sugarcane

Sugarcane breeding

1. Sugarcane
2n = 80
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Saccharum
Species: S.officinarum
Binomial name
Saccharum officinarum L.

2. Importance:-
ThewordsugarcaneisderivedfromSanskritword“shakkara”
meaningsugar.
Sugarcanepropagatedvegetativelythroughsets.
Itisanimportantagriculturalcashcropintropicalandsubtropical
regionoftheworld.

5. Themainproductof
sugarcaneissucrose,
whichaccumulatesin
thestalkinternodes,
80%ofsugarcomes
fromsugarcaneand
therestfromsugar
beet.

6. Types of sugars

7. Sugarcaneprovidesindustrialrawmaterialforsugar
alliedindustriessuchasaceticacid,paper,plywood,
industrialenzymes,animalfeed,andasasourceof
renewableenergy.

8. Sugarcane-origin-6000 BC
Therearetwocentersofdomesticationforsugarcane:
SaccharumofficinarumbyPapuansinNewGuinea
SaccharumsinensebyAustronesiansinTaiwanand
southernChina.
SaccharumbarberiwasonlycultivatedinIndiaafterthe
introductionofS.officinarum.

10. Global distribution of sugarcane
Sugarcanecropcovering22millionhectaresworldwide.
BrazilandIndiaarethemainproducerswhichaccount
for60%oftheworld’scaneproduction.

11. InIndia,sugarcaneoccupyingaround5
millionhectares.
Themainproducingstates–Uttarpradesh,
Maharashtra,AndhraPradesh,TamilNadu,
andGujarat.

12. Taxonomy
Sugarcanegeneticistshaveadoptedtheterm
‘Saccharum’complex,originallycoinedbyMukherjee
(1957)todescribeasubsetofgenerawithinSaccharinae
closelyrelatedtoSaccharumtohavecontributedtoits
geneticbackground.
GenerawithintheSaccharumcomplexincludeErianthus,
Miscanthus,Narenga,Saccharum,andSclerostachya.
UsingDNAsequencestoassesstheinterrelationshipsof
generawithintheSaccharumcomplexconcludedthat
SaccharumandMiscanthusaremorecloselyalliedtoeach
otherthantheyaretoothergenera.

13. Saccharum’ complex

15. Origin of sugarcane

17. Breeding objectives:-
1.Highcaneyield/weightofindividualcane.
2. Moderate to high sucrose content
3. Early to full season maturity
4. Resistance to diseases.
a) Red rot b) Smut c) Wilt d) Mosaic
e) Ratoon –stunting disease f) Grassy –shoot
5. Resistance / tolerance to insect pests
a) Shoot borerb) Cane borerc) Pyrillad) Mealy bugs
e) White flies f) Termites g) White grub
6. Tolerance to abiotic stresses
a) Drought b) Salinity c) Flooding d) High
temperature
7. Wider adaptability

18. 8.Diameterofthestem:Uniformstemsandmediumor
largediametersthatdonotbreakeasilyinorderto
increaseyieldandreducewasteonmechanized
harvesting.
9.Growthspeedandtillering:Thevarietiesshouldhave
fastinitialdevelopment,goodtillering,andpropercanopy
closureofintervalsbetweenplants,minimizingthe
competitionwithinfestingweeds.
10.Fibrecontent:Fibrehasbeenimportantforthe
generationofelectricpowertoaddresstheneedsof
powerplantsanddistilleries,aswellasforthesaleof
surplusenergy.Theidealquantityoffibresranges
between12and13%.

19. 11.Absenceofflowering:Excessivefloweringcancause
lossesinthequalityoftherawmaterialduetothe
isoporizationofthestems,increaseoffibrecontentand
lateralbudgermination,reductionofthejuiceextracted
bythemills,andparalyzationofthedevelopmentofthe
floweredstems,causingreductionofproductivity.
12.Erectgrowinghabit:Thistraitisimportantfor
mechanizationaswellasthemanualharvest.
13.Sprouting:Theyieldofthestalksofsugarcane
decreaseseachcut.Inbreedingprogramsandalso
commercialareas,itisdesirablethatcultivarsshowhigh
abilitytosproutaftercutting.

