Stress indices PPT

Stress indices:
Reduced leaf area.
Increased leaf senescence
Stomata are closed due to loss of turgidity of gourd cells.
The flow of carbon dioxide and leaf transpiration decreases.
Photosynthesis reduces.
Reduced growth rate of plant.

1. SUBMITTED TO JYOTHI SATI SUBMITTED BY SAMAY SINGH MEENA M.Sc Horticulture 2 nd year IV th semester STRESS INDICES, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN PLANTS

2. Stress indices: Reduced leaf area. Increased leaf senescence Stomata are closed due to loss of turgidity of gourd cells. The flow of carbon dioxide and leaf transpiration decreases. Photosynthesis reduces. Reduced growth rate of plant. Drought stress

3. Physiological changes: Increased root to shoot ratio. Root penetrates into deeper layers of soil. Stomata are closed reducing water loss through transpiration. Reduced internal CO2 concentration due to stomata closure. Decline in net photosynthesis rate. Reduced growth of plant.

4. Biochemical changes: Decreased efficiency of Rubisco . Accumulation of stress metabolites like Glycinebetaine, polyamines, proline. Phyto hormones like ABA (abscisic acid), SOD (superoxide dimutase ) concentration increases.

5. Stress indices: Leaf rolling under excessive moisture Chlorosis, senescence, epinasty, hypertrophy, reduced plant growth, wilting of plant. Branching of root and root hair formation reduces. WATERLOGGING OR HIGH WATER STRESS

6. Physiological changes: Photosynthesis reduces due reduced stomatal conductance. Inhibition of translocation of photosynthates due to interference in phloem translocation. Rapid depletion of carbohydrates due anaerobic respiration.

7. Increase in amount of ethylene due to increased activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase. Reduction in gibberellins levels in xylem of tomato. Cytokinin upward transport is inhibited which leads to reduction in plant growth, enhance Chlorosis and abscission. ABA concentration increases. Biochemical changes:

8. Stress indices: Chlorosis and wilting of leaves. Death of seedlings, flower abscission, pollen sterility and poor fruit set. Physiological changes: Increase in respiration, Reduced photosynthesis at temperatures causing damages. Decreased cell membrane stability and function because of increased fluidity of cell membrane. HEAT STRESS

9. Heat shock proteins are synthesized in plants. ABA (abscisic acid) concentration in leaves and roots increases. Ethylene concentration increases. Salicylic acid concentration increases which induces thermo tolerance in plants. Biochemical changes:

10. Stress indices: Surface lesions, such as spitting or sunken areas of epidermis due to cell collapse. Yellowing of leaves due to loss of chlorophyll. Reduced flower induction, pollen production and germination. Reduced photosynthesis due loss of chlorophyll. Stunted growth of plant. COLD STRESS

11. Increase in unsaturated fatty acids in thylakoid membranes. Changes membrane permeability causing loss turgor. Cell leakage or disruption due formation of ice crystals. Decreased CO2 exchange. Physiological changes:

12. Biochemical changes: Peroxidation of fatty acids due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Increase in polyamine content such as spermidine and spermine. Increase in abscisic acid content.

13. Stress indices: Tip and edge burn of leaves, slow growth, nutrient deficiencies, wilting and death of plants. Delayed seed germination. Decrease in chlorophyll content, total sugar, starch. Panicle initiation, pollination and grain formation are affected. SALT STRESS

14. Reduced water potential. Increase in energy utilization, decrease in dry weight of shoot. Leaf temperature increases. Osmotic potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreases. Reduced germination and length of seedlings Physiological changes:

15. Accumulation of Na and Cl in leaves. Increase in content of glycinebetaine, manitol, proline. Increase in phytohormones like ABA, IAA and brassinosteroids. Biochemical changes:

16. Reduced membrane integrity. Inhibition of nutrient uptake. Increased concentration of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. Concentration of reactive oxygen species increases. POLLUTION STRESS

17. THANK YOU