry Jar pra ras
Osmatane,
The guard whistled after all the passengers
bad got into the train.
whenever (Gur@ gérer)
The boy throws stones whenever he sees dog.
sous aro Durand ayu «¿fr
Whenever you need help, you can come to
me,
290 Curt À adam aos
Whenever he saw a new book, he bought it,
8) Adverb Clause of Reason (ox Mmeruced Bardo)
Da because, as, since aupa @éreraé
Car Gao.
because : She is proud because she is beautiful.
1 feel sleepy because 1 could not sleep
last night,
as: As wo didn't have enongh money, we
decided to walk,
As she Is very shy, she does not talk
much.
Since : Since you won't listen to my advice,
I am not going to give you any money.
Since the costof living bas gone high,
our landlord has increased the house
rent.
1153
@sMercharbacr when, while, until, before, after, as
soon as wicnever ráU mp wears Dans.
When (Ours)
I will come when I am ready.
When he goes to London, he will take his
wife with bim.
Ber pegs Aurgd Gury gat weeroud
Gs Gada,
as soon as (ace)
I shall give you the money as soon as I
get my salary.
lud QupsaL® werig uen sata.
Rajah plans to go to Zambia as soon as
he completes his studies.
Until (are)
Don's start writing, until 1 tell you.
Bree Derágib woe oyps@srLws Cuero;
The child went on crying until it got the
sweets.
before (pay)
He was working as a clerk befor he went
to the university.
useoaieyadgigo Dura way gat ave
Sora atan pr.
Don't count the chickens before they are
hatched,
mis
after (Sr)
Gopu began reading a novel after he had
finished his home work.
LLO Cura yy ee Séry Jar pra ras
Osmatane,
The guard whistled after all the passengers
bad got into the train.
whenever (Gur@ gérer)
The boy throws stones whenever he sees dog.
sous aro Durand ayu «¿fr
Whenever you need help, you can come to
me,
290 Curt À adam aos
Whenever he saw a new book, he bought it,
8) Adverb Clause of Reason (ox Mmeruced Bardo)
Da because, as, since aupa @éreraé
Car Gao.
because : She is proud because she is beautiful.
1 feel sleepy because 1 could not sleep
last night,
as: As wo didn't have enongh money, we
decided to walk,
As she Is very shy, she does not talk
much.
Since : Since you won't listen to my advice,
I am not going to give you any money.
Since the costof living bas gone high,
our landlord has increased the house
rent.
1153
4) Adverb Clause of Purpose (Gpréscemtégn de
wos Rada)
Infinitive (ase dm) yes Csráspago yor
LOBO dues gala (15 gb ur_8Bé) ums
starb. Ls Qurgos mem. Bardub ya
Gachings gd Cum gy ‘so that? ep wma ui
uO Sze,
He is studying Accountancy fo get a better job
He is studyiog Accountancy so that he may
get a better job.
she Aero GupIuceod musparsé soráduo
Lua pre.
He works overtime to earn more money.
He works overtime so that he could earn more
money.
(5) Adverb Clause of Result (era sont gid Amar)
asedio ups ur bPd "oo-to’ «ep
Bert yous untss aréfuèemr Dig Lar
10495 Garcrag yanun.
The girl Is 100 fat to dance.
Dove dmuacà Berdvuns yaussrh Sor
augura Sup.
The girl is so fat that she. cannot dance.
scqad a yRuTS rpg Qudr ugéBgé
Bord maus urge.
Qué prqud sg yyuTed Dguusdgá arr
sects que bse udu. aula au ¿de
LOUUIAS deny prcquè y Quero.
Qúwasóa Qágró An a srramemet urtiuri.
The lecturer spoke so fast that the audience
could not follow him.
ls
The rain fell so heavily that the road could
not be seen clearly,
The dog was so fierce that no one dared to
go near it.
6. Adverb Clause of Concestion (Meréagoont sg
Sara Dra)
Dsamsd Dadutesr though, although, even if
Tau (pirmras Qe.
Though he is poor, he is honest.
She is not proud, although she Is beautiful.
Even if you don't like others, you must be
Polite in your speech.
6. Adjective Clause (Guugen.é Merced)
Quuté Gera Klsiea 93 Gendarsyd mo
vo Gerdwrgud quo. um Geräome genous
Bead Ga uma Gasdyé Derpsaró Bogie
artes UsBYL& Brtdsdudd. Dásso
Ama Aerpseye Werde who, whow,
whose, which, that
wuo
95 sréuésæer oases Cura L we, you, he,
she, they ¿Lu (award Cappoudd denied) US
Guursgéara wei.
I have a friend. He can walk on his hands.
Dés Qos cag ardua the” ro UBS
Ouut wad aréfiéSgiére friend” rép Gendgiige
“Bere Sans. Dis Qro an sO ui à en cry à
Quertgd Ours he asusggó ufara who sano.
Quarp ‘who cáusro Qamásidu)p Pande
aréu.
11058
wos Rada)
Infinitive (ase dm) yes Csráspago yor
LOBO dues gala (15 gb ur_8Bé) ums
starb. Ls Qurgos mem. Bardub ya
Gachings gd Cum gy ‘so that? ep wma ui
uO Sze,
He is studying Accountancy fo get a better job
He is studyiog Accountancy so that he may
get a better job.
she Aero GupIuceod musparsé soráduo
Lua pre.
He works overtime to earn more money.
He works overtime so that he could earn more
money.
(5) Adverb Clause of Result (era sont gid Amar)
asedio ups ur bPd "oo-to’ «ep
Bert yous untss aréfuèemr Dig Lar
10495 Garcrag yanun.
The girl Is 100 fat to dance.
Dove dmuacà Berdvuns yaussrh Sor
augura Sup.
The girl is so fat that she. cannot dance.
scqad a yRuTS rpg Qudr ugéBgé
Bord maus urge.
Qué prqud sg yyuTed Dguusdgá arr
sects que bse udu. aula au ¿de
LOUUIAS deny prcquè y Quero.
Qúwasóa Qágró An a srramemet urtiuri.
The lecturer spoke so fast that the audience
could not follow him.
ls
The rain fell so heavily that the road could
not be seen clearly,
The dog was so fierce that no one dared to
go near it.
6. Adverb Clause of Concestion (Meréagoont sg
Sara Dra)
Dsamsd Dadutesr though, although, even if
Tau (pirmras Qe.
Though he is poor, he is honest.
She is not proud, although she Is beautiful.
Even if you don't like others, you must be
Polite in your speech.
6. Adjective Clause (Guugen.é Merced)
Quuté Gera Klsiea 93 Gendarsyd mo
vo Gerdwrgud quo. um Geräome genous
Bead Ga uma Gasdyé Derpsaró Bogie
artes UsBYL& Brtdsdudd. Dásso
Ama Aerpseye Werde who, whow,
whose, which, that
wuo
95 sréuésæer oases Cura L we, you, he,
she, they ¿Lu (award Cappoudd denied) US
Guursgéara wei.
I have a friend. He can walk on his hands.
Dés Qos cag ardua the” ro UBS
Ouut wad aréfiéSgiére friend” rép Gendgiige
“Bere Sans. Dis Qro an sO ui à en cry à
Quertgd Ours he asusggó ufara who sano.
Quarp ‘who cáusro Qamásidu)p Pande
aréu.
11058
I bave a friend who can walk on his hands. mer
2053 869pg. ‘who can walk on his hands’ ep
Beau ‘friend muse dlrg e Popo aras
WHOM
Da me, us, you, him, them g@u ( @rdeund
Cuppeusie Sais) UBQuutseere go.
A man was fat. I caught him.
Brernag ersßusßgrire shim? rép ve
OrunivgQurger Cubano (objective case) Bande
Acre; Ose aréBuéDgée mn ré Us po
eBorer ss. I caught him cp Sm arta pad
aréGuiBerérer him ap Quumrs VIA Geo
“005. DPidgaréQuvasryh Qarrágo Gury him
aHupd90 Lara whow wows. ‘whom’ edusme
Qosrásiduip Sama arábui, The man, whom I
Caught, was fat oor ami 25008. Paris
whom I caught ep Seduë man eg Queer
SGrq 25 Apps andre,
WHOSE
Da my, our, your, bis her, their meuepgsera agug.
I saw a man. His hair was white as chalk.
I saw a man whose hair was white as chalk.
WHICH
who, whom Avda audi eutorsd
20S 50UGuE. Ad Dirige which
oudupésiup.
