Strategies for overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance.pptx

Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance and possible approaches to fight against it worldwide.

1. Strategies for overcoming drug resistance in antimicrobial therapy Prepared by: SAYANTAN KUNDU (M.PHARM,PHARMACOLOGY) Roll No.: PG/06/MPHARMP/2023/022 Enrollment No.: AU/2023/0010463 SCHOOL OF HEALTH & MEDICAL SCIENCES ADAMAS UNIVERSITY KOLKATA-700126

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO AMR MECHANISM OF AMR HOW AMR SPREAD RECENT APPROACHES TO DOWNPLAYING AMR STRATEGIES TO COMBAT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

3. Types Anti Microbial resistance (AMR) Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ability of a microorganism (bacteria, viruses and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobials (antibiotics, antivirals, anti- malarials ) from working against it. Any antimicrobial treatment becomes ineffective as infections persist and may spread to others. This is responsible for millions of death worldwide andis concerned as major public health concernnowadays . Introduction

4. Factor contributing to Anti-Microbial resistance Environmental Factors 1. Huge populations and overcrowding 2. Rapid spread - increased travelling 3. Poor sanitation 4. Increases community acquired resistance Drug Related Factors 1. Fake drugs. 2. Quality of the drug. 3. Soaring use of antibiotics. 4.Over the counter availability of antimicrobials. Patient Related Factors 1. Poor adherence of dosage Regimens 2. Poverty. 3. Lack of sanitation concept. 4. Lack of education. 5. Self-medication. 6. Misconception. Physician / Prescriber Related Factors 1. Inappropriate use of available drugs. 2. Increased empiric poly-antimicrobial use. 3. Overuse of antimicrobials. 4. Inadequate dosing. 5. Lack of current knowledge and training.

5. Mechanism of Anti-microbial drug resistance Enzymatic inactivation: An existing bacterial enzyme is modified to interact with an antibiotic in order to make them inactive towards bacteria. It is due to the transfer of the antibiotic resistance gene carried on plasmids. The most significant examples are beta-lactamase enzymes, which hydrolyze beta-lactams ( penicillins , cephalosporins). Drug extrusion by efflux pumps: These proteins, which are able to extrude a wide variety of compounds (including antibiotics) out of the cell, are overexpressed by the bacteria to extrude the antibiotic. This is an important mechanism of resistance in P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Decreased uptake by changes in the outer membrane permeability or by presence of porins: These variations interfere with the entrance of antibiotics. Modification of the drug target: These changes impede the binding of the antibiotic and limit its potency.

6. Recent Approaches for Downplaying Antibiotic Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms

7. 1. Cutting Edge Methodologies to Manipulate Antimicrobial Resistance 1.1. New Antibiotic discovery 1 .2. Antibiotic Adjuvants for the Inhibition of Resistance

8. 2 . Prioritized Other Modern and Novel Alternative Therapies 2.1 Antivirulent Therapy/Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors 2.2. Passive Immunization (Monoclonal Antibodies) 2.3. Phage Therapy 2.4. Nanoparticles

9. 2.5 . Phytochemicals 2.6. Vaccination 2.7. Antimicrobial Peptides

10. Call for action

11. Strategies to combat drug resistance in antibiotics: International Measure Increased collaboration between governments, non-governmental organizations, professional groups and international agencies. New networks that undertake surveillance of antimicrobials use of AMR. International approach for control of counterfeit antimicrobials. Incentive for the research and development of new drugs and vaccines. Forming new and reinforcing existing programmes  to certain AMR National strategies: WHO recommends that such committee would formulate AMR policy Provide guidance on standards, regulations, training and awareness onantibiotic use and AMR. Establishing and implementing national standard treatment guideline, having essential drug list (EDL) National Antimicrobial Resistance Policy, India: To understand emergence, spreads and factors influencing AMR, to setup antimicrobial program.

12. Action at Community level Rational use of antibiotics. Over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotics. Standards of hygiene. Establishing an infection prevention and control committee (IPC). Good hand hygiene practices. Effective diagnosis and treatment of infection Surveillance of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use. Improving the antimicrobial quality and supply chain. Good Microbiology Practices. Other Approaches Improve and strengthen surveillance and laboratory capacity and facilities Make sure uninterrupted wide access to essential medicines of assured quality Regulate and encourage rational use of medicines, even in animal husbandry, and ensure proper patient care. Improvise on infection prevention and control. Promote and pursue innovations and research and development for new tools. Other Measures

13. Conclusion In conclusion, addressing antimicrobial drug resistance requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses various strategies at both individual and societal levels. Through prudent antimicrobial use, enhanced surveillance, development of new drugs, implementation of infection prevention and control measures, and promoting public awareness, we can mitigate the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers, and the public is crucial to effectively combat this global health challenge. By adopting comprehensive and sustainable strategies, we can preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs and safeguard the health of current and future generations.

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