Stored grain pests

Stored grain pests

1. Primary Pests of Stored Grain Muhammad Shoaib

2. Primary Pest Insects That feed on whole grains . 1- Trogoderma granarium 2- Sitophilus oryzae 3- Rhyzopertha dominica 4- Sitotroga cerealella

3. Khapra Beetle Scientific name: Trogoderma granarium Family: Dermestidae Order: Coleoptera Status: This is most destructive pest of grains in stores. Distribution: Most widely distributed in stored grains

4. Description of stages Adult: Small dark brown, antennae 11 jointed and clubbed. Egg: White when freshly laid, becoming reddish later on. Grub: Dark reddish brown. Pupa: Dirty white ,later dark brown.

5. Life History Over wintering: As larva Inactive period: November - February Active period: March to October - November. Period of optimum activity: July - September No. of generations: 4

6. Life cycle Egg Adult Larva Pupa 3-14 days 20-30 days 2-5 days 1-26 eggs for 1-7 days

7. Damages Damage of this pest is limited to upper 50cm layer of grains in the heap. Larva feeds on grain and in case of severe attack it converts grain into frass. Larva is most destructive pest. The beetle does not bore into host material but young larvae feed on damaged seed older on feeds on whole grains

8. Control Chemical control Grain stocks may be fumigated with phosphine to eliminate existing infestations, but these treatments provide no protection against re-infestation. If T. granarium is present, then fumigations should be undertaken for a longer than normal period, preferably for 7 days.

9. Good store hygiene plays an important role in limiting infestation by T. granarium. The removal of infested residues from the previous season's harvest is essential, as is general hygiene in stores; all spillage should be removed and all cracks and crevices filled. Cultural Control by sanitary methods

10. Fumigation is the most effective form of treatment of khapra beetle infestations. Methyl bromide is usually the treatment of choice. Because of khapra beetle's habit of hiding in cracks and crevice and in entire storage facility all its contents must be fumigated. Typically, the building/commodity or container is fully covered by tarpaulin and fumigated with methyl-bromide . Control by fumigation

11. Lesser Grain Borer Scientific name: Rhyzopertha dominica Family: Bostrichidae Order: C oleoptera Status: Destructive pest of stored grains. Distribution: Widely distributed in stored grains

12. Description of stages Adult: Small dark brown, antenna tripartite club Eggs: Whitish becoming pinkish before hatching Grub: Dark white cylindrical head brown-lives inside grain. Pupa: Yellowish white inside grain.

13. Life history Overwintering: As larva and adult. Inactive period: November to february Active period: Feb-March to Oct-November Period of optimum activity: July to September-Oct No of generations: 5-6

14. L ife cycle Egg Larva Pupa Adult 5-9 days 17 days 4-7 days 4-23 eggs per day for 23-60 days

15. DAMAGES Both larva and adult attack on the grains and cause damage by feeding and making many irregular hole on them . In severe infestation a considerable amount of frass is produce by adult and they spoil more then what they eat . On the flour young grabs are nourished.

16. INSECTICIDES Cyfluthrin Diacon centynal

17. C ontrol Properly dry the stored products before storage. Store grains in the clean cantainers . Plug all the crevices and cracks in the store . Fumigation of food grains and store with carbon tetra chloride should be done .

18. Rice Weevil Scientific name: Sitophilus oryzae Family: Curculionidae Order: Coleoptera Status: Destructive pest of rice etc. Distribution: Most destructive insect pest of rice and grains in stores. Applied entomology Book 2 nd Edition

19. Life history Overwintering: As larvae Inactive period: Nov-Feb Active period: March - October Period of optimum activity: July - Oct No. of generations: 3-4 Life cycle: 33-52

20. Life cycle 400 eggs Lives for 4-5 months

21. Damage The larva feeds within the kernel and consumes the endosperm. The adult leaves a large, ragged exit hole in the kernel and feeds on damaged kernels. The rice weevil adult gathers and reproduces in stored grains.

22. Control Removal of infested food products. Discarding the heavily infested material. Repackaging material in new containers. Vacuuming kitchen cabinets. Products are placed in the freezer for several weeks. Clean bins regularly. Treat bins with a registered insecticide. Properly dispose of any grain debris found outside of the storage area. Fumigation. Apply insecticide.

23. Angoumois grain moth Scientific name: Sitotroga cerealella Family: Gelechiidae Order: Lepidoptera Status: Important pest of grains in stores. Distribution: Most widely distributed in stored grains Applied entomology Book 2 nd Edition

24. Adult Wing expanse of 13- 19 mm and a length of 6-9 mm. Forewings are clay- yellow and without markings . The hind wings are grey Rear edges wings have long fringes

25. Egg The female lays eggs singly or in clumps on the outside of the cereal grains. The number of eggs laid is variable but may total up to 200 during a life of 5-10 days.

26. La r va The larvae bore in to a kernel which they hollow out completely in the course of development .

27. Pupa Pupation also takes place inside the kernel. Before pupation, the larva extends the anterior of its chamber to just beneath the surface of the grain, thus forming a small circular window.

28. Life history Overwintering: As larvae Inactive period: Oct- Nov Active period: March - October Period of optimum activity: July - Sep No. of generations: 6-7 Life cycle: About 50days

29. Life cycle Egg Adult Larva Pupa 4-9 days 3 weeks 6-12 days 150 eggs

30. Diets The adults' moth feed on honey ,water etc. larvae feed on grains. They bore into the seeds of the host plant and feed inside the seed covering.

31. Damage A primary pest of grain, which may be attacked in the field . Most damage occurs in storage. Attacks all types of cereal grains.

32. Cleaning And Disinfesting The Storage System By sanitation or hygiene Use of monitoring devices May need to trea t with insecticide Malathion (50EC) at 5ml/20l of water @20ml/m 2, Fenitrothion (50EC) at 5ml/l water @20ml/m 2, Deltamethrin (2.5% WP) at 1.5g/l water @20ml/m 2

33. Treat Infected Grain Grain treatment Insecticide- malathion Fumigation phosphine, carbon dioxide Physical Heat