SQUAMOUS_GRANDULAR.mamanabananansnsnsnsnsnsnsns

huuu

1. SQUAMOUS GLANDULAR SARCOMAS PRESENTED BY: FRANK BRUNO

2. Objectives Introduction to squamous granular sarcoma Epidemiology Causes of sarcoma Types of sarcoma risk factors Sign and symptoms Diagnoses Treatment Prevention

3. Introduction Squamous cells are flat cells arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances. Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells . It is found in parts of the body where filtration or diffusion are priority processes .

4. Introduction A sarcoma is a rare kind of cancer. Sarcomas are different from the much more common carcinomas because they happen in a different kind of tissue. Sarcomas grow in connective tissue the cells that connect or support other kinds of tissue in your body

5. Cont.. These tumors are most common in the bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, nerves, fat, and blood vessels of your arms and legs, but they can also happen in other areas of your body..

6. Epidemiology Although there are more than 50 types of sarcoma, they can be grouped into two main kinds: soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. About 12,750 cases of soft tissue sarcoma and 800-900 new cases of bone sarcomas will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2019. Sarcomas can be treated, often by having surgery to remove the tumor

7. Causes of sarcoma Inherited syndromes . Some syndromes that increases the risk of cancer can be passed from parent to children. Examples of syndromes include familial retinoblastoma and neurofibromatosis type 1 Radiations therapy for cancer increase risk for developing sarcoma later Chronic swelling ( lymphedema). Lymphedema is swelling caused by backup of lymph fluid that occurs when the lymphatic system is blocked or damaged. It increases the risk of type sarcoma called lymphangiosarcoma

8. Cont.. Exposure to chemical . Certain chemicals such as industrial chemicals and herbicides, can increase risk of sarcoma. Exposure to viruses . The virus called human herpsvirus 8 can increase the risk of a type of sarcoma called Kaposi’s sarcoma in people with weakened immune system.

9. Categories of sarcoma Ewing’s sarcoma makes up 14% of all bone sarcoma diagnoses. It most commonly affects teenagers and young adults in the pelvis, thigh bone and shin bone being the most commonly affected areas. Gynecological sarcomas , sometimes shortened to gynae sarcomas, occur in the female reproductive system: the uterus (womb), endometrium (womb lining) ovaries, vagina, vulva and fallopian tubes. They can affect women of any age although they are very rare in women

10. Cont.. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare type o Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the skin, mouth and occasionally the internal organs. Osteosarcoma is a type of bone sarcoma mostly diagnosed in teenagers and young people; however, it can also affect older adults. It mostly affects the knee, thigh bone, shin bone or upper arm. They make up 30% of all bone sarcoma diagnoses

11. Conti.. Rhabdomyosarcoma develops in the skeletal or voluntary muscles of the body – the muscles we can control ourselves. It is most commonly found in the head and neck but it also occurs in the abdomen. This is a rare type of sarcoma that affects more children than adults. Synovial sarcoma develops in cells around joints and tendons. Synovial sarcoma can occur anywhere throughout the body but often near the knee. Synovial sarcoma is most commonly associated with young adults  

12. Cont.. Angiosarcoma develops from the cells that make up the walls of blood vessels. It can occur anywhere throughout the body but most commonly in the skin, breast, liver, spleen, and in the deep tissues of the body. Angiosarcoma in the skin is often found on the face and scalp. Chondrosarcoma is a bone sarcoma that develops in the cartilage cells. It mostly affects adults above the age of 40 and the most common sites are the upper arm, pelvis and thigh bone

13. Risk factors Family history Bone disorders like Paget's disease Genetic disorder such as neurofibromatosis, Gardner syndrome, retinoblastoma, or Li-Fraumeni syndrome You're been exposed to radiation, perhaps during treatment for an earlier cancer

14. Symptoms of sarcoma Soft tissue sarcomas are hard to spot, because they can grow anywhere in your body. Most often, the first sign is a painless lump. As the lump gets bigger, it might press against nerves or muscles and make you uncomfortable or give you trouble breathing, or both. There are no tests that can find these tumors before they cause symptoms that you notice.

15. Cont.. Osteosarcoma can show obvious early symptoms, including: Pain in the affected bone, which may be worse at night. Swelling, which often starts weeks after the pain A lump, if the sarcoma is in your leg

16. Diagnosis of sarcoma If your physician thinks you may have a sarcoma, you'll probably need a full exam and tests, including: A sample of cells from the tumor, called a biopsy Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI, to help see inside your body A bone scan, if you might have osteosarcoma

17. Treatment of sarcoma How your sarcoma is treated depends on what type you have, where in your body it is, how developed it is, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of your body, or metastasized. Surgery takes the tumor out of your body. In most cases of osteosarcoma, the doctor can remove just the cancer cells, and you won't need your arm or leg removed, too. Radiation can shrink the tumor before surgery or kill cancer cells that are left after surgery. It could be the main treatment, if surgery isn't an option.

18. Cont.. Chemotherapy drugs can also be used with or instead of surgery. Chemo is often the first treatment when the cancer has spread. Targeted therapies are newer treatments that use drugs or man-made versions of antibodies from the immune system to block the growth of cancer cells while leaving normal cells undamaged.

19. Cont.. Surviving Sarcoma Most people diagnosed with a soft tissue sarcoma are cured by surgery alone, if the tumor is low-grade; that means it is not likely to spread to other parts of the body. More aggressive sarcomas are harder to treat successfully.

20. P revention of sarcoma Avoid using tobacco products Stay physically active by doing exercise Limit alcohol consumption Abstain from radiations

21. COMPLICATIONS Infection Venous thrombosis Sepsis Malnutrition Respiratory complication Infertility Impaired growth

22. Qns… Any questions???.. Thank you…