storage of food grains: recent advancements

storage of food grains

1. Credit seminar PFE 591 By KULWINDER KAUR L-2019-AE-161-D Storage of Food Grains

2. Introduction Cereals and legumes generally known as grains constitute the most vital diet component for the majority of people in the world providing the calories and proteins consumed by the resource-poor and provide the rural folks with employment and sustainable source of income . India is the second largest producer of food grains globally with 80% of arable land put into its cultivation.

3. As per 3 rd  Advance Estimates, the estimated production of major crops during 2019-20 is as under: Food grains   –  295.67 million tonnes. Rice  –  117.94  million tonnes. Wheat  –  107.18  million tonnes. Nutri / Coarse Cereals  –  47.54 million tonnes. Maize  –  28.98 million tonnes. Pulses  –  23.01 million tonnes. Tur  –  3.75 million tonnes. Gram – 10.90 million tonnes. Annual Post harvest Losses in India = 15-16 million metric tonn ( with monetary value of INR 50,000 crores and fed 33% populations )

4. Factors causing post-harvest loss Post-harvest losses in India*: Cereals – 3.9-6.0 % Pulses – 4.3-6.1 % Oilseeds – 2.8-10.1 % Source : ICAR study

5. Why to store

6. REQUIREMENTS OF STORAGE

7. 50-60% retained by farmers Farm size and yield per acre, marketing pattern, consumption pattern, form of labor payment, credit availability and future crop expectations

8. Types of Storage Different types of storage structures are used - Indoor structures - Outdoor structures unique to the culture of society 60–70% of food grains

9. Traditional Storage Structures

10. Kanaja (Bamboo and mud) 3-18 qtl Kothi (mud storage) 1 to 50 tons Obeh 5.0–10.0 t

11. Underground storage Earthen pots Bamboo bin straw bin Hagevu

12. Earthen bin 2 qunital Bharola 40–80 kg Kupp

13. Gummi Mud house Kodambea 1 tonn

14. Bukhari type storage structure Cylindrical in shape Made of mud or combination of mud and split bamboo Raised above the ground by wooden or masonry platform (1.5 m) Floor Walls Roof Improved type – with double wall and mud coated wooden floor Rat proofing cones Grains – wheat, gram, paddy, maize and sorghum Capacity – 3.5 – 18 t

15. Morai type storage structure Grains – paddy, maize, sorghum Capacity – 3.5 – 18 t Shape- inverted truncated cone wooden floor a 22 gauge corrugated metal cylinder of 90 cm height 7 cm dia rope lining inside the cylinder Conical roof

16. Kothar type storage structure Store – paddy, maize, sorghum, wheat Capacity – 9-35 t Structure – box Improved Kothar – 5cm thick wooden planks and beams No gap between the planks

17. Plastic bin Metal bin Rectangular bin

18. IMPROVED STRUCTURES Small scale storage large scale storage

19. mud bricks platform

20. Coal Tar Drum bin (150kg) Hapur bin (200-1000kg) 1.5 to 15 quintals

21. Plinth - damp- and rat-proof. grain bags- wooden dunnage. LDPE sheets - 250 micron (top and all four sides). Food grains – Wheat, maize, gram, paddy, and sorghum Used by FCI Developed by the Food Corporation of India Cover and plith storage

22. Pucca Kothi Partly underground and partly above ground bin

23. Material to be used Reinforced concrete cement silos (RCC) Mild steel Galvanized Iron Corrugated (GIC) silos

24. Types of Silo Bins Size and Geometry rectangular or square shaped circular shaped H d < 4R H d > 4R

25. Temperature and moisture changes during storage The grains should be examine in 2 weeks By pushing our hand into the surface as deeply as possible to feel for warm By injecting a long metal rod deeply into the grain to test for warmth and crushing at various depth Moisture migration and air movement in the bin during cold (A) and warm (B) periods

26. GRAIN PRESSURE THEORIES Load by the grain (static at times of no loading and unloading and dynamic at time of loading and unloading) Load due to wind The silo walls are subjected to tension due to lateral stresses(PL ) and compression due to load transfer by friction of grain on the bin wall. The floor is in compression all the times.

27. Warehouse Warehouse refers to commercial building used for storage of goods on a large-scale in a systematic and orderly manner and making them available conveniently when needed

28. Types of warehouse

29. Warehousing in India

30. Hermetic storage Oxygen level = 1–2% By high CO 2 or vacuum Capacity = 10 -30 thousand tons Reduces the losses up to 0.15% No chemical or fumigation 0.59–1 tons 5–30,000 tons

31. Preventive treatments for grain storage

32. Issues and Challenges

33. Way to Forward Strengthening Traditional mean of storage with modern inputs cheaper storage structures. Development of management protocols for safe and scientific storage. Research and Development efforts are required in the areas of impact of biotic and abiotic factors during storage, detection and monitoring of spoilage, safe fumigants, uniform fumigation etc. An integrated software application linking overall production, demand, procurement and storage, keeping in view the associated regions and infrastructure available should be developed. The First-in-First-Out policy should be strictly followed to avoid wastage and damage of stocks