Sheed QE aréuèawer gasrauisér,
The dog which caught me was fat.
The dog which Icaught was fat.
wis
pad urisn, ame Suse sre Cargours
96528" sp Guru. Ders arduo
aa Suda pro (Hr 99 proud 345358; 19)
Gangsta Dobss” ap Gurowm wg.
OF WHICH
Lut GoenId eocsniAuned Guppeudé whose
UR COBOS Cure aforo sere,
ADA) whose abus p30 Bars of which oué
Ubssto Agwupsésg.
e-w:
There is an old house. Its owner is not
known.
There fs an old house, the owner of which Is
not known.
or There is an old house whose owner is not
known.
I have a table. Its legs are twisted.
I have a table, she legs of which are twisted.
or I have a table whose legs are twisted.
THAT
sen who, whom, which euepgigo uBeras
undußssem.
Gopal has betrayed me. He was once my
friend.
Gopal who was once my friend has betrayed
me.
or Gopal that was once my friend has betrayed
me.
He is doubly armed. He has his quarrel just.
He who has his quarrel just fs doubly armed,
or He that has his quarrel just ts doubly armed,
1195
2053 869pg. ‘who can walk on his hands’ ep
Beau ‘friend muse dlrg e Popo aras
WHOM
Da me, us, you, him, them g@u ( @rdeund
Cuppeusie Sais) UBQuutseere go.
A man was fat. I caught him.
Brernag ersßusßgrire shim? rép ve
OrunivgQurger Cubano (objective case) Bande
Acre; Ose aréBuéDgée mn ré Us po
eBorer ss. I caught him cp Sm arta pad
aréGuiBerérer him ap Quumrs VIA Geo
“005. DPidgaréQuvasryh Qarrágo Gury him
aHupd90 Lara whow wows. ‘whom’ edusme
Qosrásiduip Sama arábui, The man, whom I
Caught, was fat oor ami 25008. Paris
whom I caught ep Seduë man eg Queer
SGrq 25 Apps andre,
WHOSE
Da my, our, your, bis her, their meuepgsera agug.
I saw a man. His hair was white as chalk.
I saw a man whose hair was white as chalk.
WHICH
who, whom Avda audi eutorsd
20S 50UGuE. Ad Dirige which
oudupésiup.
Sheed QE aréuèawer gasrauisér,
The dog which caught me was fat.
The dog which Icaught was fat.
wis
pad urisn, ame Suse sre Cargours
96528" sp Guru. Ders arduo
aa Suda pro (Hr 99 proud 345358; 19)
Gangsta Dobss” ap Gurowm wg.
OF WHICH
Lut GoenId eocsniAuned Guppeudé whose
UR COBOS Cure aforo sere,
ADA) whose abus p30 Bars of which oué
Ubssto Agwupsésg.
e-w:
There is an old house. Its owner is not
known.
There fs an old house, the owner of which Is
not known.
or There is an old house whose owner is not
known.
I have a table. Its legs are twisted.
I have a table, she legs of which are twisted.
or I have a table whose legs are twisted.
THAT
sen who, whom, which euepgigo uBeras
undußssem.
Gopal has betrayed me. He was once my
friend.
Gopal who was once my friend has betrayed
me.
or Gopal that was once my friend has betrayed
me.
He is doubly armed. He has his quarrel just.
He who has his quarrel just fs doubly armed,
or He that has his quarrel just ts doubly armed,
1195
This house is now deserted. It was once gay.
This house which was once gay is now deserted.
or This house that was once gay is now deserted,
who, whom, which ¿Que dpézó uders that ru
Beuys Aerawad Qurgarad uuwupagun Bue
arar. «eo, who, whom akuappagi vga de
Sr baten that vedubssduGd. ieh
arce à
1, dOryssiuds Gerdgrig yá only api uso
visos rss.
She is the only girl that got distinction
in English.
The only writer that I like to read again
and again is Charles Dickens,
1. dOrgiaiuDd Gute Gerédé werent, aut
Bons Gera (Superlative) age Ose.
Mr. Jones is the tallest person that I have
ever seen.
Ara Dgargo urtás who, whom, whose which,
that aero Qmaniys Ger decwe 10 Duda, why, when,
where gQuasep Qoamiys Aerpanrad GarcixGd
GuuGpéré Berdun oyo.
When : She lived in a time when women did
not go out for work.
Thad gone out at the time when
you came to sce me.
Where : I like to livein a house where there
is not much noise.
We are living in a world where
machine is trying to oust man.
120
Why : Do you know the reason why she
stayed away from the party?
The reason why I dislike the telephone
is not easy. to tell.
3. Noun Clause (Quwra Bord )
QuutéQeré Cura Quéya vz Guuts Berdub,
Da raue ayanurayb AraniuQQurgerragd
aga. DiBadud Gugdurgyd whether, what, how, why,
where aduapop Géarsé GardO agi. rund
Gurgara seuyb Gurg Quetursnd thet oo gd
Genome Goonies Geránrad GardisD agi,
spends what he said is true.
(sere adug acireowuree y
"what be said’ mp Quuita Rerdu award,
is true ou unten.
Wege Po a srpamtsr,
How he became very rich so soon is a mystery.
Why he goes out so often at night is not
known to anyone,
When he will return is not certain.
That he will pass the examination is definite.
DoBds aps arsQuges ‘It is definite that he
will pass the examination’, me Mug ap.
Désasu aréBuié it svg Curd ayaruma Pos,
ea ayanımad Buch cua 0
«guest andes,
121%
This house which was once gay is now deserted.
or This house that was once gay is now deserted,
who, whom, which ¿Que dpézó uders that ru
Beuys Aerawad Qurgarad uuwupagun Bue
arar. «eo, who, whom akuappagi vga de
Sr baten that vedubssduGd. ieh
arce à
1, dOryssiuds Gerdgrig yá only api uso
visos rss.
She is the only girl that got distinction
in English.
The only writer that I like to read again
and again is Charles Dickens,
1. dOrgiaiuDd Gute Gerédé werent, aut
Bons Gera (Superlative) age Ose.
Mr. Jones is the tallest person that I have
ever seen.
Ara Dgargo urtás who, whom, whose which,
that aero Qmaniys Ger decwe 10 Duda, why, when,
where gQuasep Qoamiys Aerpanrad GarcixGd
GuuGpéré Berdun oyo.
When : She lived in a time when women did
not go out for work.
Thad gone out at the time when
you came to sce me.
Where : I like to livein a house where there
is not much noise.
We are living in a world where
machine is trying to oust man.
120
Why : Do you know the reason why she
stayed away from the party?
The reason why I dislike the telephone
is not easy. to tell.
3. Noun Clause (Quwra Bord )
QuutéQeré Cura Quéya vz Guuts Berdub,
Da raue ayanurayb AraniuQQurgerragd
aga. DiBadud Gugdurgyd whether, what, how, why,
where aduapop Géarsé GardO agi. rund
Gurgara seuyb Gurg Quetursnd thet oo gd
Genome Goonies Geránrad GardisD agi,
spends what he said is true.
(sere adug acireowuree y
"what be said’ mp Quuita Rerdu award,
is true ou unten.
Wege Po a srpamtsr,
How he became very rich so soon is a mystery.
Why he goes out so often at night is not
known to anyone,
When he will return is not certain.
That he will pass the examination is definite.
DoBds aps arsQuges ‘It is definite that he
will pass the examination’, me Mug ap.
Désasu aréBuié it svg Curd ayaruma Pos,
ea ayanımad Buch cua 0
«guest andes,
121%
euer
She thinks that she Is the cleverest girl.
Don't tell me shat life is an empty dreame
The Hindus believe that people are bora
again and again.
1 do not know whether I will succeed this
time.
It is difficult to say whether there is life
in Mars.
We can't say what will happen to us after
death,
He didn’s tell me where he was going
He described how the accident took place.
You can’t definitely say when it will rain.
1122
LESSON 19
SPELLING RULES (agágá arco & Bac)
1. Doubling of consonant (gap @ui4sse )
i, eSQrys8 HR Garda. guard Gero
Cayllable) @ofde puis cuand,
aC eter wears sad
SaQaree abs Cross Gori
ene
big + er = bigger
drum + ing = drumming
drop + ed = dropped.
H ree sang eames Gen pacts Bone,
ados s0S50G% pri bea
monos ged ads (stress) ar,
Drcqsgo.
eu:
admit + Ing = admitting
occur + ed = occurred
forgot + en = forgotten
sera opto luar aerea Gerdsche
Bo? mors 95 aus Deer
rpg Dana.
eu:
answer + ed = answered
enter + ing = entering
murmur + ed = murmured.
fi, Gerade oder «Di Dad agi Y
CES
1232
She thinks that she Is the cleverest girl.
