Sporozoa.paraditic infections affecting g

Sporozoa these are parasitic infections which include plasmodium species

1. Characteristics of sporozoans
Havenoflagellatedextensionsforlocomotion
withmostspeciespresentingonlygliding
motility.
Allhaveacellularstructureknownasapical
complex
Sporozoareproductioncyclehasbothasexual
andsexualphases
Schizogony:asexualphaseinwhich
merozoites(daughtercells)areproduced
throughmultiplenuclearfissions
Sporogony:sexualphaseinwhichgametogony
occurs

2. Plasmodium
Causativeagentofmalaria.
Theinfectioniscausedbyplasmodiumspecies:
Plasmodiumvivax,
Plasmodiumovale,
Plasmodiummalariae,
Plasmodiumfalciparum
Plasmodiumknowlesi
TransmittedbythebiteofinfectedAnopheles
mosquitoes.
Allofthesearetransmittedtohumanhosts
solelybywayofAnophelesmosquitovectors

3. FivePlasmodiumspeciesinfecthumansand
causedifferenttypesofmalaria.
➢Plasmodiumvivax:tertianmalaria(malaria
tertiana),
➢Plasmodiumovale:tertianmalaria(malaria
tertiana),
➢Plasmodiummalariae:quartanmalaria
(malariaquartana),
➢Plasmodiumfalciparum:malignanttertian
malaria(malariatropica).
➢Plasmodiumknowlesi:?simian

6. Morphology
Falciparum: numerous rings, smaller rings,
cresentshaped gametocytes

7. How is it transmitted?
Malaria parasites are transmitted from one
person to another by the bite of an infected
female anopheles mosquito.
The female mosquito bites during dusk and
dawn and needs a blood meal to feed her
eggs
Male mosquitoes do not transmit malaria as
they feed on plant juices and not blood
There are about 380 species of anopheles
mosquito but only about 60 are able to
transmit malaria

9. life cycle

10. Plasmodiumspeciesexhibitthreelife-cycle
stages—gametocytes,sporozoites,and
merozoites
Gametocyteswithinamosquitodevelopinto
sporozoiteswhicharetransmittedviathe
salivaofafeedingmosquitotothehuman
bloodstream
Fromtheretheyenterliverparenchymacells,
wheretheydivideandformmerozoites.
Whicharethenreleasedintothebloodstream
andinfectredbloodcells

11. Rapiddivisionofthemerozoitesresultsin
thedestructionoftheredbloodcells,andthe
newlymultipliedmerozoitestheninfectnew
redbloodcells
Somemerozoitesmaydevelopinto
gametocytes,whichcanbeingestedbya
feedingmosquito,startingthelifecycleover
again.
Theredbloodcellsdestroyedbythe
merozoitesliberatetoxinsthatcausethe
periodicchill-and-fevercyclesthatarethe
typicalsymptomsofmalaria

12. Clinical manifestations
ThePlasmodiumspecieswiththemostpronounced
pathogenicityisPlasmodiumfalciparum,which
causes“malignanttertianmalaria”(malariatropica),
whereastheotherPlasmodiumspeciescausemilder
forms
Malariabeginswithnonspecificinitialsymptoms
thatlastseveraldays:
✓headache,
✓paininlimbs,
✓generalfatigue,chills,
✓andoccasionallynauseaaswellasintermittentfever,
eithercontinuousoratirregularintervals.

13. Severe and complicated malaria
The clinical manifestations of malaria are
caused by the erythrocyticstages (“blood
stages”) of the plasmodia and reflect
multifactorial pathogenic process affecting
many different organs
Although severe malaria is both preventable
and treatable, it is frequently a fatal disease.
The following are 8 important severe
manifestations of malaria:

14. Cerebralmalaria
Severemalariaanaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Acuterenalfailure
Pulmonaryoedema
Circulatorycollapse,shockor“algidmalaria”
Metabolicacidosis
Blackwaterfever(redbloodcellsburstinthe
bloodstream)releasinghemoglobindirectly
intothebloodvesselsandintourine
frequentlyleadingtokidneyfailure

15. Malaria Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis
Malaria Blood Smear
Serology (ELISA)(IFAT) .
Polymerase Chain Reaction

18. Diagnosis
Detection of malarial parasites in the blood.
Stages of P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale
can be found in blood five to eight days after
the infection P. malariaenot until after 13–
16 days
The QBC (quantitative buffy coat) method
can be used to concentrate the plasmodia.
Rapid tests (ParaSight, MalaQuick) have also
been available for some years to diagnose P.
falciparum infections.

23. Treatment
P. vivaxor P. ovale: Amodiaquinefor 3days,
Primaquineshould be given for 10 days to
prevent relapse
Multidrug-resistant P. falciparum: Artemether-
lumefantrinefor 3days with food or
Artesunate
Second-line treatment: Artesunateplus one
of the following: Tetracyline, Doxycycline,
Clindamycin

24. Severe Falciparum Malaria
Artesunateor if unavailable one of the
following Quinine dihydrochloride, Quinidine,
Mefloquine

25. Prophylactic drugs
Fansidar: A combination of sulfadoxineand
pyrimethamine
Mefloquine
Hydroxychloroquinesulfate(Plaquenil)

26. Malaria Control
To Reduce disease burden
1.Use Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs)

27. What is wrong in this picture?

28. Prevention
2. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS)
all houses, all walls, regular, adequate –Conc.
repelents
3.Integrated Vector Management(IVM)
Mosquito Control
Destruction of adults with insecticides, IVM
and IRS spraying
Destruction of acquaticmosquito stages
Source reduction –environmental
management

29. 3.Care of the sick : Prompt and effective
Treatment
4. Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy by
Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT)
5. Health Education
through communities, political leadership

30. Measures against Plasmodium
Prompt treatment
Prophylaxis
Vaccine -RTS,S/AS01

31. https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-
malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk
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