Store grain pest khapra beetle

Ehtisham Ali Hussain
University College Of Agriculture,
University Of Sargodha, Sargodha
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1. STORE GRAIN PEST KAHPRA BEETLE Ehtisham Ali Hussain BAGF15E258 University College Of Agriculture, University Of Sargodha, Sargodha

2. SCIENTIFIC NAME : Trogoderma Granaries . FAMILY: Dermestidae. ORDER:Coleoptera. SCIEMTIST NAME : Most nectorious pest of store grain products. STATUS:Primary as well as secondary pest.

3. HISTORY The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts , is one of the world's most feared stored-product pests. In fact, it has been described as one of the 100 worst invasive worlwid species. Its discovered in California in 1953 led to massive control and eradication effort which extended until 1966 and cost of 15 million dollars. Currently, all infestations discovered in the U.S. have been eradicated. Any possible adults or larvae of this species discovered in the U.S. should be immediately reported to your state regulatory service (Buss and Fasulo 2006).

4. FOOD Dry material plant and animal. Mainly cereal and some pulses Main damage on pulses. DISTRIBUTION:World wide distribution.

5. IDENTIFICATION ADULT:Oval body ,small dark brown in colour and covered with fine hairs. Wings are present but don,t fly. SIZE:1.8-3mm and 0.9mm wide . Elyton have irregular pale mixing in male. Female has lighter colour mixing.

6. ADULT BEETLE

7. LARVA LARVAE:Eruciform larvae. Oval to elongate,body have hairs called “ Hestisetae ”. Tuft of hairs are on lateral side . Initial colour of larva whitish yellow . When it become mature it turn into reddish brown.

8. LARVA

9. PUPA The pupa of T. granarium usually remains inside the skin of the final-instar larva . Pupal development is unaffected by humidity and varies in length from 5 days at 25°C to 3 days at 40°C . On adult emergence, the pupal skin is pushed to the posterior end of the larval skin; the adult remains within the skin for a day or more

10. LIFE CYCLE OF KAHPRA BEETLE

11. HOW MUCH TIME IS REQUIRED FOR METAMORPHOSIS It takes between 26 to 220 days to develop from egg to adult . This is dependent on optimum temperature of 35°C . Larvae can survive temperatures below -8C.

12. DAMAGES CAUSED BY K.B Damage of this pest is limited to upper 50cm layer of grains in the heap. Larva feeds on grain and in case of severe attack it converts grain into frass . larva is most distructive stage of K.B The beetle doesn,t bore into host material but young larvae feed on damaged seed older on feeds on whole grains

13. DAMAGES CAUSED BY K.B Damages causes in sufficient reduction in seed viability further damages leads to un _ favourable changes in chemical composition. Beetle also damages the dry commodities of animal origin. While feeding beetle leaves the large no.of larval skin and setae , which may cause gastro intestinal irritation and allergic reactions .

14. DESTRUCTIVE STAGE OF K.B Larva is the most destructive stage of KB . The beetle does not bore into host material but young larvae feed on damaged seed and older larvae on Young larvae feed on damaged seeds, while the older larvae feed on whole grains.

15. PREVENTION AND CONTROL CHEMICAL CONTROL: Grain may be protected from T. granarium by the admixture of insecticides. T. granarium is, as far as is known, susceptible to all the insecticides normally used on stored food. Grain stocks may be fumigated with phosphine to eliminate existing infestations, but these treatments provide no protection against re-infestation. If T. granarium is present, then fumigations should be undertaken for a longer than normal period, preferably for 7 days.

16. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological control has not been practised against T. granarium .

17. BOTANICAL CONTROL Entanolic extracts of different plant parts e.g neem , sodom apple work as natural insecticides It would be apply at the stage of 3 rd instar . Pantqm is a spray which is apply in kitchen to avoid K.B.

18. Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods Good store hygiene plays an important role in limiting infestation by T. granarium . The removal of infested residues from the previous season's harvest is essential, as is general hygiene in stores; all spillage should be removed and all cracks and crevices filled.

19. Control BY FUMIGATION Fumigation is the most effective form of treatment of khapra beetle infestations. Methyl bromide is usually the treatment of choice. Because of khapra beetle's habit of hiding in cracks and crevice and in entire storage facility all its contents must be fumigated. Typically, the building/commodity or container is fully covered by tarpaulin and fumigated with methyl-bromide .

20. FUMIGATION

21. ECONOMIC LOOSE Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) is a serious pest of stored grain and dry foodstuffs worldwide. It can cause losses of up to 75% from direct feeding . Infested grain also becomes contaminated with beetles, cast skins and hairs from larvae, which can be a health risk and are difficult to remove from grain storage structures and transport vessels .

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