Stone and rocks - Building Materials and Construction

Stone and Rocks in Building Materials and Construction Techniques

1. BUILDINGMATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION01
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2. UNIT02:ROCKSANDSTONE
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Classification ofrocks. Sources, Seasoning, Quarrying of stones, Dressing. Various
typesofstonesused forconstruction.Characteristicsofstones. Commonbuilding
stonesandtheiruses. Selection ofstones.Testingofstones.Variousstonefinisheslike
dressing, polishing. Deterioration ofstones. Preservation ofstones. Durability. Stone
veneering,Artificial stones.Stone forwall treatment.

3. ROCKS
A rockorstoneisanaturallyoccurringsolidaggregateofminerals.
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4. CLASSIFICATIONOFROCKS
GEOLOGICAL
(processesthatformed
rocks)
1.Igneous
2.Sedimentary
3.Metamorphic
PHYSICAL
(textureofthe
constituentparticles)
1.Stratified
2.Unstratified
3.Foliated
CHEMICAL
(mineralandchemical
composition)
1.Siliceous
2.Argillaceous
3.Calcareous
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5. GEOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION
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Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic[

6. IGNEOUSROCKS
•Igneousrocksareformedwhenmoltenmagmacools.
•Twomaincategories:plutonicrockandvolcanic.
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7. IGNEOUSROCKS
•PlutonicorintrusiverocksresultwhenmagmacoolsandcrystallizesslowlywithintheEarth'scrust(examplegranite)
•Volcanicorextrusiverocksresultfrommagmareachingthesurfaceeitheraslava andthecoolingisveryrapid
(examplespumiceandbasalt)
•Igneousrockscanbeseen atmid oceanridges,areasofislandarcvolcanismorinintra-platehotspots.
PLUTONICROCK
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VOLCANICROCK

8. SEDIMENTARYROCKS
Formedbythedepositionofproductsonthepreexistingrocks
•Residualdeposits
•Sedimentary deposits
•Chemicaldeposits
•Organicdeposits
(examples: gravel,sandstone,limestone,gypsum,lignite)
•sandonabeach or mudonariverbed
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9. SEDIMENTARYROCKS
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10. METAMORPHICROCKS
Rockswhichonceexistedasigneousorsedimentaryrockssubjected
tovaryingdegreesofpressureandheatwithintheEarth'scrust
changethecompositionandfabricoftherock.
•Thermalmetamorphism-Heat
•Cataclasticmetamorphism–Directedpressure
•Dynamo-thermalmetamorphism–Heat &Stress
•Plutonicmetamorphism–uniformpressure&heat
Metamorphicrocksaretypicallyfoundinareasofmountainbuilding.
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11. METAMORPHICROCKS
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12. ROCKCYCLE
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13. PHYSICALCLASSIFICATION
STRATIFIEDROCKS
(Splitupalongthe
planes)
SedimentaryRocks
UNSTRATIFIED ROCKS
(Structureiscrystalline
granular)
Igneous
FOLIATEDROCKS
(Splitindefinite
direction)
Metamorphic
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14. CHEMICALCLASSIFICATION
SILICIOUSROCKS
(Silica–hard&
durable)
Granites
Quartzite
ARGILLACEOUS
ROCKS
(Clay–dense&soft)
Slates
Laterites
CALCAREOUSROCKS
(Calciumcarbonate)
Limestone
Marbles
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15. SOURCESOFSTONES
•Rocks (nonhomogeneous& noshape)
•Adefiniteportionofearth’ssurface.
•Monomineralicrock-Quartz,Magnesite
•Polymineralicrock–Basalt,Granite
•QuarryingofStones
•Mining ofStones
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16. QUARRYINGOFSTONES
Processoftakingoutstonesfromnaturalrocks
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17. SELECTIONOFSITEFORQUARRY
•Availabilityoftools,labor,material,power
•Dumpingrefuse
•Distanceofquarry
•Cleanwater&drainage
•Conveyance
•Surroundingstructures
•Geologicaldata
•Qualityofstone
•Resultsoftrialpits
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18. CONSIDERATIONS
•Examinationofrocksurface
•Layout
•Men andmachines
•Removaloftop surface
•Structuralstability
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19. METHODSOFQUARRYING
QUARRYINGWITH
HANDTOOLS
QUARRYINGWITH
CHANNELLING
QUARRYINGBY
BLASTING
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20. DRESSINGOFSTONES
Suitablesizesandwithsuitablesurfaces.
TYPES:Quarrydressing&Sitedressing
ADVANTAGES
•Togetthedesiredappearancefromstonework
•Transporteasyandeconomical
•Suitthe requirement
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21. Axed finish
Boasted finish
Chisel–draughted
Circular
Dragged
DRESSINGOFSTONES
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22. SEASONINGOFSTONES
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•Seasoninggetsridofthemoisture,sometimescalled"quarrysap,"whichistobe
foundinallstonewhenfreshlyquarried.
•Thedryingprocessshouldtakeplacegradually.(6to12months)
•Some stonessoftwhenquarried,acquireahardsurfaceuponexposuretotheair.
•Itisacteduponbyfrost& iscrackedordisintegrated.

