Str and Uses of alkyl halides.pptx

Structure and Uses of Different alkyl halides are discussed

1. Structure and uses of different Alkyl halides by Dr. Nidhi Gupta M.M. College of Pharmacy Mullana , Ambala , India

2. Ethyl chloride Chloroethane  or  mono chloroethane , commonly known by its old name  ethyl chloride , is a chemical compound with chemical formula  C 2 H 5 Cl, once widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive. It is a colourless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odour.

3. Ethyl chloride

4. Uses Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloroethane has been used as a refrigerant, an aerosol spray propellant, an aesthetic, and a blowing agent for foam packaging. For a time it was used as a promoter chemical in the aluminium chloride catalysed process to produce ethylbenzene, the precursor for styrene monomer. At present though, it is not widely used in any of these roles. The only remaining industrially important use of chloroethane is in treating cellulose to make ethyl cellulose, a thickening agent and binder in paints, cosmetics, and similar products. Chloroethane is supplied as a liquid in a spray bottle propelled by its own vapor pressure.

5. Chloroform Chloroform , or  trichloroethane , is an organic compound with formula CHCl 3 . It is a colourless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE. It is also a precursor to various refrigerants. It is one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane.

6. The molecule adopts tetrahedral molecular geometry with C 3v  symmetry.

7. Uses Solvent The hydrogen attached to carbon in chloroform participates in hydrogen bonding. Worldwide, chloroform is also used in pesticide formulations, as a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, gutta-percha, and resins, as a cleansing agent, grain fumigant, in fire extinguishers, and in the rubber industry. CDCl 3  is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. Reagent As a reagent, chloroform serves as a source of the dichlorocarbene CCl 2  group. It reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide usually in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst to produce dichlorocarbene, CCl 2 . This reagent effects ortho-formylation of activated aromatic rings such as phenols, producing aryl aldehydes in a reaction known as the Reimer–Tiemann reaction. Alternatively, the carbene can be trapped by an alkene to form a cyclopropane derivative. In the Kharasch addition, chloroform forms the CHCl 2  free radical in addition to alkenes.

8. Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene , also known under the systematic name  tetrachloroethene , or  perchloroethylene  (" perc " or " PERC "), and many other names, is a  chlorocarbon  with the formula Cl 2 C=CCl 2 . It is a colourless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".

9. Uses Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and non-flammable. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. It is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons. It appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers. It is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts it to a proton to form argon.

10. Trichloroethylene The chemical compound  trichloroethylene  is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. It is a clear non-flammable liquid with a sweet smell.  The IUPAC name is  trichloroethene . Industrial abbreviations include  TCE ,  trichloro ,  Trike ,  Tricky  and  tri . It has been sold under a variety of trade names. Under the trade names  Trimar  and  Trilene , trichloroethylene was used as a volatile aesthetic and as an inhaled obstetrical analgesic in millions of patients.

11. Uses TCE has also been used in the United States to clean kerosene-fueled rocket engines (TCE was not used to clean hydrogen-fueled engines such as the Space Shuttle Main Engine). It has also been used as a dry cleaning solvent, although replaced in the 1950s by tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene), except for spot cleaning where it was used until the year 2000.

12. Tetrachloromethane Carbon tetrachloride , also known by many other names (the most notable being  tetrachloromethane , also recognized by the IUPAC,  carbon Tet  in the cleaning industry,  Halon-104  in firefighting, and  Refrigerant-10  in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl 4 . It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. It has practically no flammability at lower temperatures.

13. Uses Lava Lamps Carbon tetrachloride is a key ingredient in lava lamps, as it adds weight to the otherwise buoyant wax. Solvent It once was a popular solvent in organic chemistry, but, because of its adverse health effects, it is rarely used today. It is sometimes useful as a solvent for infrared spectroscopy, because there are no significant absorption bands > 1600 cm −1 . Because carbon tetrachloride does not have any hydrogen atoms, it was historically used in proton NMR spectroscopy. In addition to being toxic, its dissolving power is low. Its use has been largely superseded by deuterated solvents. Use of carbon tetrachloride in determination of oil has been replaced by various other solvents, such as tetrachloroethylene. Because it has no C-H bonds, carbon tetrachloride does not easily undergo  free-radical reactions . Fire suppression

14. Dichloromethane Dichloromethane  ( DCM , or  methylene chloride ) is an organic compound with the formula CH 2 Cl 2 . This colourless, volatile liquid with a moderately sweet aroma is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with water, it is miscible with many organic solvents.

15. Uses DCM's volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds makes it a useful solvent for many chemical processes. It is widely used as a paint stripper and a degreaser. In the food industry, it has been used to decaffeinate coffee and tea as well as to prepare extracts of hops and other flavourings. Its volatility has led to its use as an aerosol spray propellant and as a blowing agent for polyurethane foams.

16. Iodoform Iodoform  is the organ iodine compound with the formula CHI 3 . A pale yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, it has a penetrating and distinctive odour (in older chemistry texts, the smell is sometimes referred to as the smell of hospitals, where the compound is still commonly used) and, analogous to  chloroform , sweetish taste. It is occasionally used as a disinfectant. It is also known as tri-iodomethane, carbon triiodide, and methyl triiodide.

17. Uses The compound finds small-scale use as a disinfectant. Around the beginning of the 20th century, it was used in medicine as a healing and antiseptic dressing for wounds and sores, although this use is now superseded by superior antiseptics. Adolf Hitler's mother, Klara Hitler, was treated with iodoform. Some have suggested that she died of iodoform poisoning, but metastasizing breast cancer was likely the primary cause of death. It is the active ingredient in many ear powders for dogs and cats, along with zinc oxide and propanoic acid, which are used to prevent infection and facilitate removal of ear hair.

18. Thankyou