Suffixation

1. SUFFIX ATION WILSON BURGOS AROCA UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS – UNIVERSIDAD SURCOLOMBIANA MASTER’S PROGRAM ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

2. SUFFIX In grammar, a suffix (also postfix , ending ) is an affix which is placed at the end of a word. Suffixes can carry grammatical information ( inflectional suffixes ), or lexical information ( derivational suffixes ).

3. INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXATION Some inflectional suffixes in present day English: -s third person singular present - ed past tense - ing progressive/continuous -en past participle -s plural -en plural (irregular) - er comparative - est superlative - n't negative ’s Genitive case

4. INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXATION ENGLISH SPANISH HE PLAY S SOCCER ON MONDAYS ÉL JUEG A FÚTBOL HE PLAY ED SOCCER YESTERDAY ÉL JUG Ó FÚTBOL AYER HE IS PLAY ING SOCCER NOW ÉL ESTÁ JUG ANDO FÚTBOL AHORA HE HAS GIV EN A CARD TO ME ÉL ME HA D ADO UNA TARJETA THERE ARE SOME BOOK S ON THE TABLE HAY UNOS LIBRO S SOBRE LA MESA THERE ARE LESS M EN THAN WOM EN IN THE CLASS HAY MENOS HOMBR E S QUE MUJER ES EN LA CLASE SHE IS TALL ER THAN HIM ELLA ES MÁS ALTA QUE ÉL SHE IS THE PRETTI EST IN THE CLASSROOM ELLA ES LA MÁS LINDA EN EL SALÓN DE CLASES SHE CA N’T PLAY TENNIS ELLA NO PUEDE JUGAR TENIS LAURA ’S BOOK EL LIBRO DE LAURA

5. DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXATION NOUN NOUN SUFFIXES NOUN/ADJECTIVE NOUN/ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES VERB NOUN SUFFIXES ADJECTIVE NOUN SUFFIXES VERB SUFFIXES NOUN ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES IN BORROWED AND NEO-CLASSICAL WORDS OTHER ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES ADVERB SUFFIXES

6. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES ACCORDING TO THE WORD This _________ works for a gang. ________ are very serious people. It is a small book. It is a _________ I am smoking an expensive _______ Her name is Sonia. She works as a _________ During my _________ I watched too much TV RACKET LONDON BOOK CIGAR WAITER BOY

7. 1. NOUN NOUN SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES ster, - eer Nouns to personal nouns ‘person engaged in an occupation or activity ’ Gang ster , game ster Engine er , racket eer - er Nouns to personal and inanimate nouns Varied meanings: Having X Inhabitant of X Maker of X teenag er London er Glov er - let Countable nouns to countable nouns ‘small, unimportant’ Book let , leaf let - ette Nouns to nouns ‘small, compact’ ‘imitation(material)’ ‘Female’ Cigar ette Leather ette Usher ette - ess Animate nouns to animate nouns ‘Female’ Waitr ess , actr ess

8. 1. NOUN NOUN SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES y Nouns to nouns Dad dy , John ny hood Noun s to abstract nouns ‘status’ Boy hood , brother hood ship Noun s to abstract nouns ‘status, condition’ Friend ship Member ship dom Noun s to abstract nouns ‘domain, realm, condition ’ King dom Official dom ocracy Noun s to abstract nouns ‘system of government ’ Dem ocracy Merit ocracy - ery, -ry Chiefly nouns to: Abstract nouns Concrete nouns Mass nouns ‘Behavior ’ ‘place of activity’ ‘collectivity’ Slave ry Refine ry Machine ry Ing Countable nouns to mass nouns The substance which N is composed Matt ing , Tubb ing - ful Countable nouns to countable nouns ‘the amount which N contains ’ Mouth ful, Spoon ful

9. COMPARISONS ENGLISH SPANISH COLOMBIAN DEM OCRACY LA DEM OCRACIA COLOMBIANA THE SYSTEM OF MERIT OCRACY EL SISTEMA DE MERIT OCRACIA

10. COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE CORRECT WORD “Al Jabab was a famous __________ politician who travelled to the visit the _________ people in America. Although he spoke _________, he did not speak English. He hired a translator named Pete and he had a sense of __________ towards him. At the end, Al Jabab’s __________on languages was to learn English by himself in order to save the money he paid to the translator” ISRAEL REPUBLIC CHINA LOYAL IDEAL

11. 2. NOUN/ADJECTIVE NOUN/ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES - ite Chiefly names to personal nouns Members of a community Members of a faction, sect or type Israel ite Brooklyn ite - (i) an Chiefly proper nouns to: Personal and non-gradable adjectives ‘belonging to ’ ‘pertaining to’ Indones ian Paris ian Elizabeth an Republic an - ese Chiefly proper nouns to: Personal nouns and non- gradable adjectives ‘Nationality’ Chin ese Portugu ese Japan ese - ist Noun/adjectives to personal noun/adjectives ‘member of a party, occupation ’ Racial ist Loyal ist - ism Noun/adjectives to abstract nouns ‘doctrine’ ‘point of view’ ‘political or artistic movement ’ Calvin ism Ideal ism Absentee ism

12. COMPARISONS ENGLISH SPANISH CALVIN ISM , IDEAL ISM , DUAL ISM CALVIN ISMO , IDEAL ISMO, DUAL ISMO RACIAL IST , VIOLIN IST, STYL IST RACIAL ISTA , VIOLIN ISTA , ESTIL ISTA

13. COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT SUFFIX The person who writes is a writ__ The person who participates in a contest is a contest__ The person who is employed in a enterprise is an employ__ The act of exploring is called explor ____ The act of being amazed is called amaze___ The act of refusing something is called a refus __

14. 3. VERB NOUN SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES er Mainly dynamic verbs to mainly personal nouns Aggential suffix Work er , writ er , driv er , silenc er , window-clean er - ant Verbs to personal or impersonal nouns Aggential suffix Inhabit ant , contest ant , inform ant . - ee Verbs to personal nouns Passive suffix Train ee , employ ee - ation Verbs to abstract nouns Collective nouns ‘state’ ‘action’ ‘institution’ Explor ation Found ation - ment Verbs to chiefly abstract nouns ‘state’ ‘action’ Arrange ment , amaze ment - al Dynamic verbs to chiefly countable abstract nouns ‘action’ Refus al , reviv al , dismiss al , upheav al

15. 3. VERB NOUN SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES ing Verbs to: Abstract nouns Concrete nouns ‘activity’ ‘state’ ‘resultant from the activity of the verb ’ Bath ing , driv ing Paint ing , build ing , open ing - age Verbs to mass abstract nouns ‘extent’ ‘amount’ Cover age , lever age , wast age

16. COMPARISONS ENGLISH SPANISH WORK ER , WRIT ER , DRIV ER TRABAJAD OR , ESCRIT OR , CONDUCT OR INHABIT ANT , CONTEST ANT, INFORM ANT HABIT ANTE , CONCURS ANTE , INFORM ANTE EXPLOR ATION , ORGANIZ ATION EXPLOR ACIÓN , ORGANIZ ACIÓN

17. 4. ADJECTIVE NOUN SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES - ness Adjectives to abstract nouns ‘state’ ‘quality’ Mean ness , happi ness - ity Adjectives to abstract nouns ‘state’ ‘quality’ San ity , divers ity , elastic ity

18. COMPARISONS ENGLISH SPANISH SAN ITY SAN IDAD DIVERS ITY DIVERS IDAD ELASTIC ITY ELASTIC IDAD

19. 5. VERB SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES - ify Nouns, adjectives to transitive verbs ‘causative’ Beaut ify , divers ify , cod ify - ize Nouns, adjectives to transitive verbs ‘causative’ Decimal ize , symbol ize - en Adjectives to: Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs ‘Make more causative’ ‘Become ’ Rip en , wid en , deaf en , sadd en , quick en

20. COMPARISONS ENGLISH SPANISH DIVERS IFY , COD IFY , AMPL IFY DIVERSIF ICAR , CODIF ICAR, AMPLIF ICAR HOSPITAL IZE , LEGAL IZE , MODERN IZE HOSPITAL IZAR , LEGAL IZAR , MODERN IZAR

21. ACTIVITY Matching the root with the correct suffix Explaining the meaning of the suffix and how it modifies the root Writing a sentence using the matched word

22. 6. NOUN ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES - ful Abstract nouns to gradable adjectives ‘full of…’ ‘having…’ ‘giving’ Use ful , piti ful , success ful , help ful - less Nouns to adjectives ‘without’ ‘not giving’ Speech less , rest less , care less ly Concrete nouns to gradable adjectives ‘Having the qualities of’ Beast ly , man ly , coward ly , world ly - like Concrete nouns to gradable adjectives ‘Having the qualities of’ Child like , cow like , statesman like - y Concrete mass nouns to gradable adjectives ‘like’ ‘full of ’ ‘covered with’ Meat y , sand y , cream y , hair y - ish Proper and countable nouns to: Non gradable and Gradable adjectives ‘Belong ing to’ ‘having the character of’ Swed ish , Turk ish Fool ish , self ish , mod ish

23. COMPARISONS ENGLISH SPANISH MEATY, SANDY, SILKY CARNOSO, ARENOSO, SEDOSO GROTESQUE, DANTESQUE GROTESCO DANTESCO

24. 7. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES IN BORROWED AND NEO-CLASSICAL WORDS SUFFIX USED TO FORM EXAMPLES - al, - ial , - ical Primarily non-gradable adjectives Crimin al , cultur al , editor ial , music al - ic Gradable or non-gradable adjectives Atom ic , emphat ic , hero ic , specif ic - ive, - ative, - itive Gradable or non-gradable adjectives Attract ive , explos ive , product ive , sensit ive - ous, - eous, - ious Primarily non-gradable adjectives Ambit ious , erron eous , vivac ious Griev ous

25. INTERNET ACTIVITY http://www.sadlier-oxford.com/phonics/grade2_3/suffixes/suffix.htm

26. 8. OTHER ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES - able Transitive verbs to adjectives ‘Passive’ Accept able , read able - ish Gradable adjectives to gradable adjectives ‘Somewhat’ Redd ish , tall ish , poor ish - ed Nouns or noun phrases to adjectives ‘having…’ Wall ed , point ed , giant-siz ed , blue ey ed .

27. 9. ADVERB SUFFIXES SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES Ly Adjectives to adverbs of manner, viewpoint ‘In a…manner’ Happi ly , strange ly , odd ly - ward (s) Prepositional adverbs and nouns to adverbs of manner and direction Manner and direction of movement On ward , back wards , east wards wise Nouns to Adverbs of manner Viewpoint adverbs ‘In a manner of…’ ‘as far as….is concerned’ Crab wise , clock wise . Weather- wise , education- wise

28. INTERNET ACTIVITY http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/CiLL/eap/2004/u2/pg35suffixes.htm

29. Thank you for your particip ation