Don't tell me shat life is an empty dreame
The Hindus believe that people are bora
again and again.
1 do not know whether I will succeed this
time.
It is difficult to say whether there is life
in Mars.
We can't say what will happen to us after
death,
He didn’s tell me where he was going
He described how the accident took place.
You can’t definitely say when it will rain.
1122
LESSON 19
SPELLING RULES (agágá arco & Bac)
1. Doubling of consonant (gap @ui4sse )
i, eSQrys8 HR Garda. guard Gero
Cayllable) @ofde puis cuand,
aC eter wears sad
SaQaree abs Cross Gori
ene
big + er = bigger
drum + ing = drumming
drop + ed = dropped.
H ree sang eames Gen pacts Bone,
ados s0S50G% pri bea
monos ged ads (stress) ar,
Drcqsgo.
eu:
admit + Ing = admitting
occur + ed = occurred
forgot + en = forgotten
sera opto luar aerea Gerdsche
Bo? mors 95 aus Deer
rpg Dana.
eu:
answer + ed = answered
enter + ing = entering
murmur + ed = murmured.
fi, Gerade oder «Di Dad agi Y
CES
1232
eb:
control + ed = controlled.
quarrel + ing = quarrelling.
45 Omlsson of final '* (@wpButé meer 0 GaPsà >
(a) Grade, pbOnuiOsTmp adi ré
ago e edor wsers sew 90
Cog ga Gao.
eb;
love + log = loving
encourage x ing = encouraging
leave + ing = leaving
(8) phen yours amu pco, asar,
‘ Garra Poon,
enw:
hope + ful hopefal
encourage : + ment = encouragement
base + less = baseless
aero
due + ly = duly
true + ty = trolly
argue + ment = argument
Sau opaco yusrlägs Genie.
(@) ©. © auna Dada cow Genpact
GA, s Hang 0 YAA BLO
vis degli, wtQenpacie QuBIgen
e Ganz Pego.
wı24
eb:
replace + able = replaceable
trace + able = traceable
courage + ous = courageous
manage + able = manageable
(5) e DaBós eeu Gers où cp BO
aba Cross Qosde arr o cp edt
1 ges Biya.
eno
grace x ous = gracious
malice + ous = :malicious
vice + ous = vicious
Words ending In ‘y* (y BOS 2m_w Gewpacr)
(a) Gerada Dogds od=puose woo y. ing
asis cora 9uos wig Cogdareoo i
we Py.
eeu
marry + ed = married
happy + er = happier
vary + ed = varied
sere
carry + ing = carrying Rd amo,
(4) Grade QpPde adar 4045 wor pip
urppu@L_urg.
eo
play + ed = played
obey + ed = obeyed
fe, el
Groped wade wing Dardo ar gorse
(ayllablo) i Ger 6 aa: gara c oud Garten
e ag
125
control + ed = controlled.
quarrel + ing = quarrelling.
45 Omlsson of final '* (@wpButé meer 0 GaPsà >
(a) Grade, pbOnuiOsTmp adi ré
ago e edor wsers sew 90
Cog ga Gao.
eb;
love + log = loving
encourage x ing = encouraging
leave + ing = leaving
(8) phen yours amu pco, asar,
‘ Garra Poon,
enw:
hope + ful hopefal
encourage : + ment = encouragement
base + less = baseless
aero
due + ly = duly
true + ty = trolly
argue + ment = argument
Sau opaco yusrlägs Genie.
(@) ©. © auna Dada cow Genpact
GA, s Hang 0 YAA BLO
vis degli, wtQenpacie QuBIgen
e Ganz Pego.
wı24
eb:
replace + able = replaceable
trace + able = traceable
courage + ous = courageous
manage + able = manageable
(5) e DaBós eeu Gers où cp BO
aba Cross Qosde arr o cp edt
1 ges Biya.
eno
grace x ous = gracious
malice + ous = :malicious
vice + ous = vicious
Words ending In ‘y* (y BOS 2m_w Gewpacr)
(a) Gerada Dogds od=puose woo y. ing
asis cora 9uos wig Cogdareoo i
we Py.
eeu
marry + ed = married
happy + er = happier
vary + ed = varied
sere
carry + ing = carrying Rd amo,
(4) Grade QpPde adar 4045 wor pip
urppu@L_urg.
eo
play + ed = played
obey + ed = obeyed
fe, el
Groped wade wing Dardo ar gorse
(ayllablo) i Ger 6 aa: gara c oud Garten
e ag
125
eb;
believe receive
Telieve deceive
Brieve conceive
5. fal ced eco
99 Urrası.a full ago usd Betas 17,
wae DOP | Gaon. ar
eno:
use + full useful
belp + full = helpful.
Més 904 Oetasdugd QerdpS 1 earsria
25% Qu8 | Gepe.
2-01
skill + full = skilful
full + fill = fulfil
De gd Re page ‘Quoted’ upsu um ¿o
uémvuréat UpSu ERE extéaaid.
126
LESSON 20
HOW TO WRITE WITHOUT MISTAKES
(Sep £48 gasas aug)
Qgarpd grb uyss Pubes géBaQur fou
Prades EHO sus, Qussgeer Gia. Qurf
entre ¿Pana grb OstsSessr ais, o
arde Po ruteo supad "OBERE.
DoLupra wipASearBatu pr Gorda Iran Qup
Vaya, gg Quepear Gopsoms pétèsà
Garces per daga Guyane agásg Poco
UDALA Career Gad.
1. Order of. words in a sentence (TARADO Gero
9986) gifosDa aréfuigé Quéurs Gere
sure Teaguorgy amo.
subject + verb + object + adverb
end?
Gopal speaks English correctly.
(M Quurmis® (acjectives ) gore ens a Dog
Quuts Gorpaestg yYarorta ud. Quura 4
Ogrit (adjective phraso) song
Rer@urÿ (adjective clause ) quid oy ar 0u go
Grnämaupsg wa. Dad Giga 11 gd
ur $8é urièe.
dl) deves arasu Dodo agi, Aiud
15 gd om ¿ago untas.
8: Concord (Quero)
agb uuiwausb, eee (number), Ha (person)
Runde Dar Qup sa Cu. Qeorayprdiye
agers,
127%
believe receive
Telieve deceive
Brieve conceive
5. fal ced eco
99 Urrası.a full ago usd Betas 17,
wae DOP | Gaon. ar
eno:
use + full useful
belp + full = helpful.
Més 904 Oetasdugd QerdpS 1 earsria
25% Qu8 | Gepe.
2-01
skill + full = skilful
full + fill = fulfil
De gd Re page ‘Quoted’ upsu um ¿o
uémvuréat UpSu ERE extéaaid.
126
LESSON 20
HOW TO WRITE WITHOUT MISTAKES
(Sep £48 gasas aug)
Qgarpd grb uyss Pubes géBaQur fou
Prades EHO sus, Qussgeer Gia. Qurf
entre ¿Pana grb OstsSessr ais, o
arde Po ruteo supad "OBERE.
DoLupra wipASearBatu pr Gorda Iran Qup
Vaya, gg Quepear Gopsoms pétèsà
Garces per daga Guyane agásg Poco
UDALA Career Gad.
1. Order of. words in a sentence (TARADO Gero
9986) gifosDa aréfuigé Quéurs Gere
sure Teaguorgy amo.
subject + verb + object + adverb
end?
Gopal speaks English correctly.
(M Quurmis® (acjectives ) gore ens a Dog
Quuts Gorpaestg yYarorta ud. Quura 4
Ogrit (adjective phraso) song
Rer@urÿ (adjective clause ) quid oy ar 0u go
Grnämaupsg wa. Dad Giga 11 gd
ur $8é urièe.
dl) deves arasu Dodo agi, Aiud
15 gd om ¿ago untas.
8: Concord (Quero)
agb uuiwausb, eee (number), Ha (person)
Runde Dar Qup sa Cu. Qeorayprdiye
agers,
127%
O ayant games aaa@sata umcteayid
SORA yo Caro,
e-d
He laughs.
She sings
The baby sleeps.
Ai) agaré une meer, vus
acaso Cua.
weit
They laugh
We sing
Babies sleep
(ii) cach of them, everyone of the boys, neither of
the girls, acum Curso Qpmitaayd each,
everyone, anybody, everybody, nobody cue
Gund pmayds sgarura yond Oury,
Que pagada qa.
e-b:
Each of them was given a reward.
