Sugarcane maturity and deficiency symptom.pptx

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1. Sugarcane - Crop logging, maturity and ripening

2. Crop Logging in sugarcane Foliar diagnosis of nutrients – Clements (1960) 2.4-2.5% - N. 0.21% - P 1.25% - K 0.13-0.15% Ca and 0.06-0.08% Mg Micronutrients 5 ppm - Fe 15 ppm - Zn 20 ppm - Mn

3. Removal of water shoots Water shoots are late formed tillers or side shoots which are robust and fast growing. They originate mainly due to excess water supply, heavy and late manuring, inadequate earthing up These water shoots contain lot of water, low sucrose and more of reducing sugars Water shoots affect the growth of adjacent stalks They harbor insect pests and when they are milled sugar recoveries are low because of reduced juice quality Therefore removal of water shoots whenever they appear Water shoots can be used as cattle feed

4. Control of flowering In commercial sugarcane cultivation, flowering is not desirable Once the plant flowered the cane growth stops and starts ripening If not harvested immediately reversion of sugars, increase in fibre , pith formation, cane breakage etc. The deterioration is much faster if it is summer Solution Non-flowering or shy flowering varieties can be used where flowering is a severe problem Controlled irrigation Change of planting period Use of growth regulating substances Spraying of ethrel at 500ppm, twice or 1000ppm once at floral initiation

5. Maturity and harvest Ripening of sugarcane refers to rapid synthesis and storage of sucrose in the stalk Accumulation of sugar in the stalk starts soon after completion of elongation phase Glucose produced during photosynthesis is not utilized for conversion but stored as sucrose When the concentration exceeds 16% in the juice and 85% purity the cane is said to be matured As the crop advances in maturity: Water content decreases Sucrose content increases Reducing sugars decreases Both organic and inorganic non-sugars also decreases At peak maturity sucrose content is at maximum and non-sugars at minimum Assessing maturity Use of hand refractometer - Brix reading Assess the maturity by HR meter survey – 18-25% indicates optimum maturity When the reading between top and bottom is 1:1 – is right time to harvest If delayed Sucrose content decreases Non-sugars increases Fibre content increases

6. Ripening is influenced by number of factors Climate Nutrition Variety Cool dry weather is the key factor Bright sunshine Day temp 28-30C Night temp  12-14C RTD (Relative temp disparity) decides Ripeners Spray Sodium metasilicate 4kg in 750 litres /ha 6 months after planting Repeat at 8th & 10th months and not at declining phase Polaris and Ethrel are most extensively used in Hawaii Polaris @ 5 kg in 600 l /ha

7. Cropping systems Intercropping Since a slow grower during initial 2-3 months may be an intercrop raised The crop should not affect cane yield Marketability, ability and feasibility decides the short crops Pulses, potato, onion etc are some Sequential cropping - Rotations After sugarcane 1 or 2 or 3 crops Rice based cropping system for one year Wheat based Sugarcane-banana- rice based crop rotations

8. NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS : Nitrogen deficiency :  All leaves of sugarcane exhibit a yellow – green colour and retardation of growth. Cane stalks are smaller in diameter and premature drying of older leaves. Roots attain a greater length but are smaller in diameter. Phosphorus deficiency :   Reduction in length of sugarcane stalks, diameters of which taper rapidly at growing points. The colour of the leaves is greenish blue, narrow and somewhat reduce length. Reduced tillering, decreased shoot / root ratio with restricted root development.

9. Potassium deficiency:  Depressed growth, yellowing and marginal drying of older leaves and development of slender stalks. An orange, yellow colour appears in the older lower leaves which develop numerous chlorotic spots that later become brown with dead centre. A reddish discoloration which is confined to the epidermal cells of the upper surfaces and midribs of the leaves. The young leaves appear to have developed from a common point giving a “Bunched top” appearance. Poor root growth with less member of root hairs. .