23. USESOFSTONES
•Structure-Foundations,walls,columns,lintels,
floors
•Facework–Brickwallbutwithstonefacing
(Composite)
•Paving–Coverfloor,Footpaths
•Basicmaterial–Cementconcrete
•Miscellaneous–Railways,Bridges,Retaining
wall,Damsetc
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24. ARTIFICIALSTONES
Naturalstone–crushed
Stonedust removed
1.5parts (3-6mm):1.5parts(<3mm):1partcement
Pigment–colour
Water–mix
Molds
Hardened intoblock form
Polishingdone
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25. ARTIFICIALSTONES
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Mosaictiles
Precastconcretewithmarblechips–shades
Terrazzo
Marble,onyx,granitechipsandcement

26. ARTIFICIALSTONES|SANGATH,AR.B.V.DOSHI
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27. ARTIFICIALSTONES|SANGATH,AR.B.V.DOSHI
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28. ARTIFICIALSTONES|HUSSAINDOSHIGUFA,AR.B.V.DOSHI
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29. ADVANTAGESOFARTIFICIALSTONES
•Cavitiesforpipeswires
•Groovesforfittings
•Shape
•Singlepiece
•Stronger
•Cheapandeconomical
•Durable
•Naturalbedisabsent.
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30. SELECTIONOFSTONES
•EasyAvailability
•NearnessofQuarry
•Facilityoftransport
•Reasonableprice
Hardness,Texture,Appearance,SpecificGravity,
Strength,Durability,Dressing,Porosity,Seasoning
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31. DURABILITY
Durablei.e.theabilitytoendureandmaintainits
essentialanddistinctivecharacteristics.
Resistancetodecay,strengthandappearance.
•Heat&cold
•Wet&dry
•Gases inrain
•Treesandcreepersbetween
•Wind withhighvelocity
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32. DETERIORATIONOFSTONES
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•AtmosphericandExternalagencies
•Alternate wetness&Dryness
•Frost
•ImpuritiesinAtmosphere
•Livingorganisms
•Movement ofchemicals
•Nature ofmortar
•Rainwater
•Temperaturevariations
•Vegetablegrowth
•Wind
•Pollution-traffic