Neither of the girls is present.
Everyone of the boys has a separate room.
Each child has a toy.
Anybody is allowed to take part in the
competition.
Nobody is happy with the result.
(WV) sume ecror sourds Asr_ ithe, with,
like sas as well as a; Carns Quute
Gsret augurdá, ug ae
uucimada Gardreb,
4128
= -sı
The boy, with several others, was punished
for mischief.
Meera, like her sister Mala, és tall and
fair.
Chitra, as well as her sisters, was asked
to sing at the concert.
m ggeude aer Qro Quutad and ye
QDasrasnQuago Gurgdow Gardener,
Hunger ade sensed.
eu:
Jack and Jane are good friends.
The cat and the dog were quarrelling.
(WD nt pum Quutsdr ciber... ot, méegs
neither ~ nor gad Boewsauugrder, ad
Guutad Garde des puede «omo.
ew
Either the president or the Secretary has
made the mistake,
Neither Leela nor Sheela knows anything
about it.
3. Tense
Quálua aro festa uuaußssiunb aro
wand upsu Pace só pre LD o be
Ostia nutriente.
He was went.
They quarreling.
cave Ourép supra ariba wromatad
eesesiee errand, Tense upsu Qseure dorés
Beets, sgupss8o sr oer arab Upa
Lemme argu DA Dede añ,
129%
SORA yo Caro,
e-d
He laughs.
She sings
The baby sleeps.
Ai) agaré une meer, vus
acaso Cua.
weit
They laugh
We sing
Babies sleep
(ii) cach of them, everyone of the boys, neither of
the girls, acum Curso Qpmitaayd each,
everyone, anybody, everybody, nobody cue
Gund pmayds sgarura yond Oury,
Que pagada qa.
e-b:
Each of them was given a reward.
Neither of the girls is present.
Everyone of the boys has a separate room.
Each child has a toy.
Anybody is allowed to take part in the
competition.
Nobody is happy with the result.
(WV) sume ecror sourds Asr_ ithe, with,
like sas as well as a; Carns Quute
Gsret augurdá, ug ae
uucimada Gardreb,
4128
= -sı
The boy, with several others, was punished
for mischief.
Meera, like her sister Mala, és tall and
fair.
Chitra, as well as her sisters, was asked
to sing at the concert.
m ggeude aer Qro Quutad and ye
QDasrasnQuago Gurgdow Gardener,
Hunger ade sensed.
eu:
Jack and Jane are good friends.
The cat and the dog were quarrelling.
(WD nt pum Quutsdr ciber... ot, méegs
neither ~ nor gad Boewsauugrder, ad
Guutad Garde des puede «omo.
ew
Either the president or the Secretary has
made the mistake,
Neither Leela nor Sheela knows anything
about it.
3. Tense
Quálua aro festa uuaußssiunb aro
wand upsu Pace só pre LD o be
Ostia nutriente.
He was went.
They quarreling.
cave Ourép supra ariba wromatad
eesesiee errand, Tense upsu Qseure dorés
Beets, sgupss8o sr oer arab Upa
Lemme argu DA Dede añ,
129%
4. Vocabulary
aver Gréœaurs saudsiunsdg Am Puig,
pair cocido UU. scarp are
smussH5 Cu. rau Gerpsoors Ashes
Garcra gd, II aufm erp wince.
sorgo aug ASA Der usó Carp.
Qéamnté Sáugó GHiysmar wepPp Qarára.
Ü Pe Gerber Guurraq deroreyó vod
UPssUA ZED. bias Re,
work, play, walk, drink, plant
smoke, smell, touch, burst, use.
e-o:
He is without work. (noun)
We must work hard. (verb)
There is no smoke without fire. (noun)
You smoke too much. (verb)
(91580528 ringe BesdQera Pode ue
Gowad Guerreyo vvdupssistecr. aupa
sé gar Bdér ARMADO ai ordre.)
Gi) Po Qerpañr Gecrureyds Quureurayd
LU.
open, shut, clean, wet, dry.
eb:
Please, open the door. (verb)
The door is open. (adjective)
Why don't you clean the room? (verb)
He puts on clean clothes. (adjective)
130
di) «pa Boms Orrálanga -ing Cots gi Quut
wisst Bog: ssemsu Quué gerund
(Oe7Ph Quut) SEUA. (asnversgag
$ gb uri gegu urfés)
div) Am Gerbair 997 engqeruerar®, gfe ya
Saeed ADS CUpuco Apsb. epsrrersrar
Nous Verb
advice advise
practice practise
breath breathe
belief believe
grief grieve
Qupepduiwrs sd arriero
Cstóg Gardaard. a7iu fonda dan
MUDA CULTA pu
1. The Progressive English Dictionary,
(Hornby and Parnwell )
2. Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current
English.
3. ope abies spd wausrrd.
Car. auna gaia )
QoBurs po artis. Oued Qurgb og Cura
Grdum dé wiGd uhdeuuner Qerbamré stos,
grerras Qurgé Ost, au Gerpamalu
LULA e.
13138
aver Gréœaurs saudsiunsdg Am Puig,
pair cocido UU. scarp are
smussH5 Cu. rau Gerpsoors Ashes
Garcra gd, II aufm erp wince.
sorgo aug ASA Der usó Carp.
Qéamnté Sáugó GHiysmar wepPp Qarára.
Ü Pe Gerber Guurraq deroreyó vod
UPssUA ZED. bias Re,
work, play, walk, drink, plant
smoke, smell, touch, burst, use.
e-o:
He is without work. (noun)
We must work hard. (verb)
There is no smoke without fire. (noun)
You smoke too much. (verb)
(91580528 ringe BesdQera Pode ue
Gowad Guerreyo vvdupssistecr. aupa
sé gar Bdér ARMADO ai ordre.)
Gi) Po Qerpañr Gecrureyds Quureurayd
LU.
open, shut, clean, wet, dry.
eb:
Please, open the door. (verb)
The door is open. (adjective)
Why don't you clean the room? (verb)
He puts on clean clothes. (adjective)
130
di) «pa Boms Orrálanga -ing Cots gi Quut
wisst Bog: ssemsu Quué gerund
(Oe7Ph Quut) SEUA. (asnversgag
$ gb uri gegu urfés)
div) Am Gerbair 997 engqeruerar®, gfe ya
Saeed ADS CUpuco Apsb. epsrrersrar
Nous Verb
advice advise
practice practise
breath breathe
belief believe
grief grieve
Qupepduiwrs sd arriero
Cstóg Gardaard. a7iu fonda dan
MUDA CULTA pu
1. The Progressive English Dictionary,
(Hornby and Parnwell )
2. Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current
English.
3. ope abies spd wausrrd.
Car. auna gaia )
QoBurs po artis. Oued Qurgb og Cura
Grdum dé wiGd uhdeuuner Qerbamré stos,
grerras Qurgé Ost, au Gerpamalu
LULA e.
13138
ALIST OF WORDS FREQUENTLY MIS-SPELT
Absent
Achieve
Acress
Agrecable
Although
Anglo
Another
Appearance
August
Badminton
Because
Benefited
Blue
Break
Careful
Ceiling
Character
Coarse
Committee
Comparative
Condemn
Controlled
Counsel
(advice)
Crucifixton
weisz
A
Accommodate
Acquaintance
Address
Already
Always
Angel
Answer
Appreciate
Awkward
B
Balloon
Beginntag
Bicycle
Boiled
Business
C.
Carrying.
Cellar
Choose
Colour
Complement
Conceive
Conscience
Correspondence
Counterfeit
Cupfuls
Accommodation
Acquiesce
Affectionately
All right
Analyse
Anomaly
Appallieg
Argument
Beautiful
Believe
Biscuit
Brake
Caught
Cemetery
Clothes
Commemorate
Compliments
(greetings)
Concrete
Control
Council
Course
Cutting
APPENDIX
1. A List Of Words Frequently Mis - Spelt.
fl. Some Commonly Used Regular Verbs.
il. Irregular Verbs.
fv. Some Common Adjectives.
v. Tenses in Tables.
Absent
Achieve
Acress
Agrecable
Although
Anglo
Another
Appearance
August
Badminton
Because
Benefited
Blue
Break
Careful
Ceiling
Character
Coarse
Committee
Comparative
Condemn
Controlled
Counsel
(advice)
Crucifixton
weisz
A
Accommodate
Acquaintance
Address
Already
Always
Angel
Answer
Appreciate
Awkward
B
Balloon
Beginntag
Bicycle
Boiled
Business
C.