20. Arrowing in Sugarcane

23. Procedure of clonal
selection in asexually
propagated crops

24. Hybridization:Threebasictypesofcrossesaremade
•Biparentalcrosses:-Thesearethecrossesresultingfrom
twoknownparentalclones.Thisiseasilyachievedby
bringingtogetherthetwoparentsinanisolatedareaor
underlanterns
•Areacrosses:Inthissystemseveralmalesterilefemale
clonesarepollinatedbyonemaleparentinanisolated
area.
•Meltingpotcrosses:Meltingpotcrossesorpolycrosses
aremadebybringingtogetherarrowsoflargenumberof
superior/potentialparentalcultivarsinanisolatedarea.
Naturalcrosspollinationisallowed.
•Thisprocedureallowstheevaluationofbreedingbehavior
ofalargenumberofclonesataminimumexpense.

27. Thecultivatedvarietiesofsugarcane(complexhybrids)
aredevelopedbyusingS.officinarum,thenoble
sugarcanes;S.barberi,theIndiansugarcanes;S.sinense,
theChinesesugarcane;andtwowildspecies,viz.S.
spontaneumandS.robustumgermplasm.
Thegenesforsucroseaccumulationinmodern
sugarcanevarietiesarederivedfromS.officinarum,S.
barberi,andS.sinense.
Thewildspecieshascontributeddiseaseresistance,
tolerancetoenvironmentalstress,andhigheryield
potentialthroughhigherbiomassproduction.
S.officinarumwithS.spontaneum(nobilization)and
producedacommercialvariety,Co.205inthefirst
generation.

29. Genetic base-broadening through “nobilization”

31. 2.Breedingforresistancetodiseases:-
Redrot:-Itisamajorprobleminsub-tropicalcountries.Themajor
sugarcanevarietieswhicharefoundtoberesistanttothisdiseaseare
Co1148,1336,6304,Co5659,CoS698etc.
Smut:Seriousdiseaseinmanysugarcanegrowingcountriesresistant
commercialvarietiesinIndiaareCo449,527,853,1148,1336.
3.MutationBreeding:
ManymutationbreedingprogrammedwithX–raysandgamma–rays
werestartedduringearlysixtiesinIndia.
•Mutationbreedinginsugarcaneaimsatcreatingeconomicmutants
forhighercaneyield,non–floweringandresistancetovarious
diseasessuchasredrot,smut,downymildewandtovariousinsect
borers.
•Gamma-raysaswellaschemicalmutagenssuchasEMSareapplied
mostlyonbuds.

33. 4.Abioticstresstolerance/resistance:-
•Commonabioticstressesforsugarcaneasinother
cropsaredrought,flooding,salinity,high
temperaturefreezingtemperature

34. CHARACTERISTICS GENERA/ SPECIES
Tolerance/ resistance to droughtS. spontaneum, Narenga spp., Erianthus spp.
Tolerance/ resistance to water
logging
S. robustumand S. Spontaneum
Tolerance/ resistance to cold
(performance at high altitude)
Miscanthusnepalensis, E. fulvus
S.spontaneum, S. Barberi
Tolerance/ resistance to salinityErianthusspp., S. barberi, S. sinense,
S. Robustum
High nutrient use efficiencyS. spontaneum (JK 76-20, SES 24, IS
760164)
S. Robustum ( 51 NG 27), S. sinense
(Khadya),
S. officinarum (UB-16)
Low nutrient requirement S. spontaneum, Erianthusspp.
Robust growth under low input
conditions
Erianthusspp.
Saccharumspeciesandrelatedgenerawhichmayimparttolerance/
resistancetoabioticstressesandnutrientuseefficiencyinsugarcane

