stress and coping final.pptxbggggggggggg
ImranNazeer20
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Jul 29, 2024
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About This Presentation
Nursing ethics is a discipline of medicine that involves ethical principles and core values that guide nursing practice. Some of the core principles include:
Autonomy
The right of patients to make their own decisions based on their values and beliefs, even if they differ from the nurse's
Benefic...
Slide Content
If you carry your problems on your head, their weight will crush you BUT If you put them under your feet, they will serve like stairs
HUMAN REPONSES TO ILLNESS/ ( stress and coping)
Objectives At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: Define coping stress tolerance pattern. Differentiate the concepts of stress as a stimulus, response, and transaction. Identify physiological and psychological manifestations of stress. Discuss Factors affecting coping pattern during hospitalization. Describe various types of coping pattern. Discuss the nursing process related to coping stress pattern.
Stress Stress is a condition in which person experiences changes in normal balance state. Any situation, event, or agent that cause stress is a stressor
Coping A person’s responses tom stressor is called coping strategies, coping responses or coping mechanisms.
Sources of stress Internal stressor (originate within a individual) Example: person’s thoughts, beliefs External stressor (originate outside the individual) Example: loss, tragedy, death in family Situational stressor (often unpredictable) Example: divorce, new job, illness Developmental stressor (often predictable)
Developmental stressor Developmental Stage Stressor Child Beginning school Establish peer relationship Peer competition Adolescent Physical changes Exploring independence Choosing career Young adult Marriage Getting started in an occupation Children Middle adult Maintaining social status and standard of living Helping children to become independent Aging parents Older adult Decreasing physical abilities and health Retirement Death of spouse
LEVELS OF STRESS EUSTRESS DISTRESS
EUSTRESS Eustress or positive stress occurs when your level of stress is high enough to motivate you to move into action to get things accomplished.
DISTRESS Distress or negative stress occurs when your level of stress is either too high or too low and your body and/or mind begin to respond negatively to the stressors.
Models of stress These models help nurses to identify the stressor in particular situation and predict the individual’s responses Nurses use these models to assist client’s in strengthening healthy coping responses There are three main models: Stimulus-based model Response-based model Transaction-based model
Stimulus-based model According to this model stress is defined as a stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances that arouse physiologic or psychological reaction that may increase individual’s vulnerability to illness
Manifestations of stress Sweating Increase heart rate Increase respiratory Mouth may be dry Muscles tension increase Digestive disorders Headache Anxiety Fear Anger Depression Physiologic Psychological
Response-based model According to this model stress may also be consider as a response Hans Selye (1976) developed a theory about physiologic response to stress known as “General Adaptation Syndrome”
“ General Adaptation Syndrome” Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome Alarm reaction stage Physiological responses of the fight-or-flight syndrome are initiated Stage of resistance Physiological responses used as a defense in attempt to adapt to the stressor Stage of exhaustion Prolonged exposure to the stressor to which the body has become adjusted Adaptive energy is depleted, and diseases of adaptation may occur
Transaction-based model According to this model people differ in their sensitivity to certain types of events, as well as their interpretations and reactions For example, in term of illness. One person may respond with denial, other with anxiety, and still another with depression In short this model encompasses a set of cognitive, affective and adaptive (coping) responses that arise out of person-environment transaction.
Ways to cope anxiety and stress Exercise Good Sleep & nutrition Time management Relaxation techniques: Breathing exercises Relaxation Massage Guided imagery Meditation Music therapy Humor and laughter
Factors affecting coping pattern The number, duration and intensity of stressor Past experiences of individual Support system available to individual Personal qualities of a person
Nursing process related to coping –stress pattern Assessment: Nursing history (client-perceived stressor, manifestation of stress, past and present coping strategies) Physical examination of stress indicators (nail biting, nervousness, weight changes) or stress related health problems (hypertension, dyspnea)
Assessment interview On a scale 0-10, where 1 is “very minor” and 10 is “extreme” how would you rate the stress you are experiences in the following area? Home Work or school Finance Recent illness or loss of love one Your health Family responsibilities Relationships with friends Relationships with parents or siblings or children Conti…
How do you usually handle stressful situation? If the patient does not adequately describe, ask the following: Cry Get angry Talk to someone (who?) Withdraw from situation Control other and situation Go for walk of perform physical activity Try to arrive at solution Pray Laugh, joke or use some other expression of humor Use relaxation technique such as yoga, guided imagery.
Nursing diagnosis Anxiety Caregiver role strain Compromised family coping Decisional conflict Fear Ineffective coping Post-trauma syndrome
Planning The overall goal for client experiences stress related responses are: Decrease or resolve anxiety Increase ability to manage or cope with stressful event Improve role performance
Implementation Listen attentively; try to understand the client's perspective on the situation Provide an atmosphere of warmth and trust; convey a sense of caring and empathy Encourage client’s participation in plan of care Stay with client as needed to promote safety and feeling of security to reduce stress Control the environment to minimizing additional stressors such as reduce noise, limiting the visitors etc Implement suicide precautions as needed Communicate short, clear sentences
Conti… Help client to: Determine situations that precipitate anxiety and identify signs of anxiety Verbalize feelings, perceptions and fear as appropriate (some culture discourage expression of feelings) identify personal strengths Recognize usual coping pattern and differentiate negative from positive Identify new strategies for managing stress (e.g. exercise, massage and muscles exercise) Identify available support system
Cont.. Teach client about: The importance of adequate exercise, a balance diet, rest and sleep to energize body and enhance coping abilities Arrange educational program about time management, assertiveness training and meditation
Summarization
Reference Kozier . B & Erb . G. (2002). Fundamental of Nursing. Pearson Education, Australia
Thank You
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