33. PRESERVATIONOFSTONES
•Coaltar:Colour–appearance–heat
•Linseedoil:Raw–Frequent–retainsshade
•Boiled–lastslong–darksurface
•Paint:Colour
•Paraffin:Colour
•Solutionofsoap& alum(hydratedpotassiumaluminium
sulfate):75gm&50gm in1ltrwater
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34. CHARACTERISTICSOFSTONES
•Crushing strength:> 1000KG/SQ.CM
•Appearance:Uniformcolor,freefromholes
•Dressing:Easytocarve,mould,cut& dressed
•Fracture:Sharp andclear
•Hardness:COH >17
•Percentagewear:Attrition<3%
•Resistancetofire:Sandstones-Argillaceous
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35. CHARACTERISTICSOFSTONES
•Seasoning:DriedfromQuarrysap(6to12months)
•SpecificGravity:Heavystones-Between2.4and2.8
•Texture:Compactfinecrystallinefreefromcracks
•Toughnessindex:>19 high(Impacttest)
•WaterAbsorption :not>0.60, Nonporous
•Weathering:WithstandRainfrostwindetc.
•Durability:Resistadverseeffectsofnaturalforces
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36. LOSINGPOPULARITYDUETO
Dressingistedious,Laborious,Time-consuming
Expensive
RCC, Steel (Lessbulky,durable)
DesignFlexibility
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37. TESTINGOFSTONES
ACIDTEST–forsand stones
•Stone–50 gminHCL(7days)
•Agitateatintervals
•Sharp edgesand freefrompowder
•CaCO3–Poorquality
•Sandstonesnotlimestones
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38. TESTINGOFSTONES
ATTRITIONTEST
•Rateofwear(resistingpower)ofstonesintraffic.
•Sample–60mmsizeandweighed.
•Deval’sattritiontestingmachine
•2hollowcylinders20cmdia&34cm length
•Closedandrotated(5hrs)
•Contentspassedthroughsieveof1.5mmmesh
•Qtyofmaterialretainedonsieveisweighed.
•%wear =(Wtofaggregatepassingthroughsieve/Initial
weight)X100
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39. TESTINGOFSTONES
CRUSHINGTEST-COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
•Size40 ×40×40 mm–3Cubes
•Dressed andplacedinwaterfor3days
•SurfaceiscoveredwithPOP/Plywood.
•140kg/sqcm/minuteloadisappliedusingm/c.
•Crushingstrengthofstone/unitarea=
•Maxloadatwhichsamplecrushes/Areaofbearingface
of specimen
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40. TESTINGOFSTONES
IMPACTTEST
•Toughnessofstone
•Sampleofstone-Cylinderdia–25mm&ht25mm
•Steelhammerofwt2kg–fallinaxialdirection
•Htoffirstblow1cm, secondblow2cm& soon.
•Blow atwhichspecimenbreaks–nthblow.
•N istoughnessindexofthatstone.
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41. TESTINGOFSTONES
CRYSTALLISATIONTEST
•4cubesof40mm
•Dried for72 hours&weighed
•ImmersedinNa2SO4 for2hrs
•Dried at100degC&weighed
•Repeat5times.
•Note thechangeinweightandexpressasa%oforiginalwt.
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42. TESTINGOFSTONES
FREEZING&THAWING TEST
•Specimenisimmersed inwaterfor24 hrs.
•Thenkeptat–12deg Cfor24hrs.
•Thenwarmedatatmospherictemperature.
•Donein shade severaltimes.
•Behavioris observed
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43. TESTINGOFSTONES
HARDNESSTEST
•Sampleofstone-Cylinderdia–25mm&ht25mm
•Weighed
•Dorry’stestingmachineandpressed
•Rotatedinadiscwithcoarsesandsprinkledontop
•After1000times,specimenweighed.
•COH= 20–(Lossinweightingram/3 )
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44. TESTINGOFSTONES
MICROSCOPICTEST-SAMPLEUNDERMICROSCOPE
Properties
•Averagegrainsize
•Existenceofpores,fissures
•Minerals
•Presenceofharmfulsubstance
•Textureofstone
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45. TESTINGOFSTONES
SMITH’STEST
•Presenceofsolublematterinasample
•Fewpiecesareplacedinglasstube
•Addclear water
•After anhourshakeitvigorously
•Ifwaterisnotdirtythendurablestonefreefromsoluble
matter.
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46. TESTINGOFSTONES
WATERABSORBTION TEST
•Cubespecimenweighingabout50gramsareprepared
•Weightofdryspecimen-W1.
•Specimenin waterfor24hours.Wipeout&weighthe
specimen-W2.
•Suspend thespecimenfreelyinwaterandweigh-W3.
•Specimeninboilingwaterfor5hours.Wipeandweigh-W4.
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47. TESTINGOFSTONES
WATERABSORBTIONTEST
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48. IIM,BANGALORE|AR.B.V.DOSHI
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49. IIM,BANGALORE|AR.B.V.DOSHI
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50. JAWAHARLALNEHRUKALAKENDRA|AR.CHARLESCORREA
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51. KANDALAMAHOTEL|AR.GEOFFERYBAWA
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52. KANDALAMAHOTEL|AR.GEOFFERYBAWA
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53. FALLINGWATERHOUSE|AR.FRANKLLOYDWRIGHT
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54. FALLINGWATERHOUSE|AR.FRANKLLOYDWRIGHT
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55. TYPESOFSTONEMASONRY
•RANDOMRUBBLE
•ASHLAR
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56. RANDOMRUBBLE:ASHLARMASONRY
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57. RANDOMRUBBLE
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58. RANDOMRUBBLE
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59. RANDOMRUBBLE
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60. ASHLARMASONRY
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61. ASHLARMASONRY
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62. CAVITYWALL
•Solid stonewallsabsorbmoisture fromoutside,unlesstheyarevery
thick.
•Duetothismoisturelevel,the internalfinishing'sare damaged.
•Therefore,cavitywallsareconstructed,havinginnerleafofhalf
bricksandouter leafofmasonry.
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63. ARCHES
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64. CORBELS
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65. COPING
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66. SHEETS
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CCD 03:Stonemasonrydetailsincommunityhalldesign-foundation,lintels,sill,flooring
CCD04:Stonemasonrydetailsincommunityhalldesign-cavitywalls,arches,corbels

67. SHEETS
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