Stem Cell Powerpoint with teacher notes.pdf

Stem Cell Powerpoint

1. Stem Cells

2. Many breeds of large dogs are affected by hip
dysplasia. This degenerative disease affects their
hind legs, hindering mobility. Watch as scientists at
Vet-Stem explain how stem cells are used as a cure
for these animals.
Clip 1: Hip dysplasia
Clip 2: Vet-Stem’s Dr. Harman

3. The video clip of the German Shepherd raises
many questions. Imagine if Dr. Bob Harman,
the lead scientist at Vet Stem, were to come to
class for a discussion. What kind of questions
would you ask him?
–What is a stem cell?
–Can this be done in humans?
•What other questions do you have?

4. What are stem cells?
•Stem cells can
indefinitely divide and
give rise to a variety of
other cell types.
•One example is the
hematopoietic stem cell
which gives rise to all
blood cells in the body.

5. Two types of stem cells
•Embryonic stem cells
are pluripotentand can
give rise to all types of
cells in the body
•Adult stem cells are
only multipotent and
are more limited in the
types of cells that they
can give rise to.

7. •Totipotency –the ability to produce any type
of cell. Ex: zygote (embryo + placenta)
•Pluripotency –the ability to produce any cell
lineage. Ex: can differentiate into germ layers
•Multipotency-the ability to produce any kind
of cell within a cell lineage. Ex: blood stem cell
•Unipotency-the ability to produce only one
kind of cell. Ex: hepatocytes (liver cells)

8. http://images.chron.com/blogs/realrehab/archives/pi ctures/Embryo%20Zygote.jpg

9. http://images.chron.com/blogs/realrehab/archives/pi ctures
/Embryo%20Morula.jpg

10. Differentiation Events
•Embryonic stem cells enter the first
differentiation event at the 8 cell morula
stage.
•Each of these totipotentcells express two
genes Cdx2 and Oct 3/4.
•At the morulastage the innermost cells no
longer express the Cdx2 gene.
•This loss of gene expression due to position is
the differentiation event
.

12. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44651000/jpg/ _4
4651459_blastocyst_cred226.jpg

13. Differentiation
•As these pluripotent
cells divide they
continue to be affected
by their changing
position.
•This changing position
and resulting change in
environment will result
in other differentiation
events.
•
Three stem cell lines

14. Three Germ Layers
(three stem cell lines)
•As gastrulationoccurs,
three layers of
pluripotentstem cells
are created.
–Ectoderm-gives rise to
skin and nervous system
–Mesoderm-gives rise to
blood, bone, and muscle
–Endoderm-gives rise to
gut and lungs
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/Onli
ne/SNC1D/Vejvoda/biology/human-
conception5.jpg

16. http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images /38g
astrulation.gif

17. http://www.cryoviva.com/image/new-
stemcells.jpg

18. Differentiation con’t
•As cells differentiate, they lose some of their
ability to become all types of cells.
•These multipotent stem cells develop from the
three germ layers during gastrulation.

19. Mesenchymal stem cells
http://stemcelldoc.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/msc- srtem-
cell3.jpg

20. The stem cell blog

21. Skin derived precursor cells. (photo courtesy Freda
Miller)

22. A stem cell emerging from rat bone marrow. By stimu lating the release of stem cells after a
heart attack, the healing process could be accelera ted. Photograph: Imperial College London

23. Stem Cell: Paul Leonard/Photo
Researchers

24. Unipotent Cells
•As multipotent cells divide creating either new
stem cells or a specialized (unipotent) cell.
•These specialized cells have a variety of
characteristics that suit their role in the body.

25. A scanning electron microscope image of normal huma n blood.
Photo by Bruce Wetzel, courtesy of the National Can cer Institute
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/images/red-
blood-cells.jpg
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/Red_W
hite_Blood_cells.jpg

26. Scanning electron microscope image of a mammal's lu ng. Image by Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility

27. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/a
ntenna/musclemachines/images/cells.
jpg
© Dennis Kunkel
Research by Stelios Andreadis has produced this smo oth
muscle progenitor cell derived from a hair follicle , which
expresses calponin (in red), a marker for smooth mu scle
cells. The cell nucleus is shown in blue. (Credit: Image
courtesy of University at Buffalo) – Science Daily.c om
)

28. http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/
images/06MSEL011_BoneCementCe
llsAttachP_HR.jpg

29. Liver Cells:
http://www.connexin.net/microscopy-fluorescence-con focal-LSM-gallery.html

30. Brain Cells:
http://www.connexin.net/microscopy-fluorescence-
confocal-LSM-gallery.html

31. Nerve Cell:
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/bia/images/25.jpg

32. http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/ne
ws/2006/neuroligin_1.jpg

33. Stem Cell Mysteries
•There are several questions that need to be
answered through stem cells research
–How can stem cells remain unspecialized and
self renewing for many years?
–What are the signals that cause stem cells to
become specialized cells?
–Can we make multipotentstem cells revert to
pluripotency?

34. Curing Diseases
•How can stem cells help to cure disease?
•Consider the video clip you watched at the
beginning of the presentation, now imagine
someone whose knee has degenerated.
Explain how stem cells could be used as a
cure.

35. Cancer Stem Cell:
http://www.urmc.rochester.e
du/news/story/uploadedimag
es/cancer%20stem%20cellUC
LA3.jpg

36. Curing Injuries
•Spinal Cord Injuries
–There are currently between 250,000 -400,000
Americans living with a spinal cord injury. More
than 13,000 additional people are injured each
year.
–Every 41 minutes another person sustains a spinal
cord injury
–More than half of those injured are between the
ages of 16-30
http://www.travisroyfoundation.org/pages/resources-
stats.htm