Carrying.
Cellar
Choose
Colour
Complement
Conceive
Conscience
Correspondence
Counterfeit
Cupfuls
Accommodation
Acquiesce
Affectionately
All right
Analyse
Anomaly
Appallieg
Argument
Beautiful
Believe
Biscuit
Brake
Caught
Cemetery
Clothes
Commemorate
Compliments
(greetings)
Concrete
Control
Council
Course
Cutting
APPENDIX
1. A List Of Words Frequently Mis - Spelt.
fl. Some Commonly Used Regular Verbs.
il. Irregular Verbs.
fv. Some Common Adjectives.
v. Tenses in Tables.
Deceit
Democracy
Description
Desperate
Disappoint
Divide
Dyelog
Eccentric
Elephant
Equalled
Excellent
Existence
Eyeing
Favourite
Football
Forteit
Freight
Fulfilled
Gay
Galloped
Goddess
Grateful
Handful
Heel
Height
Humour
D
Deceive
Dependent
Desert
Developed
Discreet
Drily
Dying
E
Ecstasy
Enemies
Exaggerate
Excitement
Expense
F
Faithfully
Foreign
Decide
Describe
Dessert
Different
Disease
Drummer
Elementary
Engineer
Excel
Exercise
Explanation
Fiery
Foresight
Fourteen.
Fulfil
Gallop
Gauge
Government
Guard
Heal
Heart
Humorous
Hypocrisy
133
Democracy
Description
Desperate
Disappoint
Divide
Dyelog
Eccentric
Elephant
Equalled
Excellent
Existence
Eyeing
Favourite
Football
Forteit
Freight
Fulfilled
Gay
Galloped
Goddess
Grateful
Handful
Heel
Height
Humour
D
Deceive
Dependent
Desert
Developed
Discreet
Drily
Dying
E
Ecstasy
Enemies
Exaggerate
Excitement
Expense
F
Faithfully
Foreign
Decide
Describe
Dessert
Different
Disease
Drummer
Elementary
Engineer
Excel
Exercise
Explanation
Fiery
Foresight
Fourteen.
Fulfil
Gallop
Gauge
Government
Guard
Heal
Heart
Humorous
Hypocrisy
133
Immediate
Infinite
Interrupt
Jacket
Jeep
Jewellery
Joyful
Judgement
Kaleidoscope
Kidnap
Kinsfold
Knelt
Knight
Laboratory
Lavatory
Leper
Lightening
Livelihood
Lose
Lying
Marvellous
Minute
Misspell
Mysterious
Necessary
Ninety
Nuisance
wise
I
Immediately
Initial
Jail
Jewel
Journey
Joyfully
K
Keenness
Kidnapped
Knave
Koit
Knot
L
Laugh
‘League
Licence (n)
Ligbtning
Longevity
Lovable
M
Massacre
Mischief
Misspelt
N
Neighbour
Noise
Indispensable
Inftialled
Jealous
Jeweller
Journeys
Judge
Kerosene
Kindergarten
Kneel
Koife
Knowledge
Laundry
Leisure
License (v)
Likelihood
Loose
Loving
Mercenary
Missionary
Monotonous
Niece
Noticeable
Obedience
Occurred
Opposite
Paid
Paralyse
Peace
Picturesque
Pleasure
Potato
Practise (v)
Prepare
Principle
Probably
Proof
Quarrel
Quickly
Rebelled
Reconnoitre
Referred
Remedy
Rhyme
Rode
Sail
Scissors
o
Obediently
Offerred
Oppressor
P
Parallel
Parliament
Persuade
Piece
Possess
Potatoes
Pray
Prey
Prisoner
Proceed
Pursue
Q
Quarrelled
R
Receipt
Reddish
Relieve
Representative
Rbythm
Sale
Sea
Occasionally
Opened
Originally
Paralleled
Pastime
Phantom
Playwright
Possession
Practice(v)
Precede
Principat
Privilege
Profession
Pursuit
Queue
Receive
Refer
Religious
Resistance
Road
Scene
See
135%
Infinite
Interrupt
Jacket
Jeep
Jewellery
Joyful
Judgement
Kaleidoscope
Kidnap
Kinsfold
Knelt
Knight
Laboratory
Lavatory
Leper
Lightening
Livelihood
Lose
Lying
Marvellous
Minute
Misspell
Mysterious
Necessary
Ninety
Nuisance
wise
I
Immediately
Initial
Jail
Jewel
Journey
Joyfully
K
Keenness
Kidnapped
Knave
Koit
Knot
L
Laugh
‘League
Licence (n)
Ligbtning
Longevity
Lovable
M
Massacre
Mischief
Misspelt
N
Neighbour
Noise
Indispensable
Inftialled
Jealous
Jeweller
Journeys
Judge
Kerosene
Kindergarten
Kneel
Koife
Knowledge
Laundry
Leisure
License (v)
Likelihood
Loose
Loving
Mercenary
Missionary
Monotonous
Niece
Noticeable
Obedience
Occurred
Opposite
Paid
Paralyse
Peace
Picturesque
Pleasure
Potato
Practise (v)
Prepare
Principle
Probably
Proof
Quarrel
Quickly
Rebelled
Reconnoitre
Referred
Remedy
Rhyme
Rode
Sail
Scissors
o
Obediently
Offerred
Oppressor
P
Parallel
Parliament
Persuade
Piece
Possess
Potatoes
Pray
Prey
Prisoner
Proceed
Pursue
Q
Quarrelled
R
Receipt
Reddish
Relieve
Representative
Rbythm
Sale
Sea
Occasionally
Opened
Originally
Paralleled
Pastime
Phantom
Playwright
Possession
Practice(v)
Precede
Principat
Privilege
Profession
Pursuit
Queue
Receive
Refer
Religious
Resistance
Road
Scene
See
135%
Seize
Sergeant
Shoeing
Simultaneous
Skilful
Solemn
Son
Statlonary
{not moving)
Steel
Story
Strength
Sum
Supplement
Tale
Tense
Threw
Thrown
Traveller
Unanimous
Underlie
Uuduly
Unparallelled
Unable
Vaccinate
Valley
Valuable
wiss
Sentence
Servant
Shyly
Sincerely
Skilfully
Solemnly
Sovereign
Stationery
Stirred
Straight
Subtle
Summary
Syllable
T
Tail
‘Their
Throne
Toeing
Truly
Unauthorized
Underlying
Unforgettable
Until
Utterance
v
Vacuum
Valleys
‘Vengeance
Separate
Shoes
Siege
Still
slyly
Some
Speech
Steal
Storey
Strait
Succeed
Sun
Sympathy
Tapping
There
Through
Trapping
Two
Uncontrollable
Undue
University
Unwieldy
Valedictory
Valour
Versatile
Versatility
Vigorous
Voice
Volley
Volunteer
Vomiting
Wagon
Wait
Weak
Weight
Whatever
Whichever
Wholly
Withdraw
Woeful
Worshipped
Write
Year
Zeal
Zenana
Zoo
v
Veterinary
Villain
Volcano
Volleys
Vomit
w
Waylay
Waist
Wednesday
Welcome
Whenever
Whoever
Willful
Withold
Wooden
Would
Writing
Y
Yield
Z
Yealous
Zero
Zoos
Veto
Visitor
Volcanoes
Voluntary
Vomited
Waylaid
Waste
Week
Welfare
Wherever
Whole
Wilfully
Woe
Woollen
Wrist - watch
Yours
Zenana
Zeros
137
Sergeant
Shoeing
Simultaneous
Skilful
Solemn
Son
Statlonary
{not moving)
Steel
Story
Strength
Sum
Supplement
Tale
Tense
Threw
Thrown
Traveller
Unanimous
Underlie
Uuduly
Unparallelled
Unable
Vaccinate
Valley
Valuable
wiss
Sentence
Servant
Shyly
Sincerely
Skilfully
Solemnly
Sovereign
Stationery
Stirred
Straight
Subtle
Summary
Syllable
T
Tail
‘Their
Throne
Toeing
Truly
Unauthorized
Underlying
Unforgettable
Until
Utterance
v
Vacuum
Valleys
‘Vengeance
Separate
Shoes
Siege
Still
slyly
Some
Speech
Steal
Storey
Strait
Succeed
Sun
Sympathy
Tapping
There
Through
Trapping
Two
Uncontrollable
Undue
University
Unwieldy
Valedictory
Valour
Versatile
Versatility
Vigorous
Voice
Volley
Volunteer
Vomiting
Wagon
Wait
Weak
Weight
Whatever
Whichever
Wholly
Withdraw
Woeful
Worshipped
Write
Year
Zeal
Zenana
Zoo
v
Veterinary
Villain
Volcano
Volleys
Vomit
w
Waylay
Waist
Wednesday
Welcome
Whenever
Whoever
Willful
Withold
Wooden
Would
Writing
Y
Yield
Z
Yealous
Zero
Zoos
Veto
Visitor
Volcanoes
Voluntary
Vomited
Waylaid
Waste
Week
Welfare
Wherever
Whole
Wilfully
Woe
Woollen
Wrist - watch
Yours
Zenana
Zeros
137
SOME COMMONLY USED REGULAR
Accept
Act
Allow
Argue
Attack :
Avoid
Bathe
Believe
Blame
Borrow
Bury
Can
Celebrate
Clean
Collect
Confuse:
Consider
Cook
Cover
Curse
Dance
Decorate
Delay
VERBS
A
Accuse
Add
Answer
Arrange
Attend
B
Beg
Belong
Bless
Breathe
€
Capture
Change
Climb
Complain
Congratulate
Contain
Co- operate
Cry
D
Deceive
Defeat
Deny
Develop
Disappoint
Disturb
Drown
Acquire
Agree
Appear
Ask
Attract
Behave
Bend
Boil
Build
Carry
Check
Close
Complete
Connect
Continue
Count
Cure
Decide
Defend
Describe
Die
Discover
Divide
Earn
Employ
Enter
Expect
Fade
Fill
Flost
Frighten
Gather
Guess
Happen
Hope
Imagino
Include
Intend
Invite
Join
Kill
Knock
Laugh
Like
Lock
March
Measure
Move
Educate
Encourage
Escape
Explain
Fail
Finish
Follow
Imitate
Inform.