35. Three-TierSeedProgramme
Thisprogrammeismainlybasedonheattherapy.
i)BreederSeedCane:Geneticallypureapparentlyhealthyseedcaneis
takenfromaplantcropunaffectedwithwaterlogging,droughtand
insectpests.Thisseedcaneissubjectedtomoisthotairtreatment
(MHAT)at54
o
Cand95%RHfor4.0hours.WhileforHotwater
treatmenttemperatureshouldbe50
0
Cfor2.0-2.5hours.Thesetsare
treatedwithrecommendedfungicidebeforeplantingalsoexaminedto
removeinfectedonesorwithdamagedbuds.Thecropisinspectedat
monthlyintervalsfromthegerminationstagetillharvest.
ii)FoundationSeedCane:Alltheoperations,exceptheattherapy,
appliedforraisingbreederseedcane,arealsoappliedforraising
foundationseed.Thecropisinspectedthreetimes,firstafter45-60days
ofplanting,secondafter120-130daysandthird15daysbeforeharvest.
iii)CertifiedSeedcane:Certifiedseedcaneisalsoraisedandnoheat
treatmentisgiventotheseedobtainedfromfoundationseedcrop.The
25%ofcropisinspectedduringfirstinspectionandonly10%cropduring
thecourseofsecondandthirdinspections.

37. Method of
propagation
Sugarcane is a
vegetatively
propagated crop
and is cultivated
through stem
cuttings using 3-
budded 'setts'.

42. Inspiredbythesuccessof'Systemof
RiceIntensification'underWWF-ICRISAT
project,BikshamGujjaandhisTeam
extendedthisconcepttosugarcaneand
the'SustainableSugarcaneInitiative‘
(SSI)wasborn.

43. Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI)
SustainableSugarcaneInitiativeisamethodofsugarcane
productionthatinvolvestheuseoflessseeds,lesswaterand
optimumutilizationoffertilizersandlandtoachievemore
yields.
ThemajorprinciplesthatgovernSSIare:
•Raisingnurseryusingsinglebuddedchips.
•Transplantingyoungseedlings(25-35daysold).
•Maintainingwidespacing(5X2feet)inthemainfield.
•Providingsufficientmoistureandavoidinginundationof
water.
•Encouragingorganicmethodofnutrientandplant
protectionmeasures.
•Practicingintercroppingforeffectiveutilizationofland.

49. Advantages
Less seed, fertiliser and water
Farm-based method using targeted inputs
Encouragement of inter-crops
Improves productivity of land, water and
labor-all at the same time
Climate-, ecosystem-and socially-friendly
Opens up new business opportunities

50. ComparisonbetweenConventionalandSSImethodsof
SugarcaneCultivation

52. Micropropagation or In vitro propagation

53. MeritsofMicropropagation
1.Quickmultiplication(1shootapex:severalthousand
plants)
2.Disease-freematerial
3.True-to-typeplants
4.Easiertransport
5.Lowgestationperiodforexploitingnewvarieties
6.Rejuvenationofoldvarieties
7.Germplasmstorage
8.Micropropagatedplantsaremorevigorous,givehigher
caneyieldandsucrose%.
9.Thequalityofseedproducedbythistechniquecanbe
maintainedfor3-5yearswithpropermonitoring.