10. Zinc deficiency:   Mild zinc deficiency exhibit a tendency to develop anthrocyanin pigments in the leaves. Pronounced bleaching of the green colour along the major veins and also striped effect due to a loss of chlorophyll along the veins. In acute cases of zinc deficiency there is evidences of necrosis and growth ceases at the growing point (meristem). Iron deficiency:  Symptoms of Iron deficiency are generally seen in young leaves where pale stripes with scanty chlorophyll content occur between parallel lines. In advanced stages of deficiency the young leaves turn completely white, even in the veins. Root growth also becomes restricted. Boron deficiency :   Boron deficiency could be seen in the cane by depressed growth, development of distorted and chlorotic leaves and the presence of definite leaf and stalks lesions. In extreme cases of boron deficiency the plant will die

11. Importance of Balanced Nutrition The soil fertility has declined in many sugarcane growing areas of the state due to improper and some times, distorted fertilizer schedules adopted over the years under intensive cultivation of the crop. Hence balanced application of fertilizer based on soil test values and crop requirement is essential. Micro nutrient fertilizers : 1. (a) Zinc deficient soils : Basal application of 37.5 kg/ha of zinc sulphate .     (b) Sugarcane crop with zinc deficiency symptoms: foliar spray of 0.5% zinc sulphate with 1% urea at 15 days internal till deficiency symptoms disappear. 2. (a) Iron deficient soils: Basal application of 100 kg/ha of ferrous sulphate .     (b) Sugarcane with Iron deficiency symptoms: foliar spray of 1% ferrous sulphate with 1%           urea at 15 days interval till deficiency symptoms disappear. 3. Common Micronutrient mixture  :  To provide all micronutrients to sugarcane, 50 kg /ha  of micronutrient mixture containing 20 kg Ferrous sulphate,10 kg Manganese sulphate , 10 kg Zinc sulphate , 5 kg of Copper sulphate , 5 kg of Borax mixed with 100 kg of well decomposed FYM, can be recommended as soil application prior to planting.

12. Recommended dosage of macro and micronutrients Macronutrients a. Sugarcane – plant crop (meant for sugar mills)     275 : 62.5 : 112.5 kg N, P 2 O5 and K 2 O per ha b. Sugarcane – Ratoon crop (meant for sugar mills)     275 + 25% extra N : 62.5 : 112.5 kg N, P 2 O5 and K 2 O per ha c. Sugarcane for jaggery manufacture (plant as well as ratoon crop)      225 : 62.5 : 112.5 kg N, P 2 O5 and K 2 O per ha

13. Contingent plan Gradual widening of furrow: At the time of planting, form furrow at a width of 30 cm initially. After that, widen the furrow to 45 cm on 45th day during first light earthing up and subsequently deepen the furrow on 90th day to save 35% of water. Drought Management: Soak the setts in lime solution (80 kg Kiln lime in 400 lit) for one hour. Plant in deep furrows of 30 cm depth. Spray potash and urea each at 2.5 per cent during moisture stress period at 15 days interval. Spray Kaolin (60 g in 1 ltr . of water) to alleviate the water stress. Under water scarcity condition, alternate furrow and skip furrow method is beneficial. Apply 125 kg of MOP additionally at 120 day of planting. Basal incorporation of coir waste @ 25 tonnes /ha at the time of last ploughing. Removal of dry trash at 5th month and leave it as mulch, in the field.

14. PRE-HARVEST PRACTICES a. Apply cane ripeners Spray Sodium metasilicate 4 kg/ha in 750 litres of water on the foliage of crop at 6 months after planting. Repeat the same twice at 8 th and 10 th months to obtain higher cane yield and sugar  percentage. b. Assessing maturity of crops Assess the maturity by hand refractometer brix survey and 18 to 22 per cent brix indicates optimum maturity for harvest. Top-bottom ratio of H.R.Brix reading should be 1:1. HARVESTING Early varieties have to be harvested at 10 to 11 months age and mid-season varieties at 11 to 12 months age. Harvest the cane at peak maturity. Cut the cane to the ground level for both plant and ratoon crops.

15. Aluminium Aluminum toxicity does not directly show up on the leaves, but in the root system. Damage to the root system by Al toxicity resembles injury symptoms caused by nematodes. Few lateral roots form and those roots that are present have abnormally thickened tips. Plants become highly susceptible to moisture stress. On acid soils, land-forming operations or erosion can expose acid subsoils . Aluminum toxicity might be found with soil pH less than 5.2 and can be alleviated by liming, which increases soil pH and adds calcium.