Interfere
J
Jump
“kK
Kick
L
Lean
Listen
Love
M
Mark
Miss
Enjoy
Examine
Express
Faint
Fix
Force
Fulfit
Greet
Help
improve
Inspect
Invent
Kiss
Lift
Live
Marry
Mix
139m
Accept
Act
Allow
Argue
Attack :
Avoid
Bathe
Believe
Blame
Borrow
Bury
Can
Celebrate
Clean
Collect
Confuse:
Consider
Cook
Cover
Curse
Dance
Decorate
Delay
VERBS
A
Accuse
Add
Answer
Arrange
Attend
B
Beg
Belong
Bless
Breathe
€
Capture
Change
Climb
Complain
Congratulate
Contain
Co- operate
Cry
D
Deceive
Defeat
Deny
Develop
Disappoint
Disturb
Drown
Acquire
Agree
Appear
Ask
Attract
Behave
Bend
Boil
Build
Carry
Check
Close
Complete
Connect
Continue
Count
Cure
Decide
Defend
Describe
Die
Discover
Divide
Earn
Employ
Enter
Expect
Fade
Fill
Flost
Frighten
Gather
Guess
Happen
Hope
Imagino
Include
Intend
Invite
Join
Kill
Knock
Laugh
Like
Lock
March
Measure
Move
Educate
Encourage
Escape
Explain
Fail
Finish
Follow
Imitate
Inform.
Interfere
J
Jump
“kK
Kick
L
Lean
Listen
Love
M
Mark
Miss
Enjoy
Examine
Express
Faint
Fix
Force
Fulfit
Greet
Help
improve
Inspect
Invent
Kiss
Lift
Live
Marry
Mix
139m
Need
Obey
Operate
Pay
Post
Pray
Prevent
Protest
Pusb
Raise
Receive:
Refuse
Remove
Reply
Respect
Roll
Talk
‘Transfer
Treat
m140
N
Notice
o
Occupy
Oppose
P
Pick
Practise
Prepare
Produce
Pull
put
R
Reach
Recommend
Regret
Repair
Report
Return
Rule
s
Scold
Smile
Stay
Succeed
Surrender
Ñ
Test
Touch
Translate
Try
Open
Order
Play
Praise
Pretend
Protect
Punish
Reap
Recover
Remain
Repeat
Request
Rob
Separate
Start
Stitch
Suffer
Threaten
Train
Travel
Tura
Unite
Value
Wait
Wander
Wash
Weigh
Work
Yawn
INFINITIVE
arise
awake
bear
beat
become
begin
bend,
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
Visit
Wake
Want
Waste
Wipe
Worry
Vote
Walk
Warm
Watch
“Wish
Worship
IRREGULAR VERBS
PAST SIMPLE
arose
awoke/awaked
blew
broke
PAST PARTICIPLE
arisen
awoken/awaked
born (birth)
borne (carried,
endured)
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
1418
Obey
Operate
Pay
Post
Pray
Prevent
Protest
Pusb
Raise
Receive:
Refuse
Remove
Reply
Respect
Roll
Talk
‘Transfer
Treat
m140
N
Notice
o
Occupy
Oppose
P
Pick
Practise
Prepare
Produce
Pull
put
R
Reach
Recommend
Regret
Repair
Report
Return
Rule
s
Scold
Smile
Stay
Succeed
Surrender
Ñ
Test
Touch
Translate
Try
Open
Order
Play
Praise
Pretend
Protect
Punish
Reap
Recover
Remain
Repeat
Request
Rob
Separate
Start
Stitch
Suffer
Threaten
Train
Travel
Tura
Unite
Value
Wait
Wander
Wash
Weigh
Work
Yawn
INFINITIVE
arise
awake
bear
beat
become
begin
bend,
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
Visit
Wake
Want
Waste
Wipe
Worry
Vote
Walk
Warm
Watch
“Wish
Worship
IRREGULAR VERBS
PAST SIMPLE
arose
awoke/awaked
blew
broke
PAST PARTICIPLE
arisen
awoken/awaked
born (birth)
borne (carried,
endured)
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
1418
breed
bring
build
burn
burst
buy
catch
choose
cling
come
creep
cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fight
flee
fly
forgive
forsake
freeze
wi
bred
brought
built
burnt/burned
burst
bought
caught
chose
clung.
came
cost
crept
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamt/dreamed
drank
drove
ate
fell
fea
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
bred
brought
built
burat/burned
burst
bought
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamt/dreamed
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
feit
fought
found
fled
flown
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
give
go
grind
grow
hang
hear
hide
hit
hold
burt
keep
kneel
know
lay
lead
lean
leapt
leave
Jend
let
lie
ight
lose
make
mean
meet
melt
pay
got
gave
went
ground
grew
bung/hanged
heard
hid
bit
held
hurt
kept
koelt
knew
laid
led
leaned/leant
leapt
learnt / learned
eft
lent
let
lay
lit / lighted
lost
made
meant
met
melted
paid
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung/hanged
heard
hidden
hit
held
burt
kept
knelt
known
laid
led
leaned/leant
leapt
learnt / learned
left
lent
let
lain
Tit / lighted
lost
made
meant
met
melted (‘molten’ is
an adjective)
paid
143%
bring
build
burn
burst
buy
catch
choose
cling
come
creep
cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fight
flee
fly
forgive
forsake
freeze
wi
bred
brought
built
burnt/burned
burst
bought
caught
chose
clung.
came
cost
crept
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamt/dreamed
drank
drove
ate
fell
fea
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
bred
brought
built
burat/burned
burst
bought
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamt/dreamed
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
feit
fought
found
fled
flown
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
give
go
grind
grow
hang
hear
hide
hit
hold
burt
keep
kneel
know
lay
lead
lean
leapt
leave
Jend
let
lie
ight
lose
make
mean
meet
melt
pay
got
gave
went
ground
grew
bung/hanged
heard
hid
bit
held
hurt
kept
koelt
knew
laid
led
leaned/leant
leapt
learnt / learned
eft
lent
let
lay
lit / lighted
lost
made
meant
met
melted
paid
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung/hanged
heard
hidden
hit
held
burt
kept
knelt
known
laid
led
leaned/leant
leapt
learnt / learned
left
lent
let
lain
Tit / lighted
lost
made
meant
met
melted (‘molten’ is
an adjective)
paid
143%
put
read
ring
rine
rot
run
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
sbed
sbine
shoot
show
sbriok
sbut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
smell
speak
spell
spend
spia
split
sa
put
read
rang
rose
rotted
ran
sad
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shed
shone
shot
showed
sbrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
smelt
sowed.
