Steering-and-Braking-Systems-Working-Principles-and-Types.pptx

Introduction to Essential Automotive Systems

1. Topic: Steering and Braking Systems Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Presented by: Muhammad Yahya Roll Number: 23BSMET007 Presented to: SIR MOHSIN

2. 🚘 Steering and Braking Systems Working Principles and Types Automobile Engineering – Class Presentation

3. Introduction to Essential Automotive Systems Critical Systems Steering and braking are the two most critical systems in any automobile, directly impacting vehicle dynamics and occupant safety. Steering System Primarily responsible for controlling the direction of motion , allowing the driver to guide the vehicle precisely. Braking System Designed to manage vehicle speed, enabling safe deceleration and stopping, crucial for collision avoidance. Core Functions Both systems collaboratively ensure safety, stability, and comfort for the vehicle and its occupants.

4. Steering System: Guiding Your Journey Purpose To efficiently change the direction of the vehicle, allowing for navigation through various terrains and turns. To maintain the vehicle's trajectory, helping it keep a straight line with minimal driver input on even roads. Key Requirements Minimum driver effort: The system should be easy to operate, reducing fatigue during long drives. Stability at all speeds: Ensuring predictable and safe handling, from low-speed maneuvering to high-speed cruising. Quick response: Immediate and precise reaction to driver input, vital for avoiding obstacles and dynamic driving.

5. The Principle of Steering: Ackermann Geometry Ackermann Steering Geometry The fundamental principle governing steering, ensuring smooth and efficient turning without tire scrub. Inner Wheel's Role When turning, the inner wheel turns more sharply than the outer wheel to allow both wheels to trace concentric circles. Effort Transfer The steering mechanism is designed to transfer the driver’s rotational effort from the steering wheel into lateral wheel movement. Smooth Cornering This geometry ensures smooth cornering by preventing tire slippage and minimizing wear, optimizing vehicle control.

6. Anatomy of the Steering System 1 Steering Wheel The primary interface for the driver to input steering commands. 2 Steering Column & Shaft Transmits rotational motion from the steering wheel to the steering gear. 3 Steering Gear (Mechanism) Converts the rotational input into linear motion to move the linkages. 4 Linkages Components like tie rods and drag link connect the steering gear to the front wheels. 5 Front Wheels The final components that execute the directional change based on steering input.

7. Evolution of Steering: From Manual to Power-Assisted Manual Steering Systems Worm & Roller An older design where a worm gear engages a roller for mechanical advantage. Worm & Sector Similar to worm & roller, with a sector gear engaging the worm for steering action. Rack and Pinion A direct and efficient system, widely used in modern vehicles for its responsiveness. Power Steering Systems Hydraulic Power Steering Utilizes hydraulic fluid pressure generated by a pump to assist driver effort. Electric Power Steering (EPS) Employs an electric motor and sensors to provide assistance, offering fuel efficiency and flexibility. Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering A hybrid system combining electric control with hydraulic assistance, balancing efficiency and feel.

8. Rack and Pinion: The Modern Standard Most Common in Modern Cars The rack and pinion system has become the prevalent steering mechanism due to its efficiency and responsiveness. Working Principle The pinion gear rotates with the steering wheel , engaging with a linear gear bar called the rack. This rotational motion is converted into side-to-side movement of the rack , which then steers the wheels. Key Advantages Direct response: Provides a more immediate and precise feel of the road to the driver. Compact design: Its streamlined structure allows for easier integration into smaller engine bays. Less play (free movement): Minimizes slack in the system, enhancing steering accuracy and control.

9. Power Steering: Enhancing Driving Experience Hydraulic Power Steering Relies on a pump-driven system that uses hydraulic fluid pressure to amplify the driver's steering input. Electric Power Steering (EPS) Utilizes an electric motor and sophisticated sensors to provide steering assistance, offering precise control and improved fuel economy. Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering A hybrid system that combines the electric control of EPS with the hydraulic assistance of traditional power steering for optimal performance. Advantages of Power Steering Less driver effort: Significantly reduces the physical exertion required to turn the steering wheel, especially at low speeds. More comfort: Contributes to a relaxed and less fatiguing driving experience, particularly during long journeys. Easier maneuverability: Simplifies parking and navigating tight spaces, making driving more accessible and enjoyable.

10. Braking System: The Ultimate Safety Net Primary Purpose To safely and efficiently slow down or stop a moving vehicle , preventing collisions and ensuring control. Working Basis The system operates by converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into heat energy through the process of friction. Mechanism of Friction Brake pads or shoes press against rotating discs or drums, creating friction that dissipates energy as heat. Vital for Safety Brakes are an indispensable component for safety and control , ensuring the driver can react effectively to road conditions.

