steps cell division scientific learning CELLS

steps involving cell division

1. STEPS OF CELL DIVISION

2. 1. Mitosis (Somatic Cell Division): Mitosis is responsible for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. It results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

3. Steps of Mitosis: Interphase (Preparation for division): G1 phase: Cell grows and produces proteins. S phase: DNA replication occurs, doubling the genetic material. G2 phase: Further cell growth and preparation for mitosis. Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers form from the centrosomes. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate (the metaphase plate). Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell. Telophase: Chromatids reach the poles and decondense. Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.

4. Steps of Mitosis: Interphase (Preparation for division): G1 phase: Cell grows and produces proteins. S phase: DNA replication occurs, doubling the genetic material. G2 phase: Further cell growth and preparation for mitosis. Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers form from the centrosomes. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate (the metaphase plate). Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell. Telophase: Chromatids reach the poles and decondense. Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.

5. 2. Meiosis (Reproductive Cell Division): Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four genetically distinct gametes. Meiosis has two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I: Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over). Spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles (sister chromatids remain together). Telophase I: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, and the cell divides (cytokinesis), resulting in two cells. Meiosis II (Similar to Mitosis): Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, and spindle fibers form. Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are separated and move towards opposite poles. Telophase II: Chromatids reach the poles, and nuclear envelopes reform. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in four genetically unique haploid cells (gametes).

6. 2. Meiosis (Reproductive Cell Division): Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four genetically distinct gametes. Meiosis has two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I: Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over). Spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles (sister chromatids remain together). Telophase I: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, and the cell divides (cytokinesis), resulting in two cells. Meiosis II (Similar to Mitosis): Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, and spindle fibers form. Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are separated and move towards opposite poles. Telophase II: Chromatids reach the poles, and nuclear envelopes reform. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in four genetically unique haploid cells (gametes).