spoke
spelt
spent
spun
spat
split
put
read
rung
risen
rotted (rotten’ is
an adjective)
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed/sewn
shaken
shed
shone
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk (“sunkea" is
{an adjective)
sat
slain
slept
smelt
sown (also ‘sowed’)
spoken
spelt
spent
spun
spat
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
stride
strike
swear
sweep
swell
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
thrust
wake
wear
weave
weep
win
wind
wring
write
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
strode
struck
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
woke
wore
wove
wept
wound
wrung.
wrote
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk-
stridden
struck
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
tora
told
thought
throwa
‘thrust
woken
worn
wept
won
wound
wrung
written
1458
read
ring
rine
rot
run
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
sbed
sbine
shoot
show
sbriok
sbut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
smell
speak
spell
spend
spia
split
sa
put
read
rang
rose
rotted
ran
sad
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shed
shone
shot
showed
sbrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
smelt
sowed.
spoke
spelt
spent
spun
spat
split
put
read
rung
risen
rotted (rotten’ is
an adjective)
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed/sewn
shaken
shed
shone
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk (“sunkea" is
{an adjective)
sat
slain
slept
smelt
sown (also ‘sowed’)
spoken
spelt
spent
spun
spat
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
stride
strike
swear
sweep
swell
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
thrust
wake
wear
weave
weep
win
wind
wring
write
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
strode
struck
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
woke
wore
wove
wept
wound
wrung.
wrote
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk-
stridden
struck
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
tora
told
thought
throwa
‘thrust
woken
worn
wept
won
wound
wrung
written
1458
SOME COMMON ADJECTIVES
able
ancient +
attruactive
basic
blind
broad
calm
charming
clean
correct
curious
daily »
deep
difficult
disobedient
early +
expensive
faithful
famous +
fearless
foolish
free
gay
gentle
great
happy
harmless
active
angry
awful
beautiful
brave
busy
careful
cheap
common
courageous
daring
delicious
dirty
doubtful
easy
extra ®
fair
favourite «
final
foreiga +
full
general
good *
guilty
hard +
hasty
helpful
horrible
afraid »
anxious
awkward
big *
bright
careless
cheerful
cool
cruel
dark
different
disgraceful
dull +
excellent
false
fearful
firm
fortunate
funny
generous
grand
harmful
healthy
helpless
bungry
* important +
jealous
last
lean
long +
mad
merciful
mild
modern
narrow
neat
next
obedient
pale «
patient
physical
plenty +
proper
Queer
rare
reasonable
respectable
round
rural
sacred
selfish
several
shameful
silent
sinful
smart
special
straight
sunny
joyful
late
light
lovely +
mai
merciless
mischievous
national
necessary
. noble
ordinary
painful
peaceful
pleasant
polite
Quiet
ready
regular
sesponsible
rough
sad
sensible
severe
similar
silly +
singular
smooth
still +
strong
sure
lazy»
little «
lucky
mental
merry
miserable
natural
near
other +
painless
pitiful
playfal
poor
Quick
real
remarkable
restless
rade
satisfactory
separate
shallow +
short
simple
small «
soft
straight
successful
sweet
1418
able
ancient +
attruactive
basic
blind
broad
calm
charming
clean
correct
curious
daily »
deep
difficult
disobedient
early +
expensive
faithful
famous +
fearless
foolish
free
gay
gentle
great
happy
harmless
active
angry
awful
beautiful
brave
busy
careful
cheap
common
courageous
daring
delicious
dirty
doubtful
easy
extra ®
fair
favourite «
final
foreiga +
full
general
good *
guilty
hard +
hasty
helpful
horrible
afraid »
anxious
awkward
big *
bright
careless
cheerful
cool
cruel
dark
different
disgraceful
dull +
excellent
false
fearful
firm
fortunate
funny
generous
grand
harmful
healthy
helpless
bungry
* important +
jealous
last
lean
long +
mad
merciful
mild
modern
narrow
neat
next
obedient
pale «
patient
physical
plenty +
proper
Queer
rare
reasonable
respectable
round
rural
sacred
selfish
several
shameful
silent
sinful
smart
special
straight
sunny
joyful
late
light
lovely +
mai
merciless
mischievous
national
necessary
. noble
ordinary
painful
peaceful
pleasant
polite
Quiet
ready
regular
sesponsible
rough
sad
sensible
severe
similar
silly +
singular
smooth
still +
strong
sure
lazy»
little «
lucky
mental
merry
miserable
natural
near
other +
painless
pitiful
playfal
poor
Quick
real
remarkable
restless
rade
satisfactory
separate
shallow +
short
simple
small «
soft
straight
successful
sweet
1418
terrible
tender
thick
talkative
thin
wos ogy oy Soumis
307019 Baked
‘wpexquin Am Sapos
"eg Ku 370
“¡ota og) Funamsue
*pleoquoe1q oq Sojueapo
[em om Zargonor
“10017 om) UO 8047
«wo, donan
ÉCHECS
“oneouns e Zupluvo
“AN oy Sana
‘oop am Saruado
“neg Am Sujquoo
“esopu.m aq jo sno Sorgo!
-s7009 Barpeos
*srone] Tanya
(100) st
A0q sıqL,
18 eq
Taten
uqog
oH
1
(you) are
(100) we
spoapnys 99 L
AL
Mm
nor
>
1
thirsty +
tidy
thoughtless
true
thoughtful
tay «
uneasy
uncommon
unkind
untrue
ugly «
unpleasant
‘unusual
usual
unfair
unpopular
useful
usueless
violent
victorious
weak
various
warm
watchful
wide
ASNAL SAONNIINOD INISINA
wild
wealthy
worthless
worthy
wonderful
young
+ fous
25e
a
395
2535
395
Tas
NEA
24.4
:
48
gite
311
yá:
sa
SE
¿32
3435
lire
+
2d
ass
se
gs
u aaa
miss
tender
thick
talkative
thin
wos ogy oy Soumis
307019 Baked
‘wpexquin Am Sapos
"eg Ku 370
“¡ota og) Funamsue
*pleoquoe1q oq Sojueapo
[em om Zargonor
“10017 om) UO 8047
«wo, donan
ÉCHECS
“oneouns e Zupluvo
“AN oy Sana
‘oop am Saruado
“neg Am Sujquoo
“esopu.m aq jo sno Sorgo!
-s7009 Barpeos
*srone] Tanya
(100) st
A0q sıqL,
18 eq
Taten
uqog
oH
1
(you) are
(100) we
spoapnys 99 L
AL
Mm
nor
>
1
thirsty +
tidy
thoughtless
true
thoughtful
tay «
uneasy
uncommon
unkind
untrue
ugly «
unpleasant
‘unusual
usual
unfair
unpopular
useful
usueless
violent
victorious
weak
various
warm
watchful
wide
ASNAL SAONNIINOD INISINA
wild
wealthy
worthless
worthy
wonderful
young
+ fous
25e
a
395
2535
395
Tas
NEA
24.4
:
48
gite
311
yá:
sa
SE
¿32
3435
lire
+
2d
ass
se
gs
u aaa
miss
“fouou yon os ayeu
[Jom 1104
“Tom os spreo Auıd
-Aipno OS 1er
em op
shanie
wo
Anensn
Apejpası AW
Arey
Ineg
mo AW
zasıs SH
ous
Puy no
CHAILVOAN ) ISNAL INISIHA TIANIS)
TABLE 2 SIMPLE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE
My son sometimes works hard,
Your friend often sleeps late.
The old man never tells his stories.
Prof. Jones always makes me angry
The waiter helps other people
Our manager writes poems.
You work hard. a
Those students sometimes sleep late.
My friends never tell bim stories.
The others rurely make me angry.
They aways help other people.
We generally write poems.
These men occasionally
read magazines. |
[Jom 1104
“Tom os spreo Auıd
-Aipno OS 1er
em op
shanie
wo
Anensn
Apejpası AW
Arey
Ineg
mo AW
zasıs SH
ous
Puy no
CHAILVOAN ) ISNAL INISIHA TIANIS)
TABLE 2 SIMPLE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE
My son sometimes works hard,
Your friend often sleeps late.
The old man never tells his stories.
Prof. Jones always makes me angry
The waiter helps other people
Our manager writes poems.
You work hard. a
Those students sometimes sleep late.
My friends never tell bim stories.
The others rurely make me angry.
They aways help other people.
We generally write poems.
