Structural Workshop For Structural Members

Structural workshop for study of structural members

1. STRUCTURAL WORKSHOP 02 August 2023

2. What is structural engineering? Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering that involves the application of the laws of physics, mathematics, and empirical knowledge to safely design the ‘bones’ and load bearing elements of man-made structures. Codes and Standards NSCP – National Structural Code of the Philippines AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction ACI – American Concrete Institute ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers UBC – Uniform Building Code IBC – International Building Code ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials

3. Load path An established route through a structure in which forces are transferred from the point of application to the point at which the reaction occurs.

4. Load Cases Dead Load (Gravity) Self-weight Superimposed Dead load Wall / Partition Dead load Live Load (Gravity) Reducible Live load Non-Reducible Live load Machine Live load Roof Live load Wind Load (Lateral) Based on location and terrain Earthquake Load (Lateral) Based on buildings dead loads and location and / or closeness to seismic source. Philippines has two zones which are Zone 2 and Zone 4

5. Wind Map (Category II Structures) Seismic Map

6. Load Combinations LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design ASD – Allowable Stress Design

7. Structural Elements - SLAB Floor system that spans between supports Two-way slab – supports on 4 sides (S ÷ L ≥ 0.5) One-way slab – supports on 2 sides (S ÷ L ≤ 0.5) Cantilever slab – support on 1 side Types of Slabs Conventional concrete Composite steel deck Ribbed slab Waffle slab Hollow core …

8. Structural Elements - BEAM Beam Designed primarily to resists loads applied perpendicularly to their longitudinal axis

9. Structural Elements - COLUMN Designed primarily to support axial compressive loads coming from beams and slabs

10. Structural Elements – SHEAR WALL Shear wall Designed to resist in-plane lateral forces, typically wind and earthquake loads

11. Structural Elements - FOUNDATION Foundation Designed to support and anchor the superstructure of a building and transmit its loads directly to earth. Shallow foundation Isolated, Combined, Strap Deep foundation Bored, Driven

12. Initial Structural Considerations Slab thickness (in mm) (Two-way) T = Perimeter (mm) ÷ 160 (One-way) T = Span (mm) ÷ 20 Beam Depth (CONCRETE) D = Span ÷ 16 (STEEL) D (in inches) = Span (in feet) ÷ 2 Column size and Location Consult ST Engineer

13. Types of Structure – Concrete Structure More durable Lower maintenance and can last longer without any major repairs More cost effective Heavier and requires stronger foundation Difficult to retrofit and / repair if damaged

14. Types of Structure – Steel Structure Faster construction time Lightweight structure and requires less foundation Steel structures can be easily modified or expanded as needed due to flexibility in construction and design Prone to corrosion over time Requires costly repairs and/or replacements if damaged More expensive in cost and labor.

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