54. Sugarcanemicropropagationbytemporaryimmersion
systems.
(a)Recipientforautomatedtemporaryimmersion(RITA™),
(b)gravityimmersionbioreactor(GIB),
(c)TemporaryImmersionBioreactor(TIB)and
(d)(d)SETIS™bioreactor,after30dofincubation.
Temporaryimmersionsystem(TIS)-Semiautomated
meansofmicropropagation

55. Numerousstudiesreportontheimprovementof
droughttoleranceinsugarcanethroughtransgenesiswith
differingratesofsuccess.
ThefirstapprovaltocommerciallygrowaGMsugarcane
cropwasgiventoIndonesiain2013(ISAAA,2015).
TheapprovedGMsugarcanecropwastransformedwith
theEcBetAgenefromEscherichiacoli.Theproductofthe
EcBetAgeneistheenzymecholinedehydrogenase,which
catalyzestheproductionoftheosmoprotectant“glycine
betaine”andconferstolerancetodroughtstress.
Transgenic approach

56. Energycanes
Energycaneissugarcanethatismodifiedtobecomemore
productiveforbiofuelandbiochemicalmanufacturing,as
wellasforrenewableenergygeneration.
EnergycanehasbeendividedintoTypeIandTypeIItypes
basedonitssugarandfibercontent.
TypeIenergycanecontainscomparablelevelofsugar
(>13%)buthigherfibercontent(>17%)thanconventional
sugarcane.
TypeIIenergycanehasmarginalsugarcontent(<5%)but
veryhighfibercontent(>30%)andisexclusivelybredfor
biomassproduction.
LignincontentinTypeIandTypeIIenergycaneswas
slightlymorethanthatofconventionalsugarcane.

57. Energycanes

58. Withlignocellulosicconversionofbagasse
intoethanol,yearroundproductionof
alcoholisfeasiblewithcaptiveenergycane
plantations.
Theenergycanesdevelopedarecapable
ofgrowinginmarginalandabioticstress
conditionwhereanyfoodcropcannotbe
cultivatedeconomically

59. •ErianthusarundinaceusandSaccharumspontaneumhave
contributedsignificantlytotheenergycanedevelopment.

62. Varietiesusedinbreedingtoimpartdesirabletraitstothe
progeny
TRAIT VARIETY(IES)
Sucrose content M336, PR 1000, CP33-224, Co 281,PR1140
Cold resistance CP 1165
Salt tolerance Co 453
Drought tolerance PR 980, Co 312
Lodging resistance Q27
Erectness CP38-34, CP66-346, CP52-68
(also transmits mosaic susceptibility)
Smut resistance Co 419, Co 453, Co 603
Red rot resistance Co 475, Co 980, Co 1227
Leaf scald CB 38-22
Leaf scald, gumming disease, Fiji disease
and Mosaic resistance
Co 290
Diatraearesistance and red strip
susceptibility
US 1694
Wide adaptation PoJ2878, Nco310

63. Breedingcentres:-
1.Sugarcanebreedinginstitute,Coimbatore
2.IndianInstituteofSugarcaneResearch,Lucknow
3.Statesugarcaneresearchstations,suchasshahjahanpur(UP),
Seorali,(Deoria)(UP),Pusa(Bihar),Padegaon(Maharashtra)and
Anakapalli,UyyurandPerumallapalli(AP).
Drought : Co285,Co740,Co997,Co1148
Frost : Co1148,NCo310
Salinity : Co453,Co62125
Lodging : Co6304,Co7117,CoS7918
Waterlogging : Co1157,Co975,Co785,Bo91,Bo104,
Bo106,Bo109
Topborer : CoJ67,Co1158
Internodalborer: CoC671,Co975
Redrot : Co7627,CoJ64,CoR8001.

64. Limitationstoconventionalbreeding
Complexgenome
Variablechromosomenumber
Rarefloweringhabit
Narrowgeneticbase
Poorfertility
Susceptibilitytobioticandabioticstresses
Longdurationtobreedelitecultivars.

65. Constraints in sugarcane varietal improvement
1.Limiteduseofgeneticresourcesinbreeding
2.Problemsinusinggermplasmduetoflowering
synchrony
3.Constraintsinbreedingfordiseaseresistant
speciallyredrot
4.Photoandthermo-sensitivity
5.Lackofgeneticinformation
6.Meioticirregularitiesduringreproduction
7.Highlyheterozygousandcomplexpolyploid
nature