These men occasionally
read magazines. |
| saspnie om
¿ode mog we | - morgold om autos ouf
1Kapımsak 10m OU ystuz nor
area ase, | uopsanb oq zamsue nok pid
(AALLVOOSUALND) ASNAL JIIMIS 1SVA 9 TIAVI
| -upuone Keproisok on uedg sımoggsteu SQL
“won ze | emonp am 0) 1004 peu mo
“ob ¿O MIS 18 002 ayı pansta IST
088 Jam 8 | soquojo om poses am
Kapsoysak OM og Pagstup ajdosg amos
(HAILVHUISAV) BSNL 1SVd ATdWIS s ATIVL
TABLE 4 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (INTERROGATIVE)
Do those students come bere every morning?
travellers go away in the evening?
you do at weekends?
yours sons drink tea twice a month?
you act like this from time to time?
these men stay at home at night?
— write letters every monday?
pes Prot, en every christmas
she
he
¿ode mog we | - morgold om autos ouf
1Kapımsak 10m OU ystuz nor
area ase, | uopsanb oq zamsue nok pid
(AALLVOOSUALND) ASNAL JIIMIS 1SVA 9 TIAVI
| -upuone Keproisok on uedg sımoggsteu SQL
“won ze | emonp am 0) 1004 peu mo
“ob ¿O MIS 18 002 ayı pansta IST
088 Jam 8 | soquojo om poses am
Kapsoysak OM og Pagstup ajdosg amos
(HAILVHUISAV) BSNL 1SVd ATdWIS s ATIVL
TABLE 4 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (INTERROGATIVE)
Do those students come bere every morning?
travellers go away in the evening?
you do at weekends?
yours sons drink tea twice a month?
you act like this from time to time?
these men stay at home at night?
— write letters every monday?
pes Prot, en every christmas
she
he
| ekepsony uo
AL 3921100 q
pogtou soqioue An oq om
mouomor sxooq ayı 4nq nok TA
¿500s % op où nes 2
, mou Bourjom dow z nes
(3ALLVOOUVALNI) ASNIL Fanına or STAVL
ILÉUL
“AIRE Jo WL om 23032q | x300q om aux or UIQ L'ART
“0 10176 Sames 08 a ang
“uoos A134 srdn Sanang 08 La OH
“heverpoman 191095 92 purs gs om
sapgissod se Ayyomb se doded og peor IA 00x,
“sAepIOU om ur ay oujuexo ma T
“nom 4x00 1009 ® Ang eqs I
CIATLVWAIAAV ) ASNaL aanına 6 aavı
TABLE 7 SIMPLE PAST TENSE (NEGATIVE)
$$ AT TENSE (NEGATIVE)
Those children did not yesterday.
We lísten to the radio last month.
The student begin the work then
John borrow his matches at three O'clock.
want it
TABLE 8 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
I was listening to the radio | for most of the evening.
We were reading this book from 8to 9p. m,
‘The boys were singing in the kitchen | for part of the morning.
Mary was looking at some pictures | during that time.
Jobn was playing games
doing exercises
opening cupboards
AL 3921100 q
pogtou soqioue An oq om
mouomor sxooq ayı 4nq nok TA
¿500s % op où nes 2
, mou Bourjom dow z nes
(3ALLVOOUVALNI) ASNIL Fanına or STAVL
ILÉUL
“AIRE Jo WL om 23032q | x300q om aux or UIQ L'ART
“0 10176 Sames 08 a ang
“uoos A134 srdn Sanang 08 La OH
“heverpoman 191095 92 purs gs om
sapgissod se Ayyomb se doded og peor IA 00x,
“sAepIOU om ur ay oujuexo ma T
“nom 4x00 1009 ® Ang eqs I
CIATLVWAIAAV ) ASNaL aanına 6 aavı
TABLE 7 SIMPLE PAST TENSE (NEGATIVE)
$$ AT TENSE (NEGATIVE)
Those children did not yesterday.
We lísten to the radio last month.
The student begin the work then
John borrow his matches at three O'clock.
want it
TABLE 8 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
I was listening to the radio | for most of the evening.
We were reading this book from 8to 9p. m,
‘The boys were singing in the kitchen | for part of the morning.
Mary was looking at some pictures | during that time.
Jobn was playing games
doing exercises
opening cupboards
sposudans woos ugor
"paseoid Sas sig) en
“ddeq 30m 1x90 pussy anok
“pes | oq ¡pue Apoqñrono | Monomos | (308) 08 nok | y
I TYNOLLIONOD FE aTayı
20015 9) poueap aaa
Zaipsas paystaty où
“pear oueg uam Bary1e1 paddois nox
20.89 soe ap 910399 uosse] am ungaq | peq 1
ASNAL 1934 ISVd €l TIVA
TABLE 11 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Early tomorrow
When the bell rings
When the train leaves
the girls
Mary
We
be standing up.
be counting the money.
bo laughing.
| be working hard
will
be dusting the desk.
TABLE 12 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I have finished work.
You broken the chair
We made a drawing.
They cleaned the room.
He has opened the gate.
John
Someone
"paseoid Sas sig) en
“ddeq 30m 1x90 pussy anok
“pes | oq ¡pue Apoqñrono | Monomos | (308) 08 nok | y
I TYNOLLIONOD FE aTayı
20015 9) poueap aaa
Zaipsas paystaty où
“pear oueg uam Bary1e1 paddois nox
20.89 soe ap 910399 uosse] am ungaq | peq 1
ASNAL 1934 ISVd €l TIVA
TABLE 11 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Early tomorrow
When the bell rings
When the train leaves
the girls
Mary
We
be standing up.
be counting the money.
bo laughing.
| be working hard
will
be dusting the desk.
TABLE 12 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I have finished work.
You broken the chair
We made a drawing.
They cleaned the room.
He has opened the gate.
John
Someone
Peony
3011098 UNS JOPLI 159p[O ON,
| “Haass nok
som
us noi 1999 AUP 1080noK oq],
| ue 1 | vom 20158 Jones sıq],
Il SNOSIAVIWOD 81 TFIAVL
"oa om uo sno om
om Jo fau
“200 soo om
antsuodxo
an
Bayona
Boneutosuy
msn !
aq
olguntea
se eu
TABLE 15
T SNOSIAVAROS
CONDITIONAL II
are sue ssoqL
su
StH
sınox
Sun
st ud siqy,
a stave
If |T bad known
U bad been told
you bad come to me | a week ago
last month
yesterday
nothing would have happened.
nothing would have gone wrong.
I would have helped you.
TABLE 16
My mother | used to
Your friend
That man
Mr. James
USED_TO
ave money
come here often
beat his wife
smoke cigars
talk rubbish |
she doesn't now.
he got tired of it.
he stopped a your
ago.
he was told nos to,
3011098 UNS JOPLI 159p[O ON,
| “Haass nok
som
us noi 1999 AUP 1080noK oq],
| ue 1 | vom 20158 Jones sıq],
Il SNOSIAVIWOD 81 TFIAVL
"oa om uo sno om
om Jo fau
“200 soo om
antsuodxo
an
Bayona
Boneutosuy
msn !
aq
olguntea
se eu
TABLE 15
T SNOSIAVAROS
CONDITIONAL II
are sue ssoqL
su
StH
sınox
Sun
st ud siqy,
a stave
If |T bad known
U bad been told
you bad come to me | a week ago
last month
yesterday
nothing would have happened.
nothing would have gone wrong.
I would have helped you.
TABLE 16
My mother | used to
Your friend
That man
Mr. James
USED_TO
ave money
come here often
beat his wife
smoke cigars
talk rubbish |
she doesn't now.
he got tired of it.
he stopped a your
ago.
he was told nos to,
TABLE 19 SUPERLATIVES
This one | is the | best of | them all.
My jacket worst the lot.
His shirt thicket those on the 'table,
| L dearest | | |
TABLE 20 TOO
lam | too tired | to do such work,
The boy thirsty go back at once.
She will be feeble answer any questions,
The captain is sleepy |
TABLE 21 ENOUGH
Lam not powerful | enovgh | to | kill it,
He was not intelligent teach it,
big
The dog is not
This one | is the | best of | them all.
My jacket worst the lot.
His shirt thicket those on the 'table,
| L dearest | | |
TABLE 20 TOO
lam | too tired | to do such work,
The boy thirsty go back at once.
She will be feeble answer any questions,
The captain is sleepy |
TABLE 21 ENOUGH
Lam not powerful | enovgh | to | kill it,
He was not intelligent teach it,
big
The dog is not
ilalai Mahathma Printing Works, Kantharmedam
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