11. Working Principle of Braking The braking system is a complex yet efficient mechanism designed to safely bring a vehicle to a halt. It relies on converting kinetic energy into heat through friction, a process initiated by the driver and amplified mechanically and hydraulically. 01 Driver Input The driver depresses the brake pedal, initiating the braking sequence. 02 Force Amplification A brake booster (or servo) multiplies the force applied by the driver, reducing the physical effort required. 03 Hydraulic Transmission The amplified force creates hydraulic pressure in the master cylinder, pushing brake fluid through the brake lines to the wheels. 04 Friction Generation At each wheel, this hydraulic pressure forces brake pads against rotors (disc brakes) or brake shoes against drums (drum brakes), generating friction. 05 Deceleration The friction converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into heat, slowing down or stopping the wheels and, consequently, the vehicle.

12. Components of the Braking System Understanding the individual components of the braking system is crucial to appreciating how a vehicle safely comes to a stop. Each part plays a vital role in converting the driver's input into controlled deceleration. Brake Pedal The primary control interface where the driver applies force to initiate the braking process. Master Cylinder Converts the mechanical force from the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure, which is then sent through the brake lines. Brake Lines / Hoses Steel lines and flexible rubber hoses that transmit Hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder to the braking units at each wheel. Wheel Cylinder or Caliper Located at each wheel, these components convert hydraulic pressure back into mechanical force to engage the brake pads or shoes. Brake Pads / Shoes Friction material components that press against The rotating discs or drums to generate the necessary friction or stopping. Drum or Disc The rotating components (either a brake drum or a brake disc/rotor) attached to the wheels that are engaged by the pads or shoes to slow the vehicle.

13. Types of Braking Systems Various braking systems and technologies are employed across different vehicle types, each designed to provide specific advantages in stopping power, safety, and efficiency. Understanding these distinct systems is crucial for comprehensive automotive knowledge. Mechanical Brakes Utilize cables and linkages to transfer force, commonly found in parking brakes. Hydraulic Brakes Employ incompressible fluid pressure to transmit force, standard in passenger cars and motorcycles. Pneumatic (Air) Brakes Operate using compressed air for heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and buses. Disc Brakes Feature calipers squeezing pads against a rotating disc, offering excellent heat dissipation and performance. Drum Brakes Use brake shoes expanding against the inside of a rotating drum, often found on rear wheels or older vehicles. ABS Anti-lock Braking System electronically prevents wheels from locking up during hard braking, maintaining steering control.

14. Disc Brakes vs. Drum Brakes: A Comparison Disc Brakes In a disc brake system, brake pads made of friction material are squeezed against a rotating disc (rotor) by a caliper. This action creates friction, converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into heat and effectively slowing it down. Key Advantages : Better Cooling : Discs exposed to air, preventing overheating. High Efficiency : Consistent and powerful braking. Reduced Brake Fade : Maintain performance under heavy use. Modern Standard : Common in vehicles due to reliability. Drum Brakes Drum brakes operate with brake shoes that press outwards against the inner surface of a rotating drum. As the shoes expand, they create friction with the drum, decelerating the wheel. Key Advantages : Simple & Cost-Effective: Easy to design and cheaper to manufacture than disc brakes. Integrated Parking Brake: Design allows easy addition of a parking brake mechanism. Disadvantages : Overheating Issues: Enclosed design traps heat, leading to brake fade under heavy use. Less Efficient Cooling: Poor heat dissipation compared to disc brakes. Maintenance Difficulty: More complex due to multiple internal components.

15. Advanced Braking Systems Beyond the fundamental components, modern vehicles integrate sophisticated electronic systems that significantly enhance braking performance, stability, and overall safety. These systems work in tandem to provide optimal control in diverse driving conditions. ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) Prevents wheels from locking up during sudden or hard braking, allowing the driver to maintain steering control and reduce stopping distances. EBD (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution) Automatically adjusts the braking force applied to each wheel based on road conditions, vehicle load, and speed, optimizing stability and minimizing stopping distances. ESC (Electronic Stability Control) Detects and mitigates loss of traction (skidding). It selectively applies brakes to individual wheels and/or reduces engine power to help the driver maintain control.

16. Applications & Importance The steering and braking systems are fundamental to a vehicle's functionality, ensuring not only movement but also safety and control. Their effective application is paramount for a secure and comfortable driving experience. Precision Steering Enables effortless turns and nimble maneuvering, crucial for navigating traffic and parking with ease. Reliable Braking Ensures controlled deceleration and provides critical safety in emergency situations, preventing potential accidents. Integrated Safety Modern vehicles combine power steering with advanced braking systems like ABS and EBD for superior control and accident avoidance.

17. Conclusion Steering and braking systems are the twin pillars of automotive functionality, working in harmony to ensure both the dynamic movement and the critical safety of every vehicle. Their continuous evolution highlights a commitment to safer, more controlled, and increasingly comfortable driving experiences. Core Automotive Systems The steering and braking mechanisms are fundamental to any vehicle's operation, forming its essential control and safety framework. Directional Stability The steering system provides precise control, allowing drivers to maintain directional stability and maneuver the vehicle accurately. Speed Control & Safety Brakes are indispensable for effective speed management and emergency stopping, safeguarding occupants and preventing accidents. Enhanced Driving Experience Integration of advanced technologies continues to improve both steering and braking, making driving safer, more responsive, and more comfortable.

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