16. Aluminium and Calcium Calcium added to the soil helps to alleviate the effects of Al toxicity, particularly if accompanied by an appropriate pH increase.

17. Boron The symptoms of B deficiency appear on young leaves of sugarcane. Apical meristem may or may not remain alive. Immature leaves have varying degrees of chlorosis, but they do not wilt.

18. Boron Boron-deficient plants have distorted leaves, particularly along the leaf margins on immature leaves. Immature leaves may not unfurl from the whorl when B deficiency is severe.

19. Boron In B deficiency, the apical meristem may die.

20. Boron Translucent lesions ("water sacks") along leaf margins may occur as B deficiency progresses.

21. Boron In cases of severe B deficiency, young sugarcane plants tend to be brittle and bunched with many tillers.

22. Boron Leaf margins become chlorotic with B toxicity.

23. Calcium The effects of Ca deficiency on older leaves are localized with mottling and chlorosis. Older leaves may have a "rusty" appearance and may die prematurely.

24. Calcium Spindles often become necrotic at the leaf tip and along margins when Ca deficiency is acute. Immature leaves are distorted and necrotic. However, Ca deficiency is uncommon.

25. Chlorine Chlorine deficiency and toxicity are hard to identify in the field. Chlorine deficiency causes abnormally short roots and increases the number of lateral roots. Chlorine toxicity will also cause abnormally short roots with very little lateral branching (from left to right: 0, 1, and 100 ppm Cl ). Neither Cl deficiency nor toxicity are likely in commercially-grown sugarcane in Florida.

26. Chlorine Chlorine deficiency and toxicity in young leaves (from left to right: 0 and 100 ppm Cl ).

27. Cupper Copper deficiency generally appears first in young leaves. Green splotches are an early symptom.

28. Copper Apical meristems remain alive, but internode elongation will be greatly reduced when Cu deficiency is severe.

29. Copper General vigor and tillering are reduced under Cu deficiency.

30. Iron Iron deficiency is first evident on young leaves. Symptoms of Fe deficiency often occur adjacent to unaffected plants. Young plants may overcome symptoms as the plant matures and the root system develops.

31. Iron Iron deficiency occurs on high pH calcareous soils .

32. Iron On high pH calcareous soils, Fe deficiency is found adjacent to healthy maturing cane plants. Damage to the root system due to insects or adverse soil conditions (i.e., salts) give this deficiency unusual spatial characteristics .

33. Magnesium Magnesium deficiency is first evident on older leaves. Red necrotic lesions result in a "rusty" appearance.

34. Magnesium The "rusty" appearance can spread across all leaves and may also result in premature dropping of older leaves.

35. Magnesium Under severe Mg deficiency, the stalk may become stunted and severely "rusted" and brown. Internal browning of the stalk may also occur.

36. Manganese Manganese deficiency first appears on younger leaves. Interveinal chlorosis occurs from the leaf tip toward the middle of the leaf.

37. Manganese Under severe Mn deficiency, the entire leaf becomes bleached.

38. Molybdenum Molybdenum deficiency is seen on older leaves. Short longitudinal chlorotic streaks on the apical one-third of the leaf.

39. Nitrogen Older leaves first show N deficiency. Symptoms become generalized over the whole plant and older leaves die back. Young leaves are pale-green and stalks are slender when under long-term N deficiency stress.

40. Nitrogen Internode growth is reduced with N deficiency .

41. Nitrogen With N deficiency, leaf sheaths prematurely separate from the stalk. Note pale-green to yellow color.

42. Phosphorus Older leaves first show symptoms of P deficiency. Leaf reddening usually occurs with P deficiency when the plant is young and when growing temperatures are <10°C (50°F).

43. Phosphorus Phosphorus deficiency causes short and slender stalks. Older leaves prematurely die back (note leaf sheaths).

44. Potassium Older leaves first show symptoms of K deficiency. The symptoms appear as localized mottling or chlorosis.

45. Potassium Red discoloration of upper surfaces of the midrib is characteristic of K deficiency. Insect feeding damage on the midrib may be misconstrued as K deficiency .

46. Potassium Under moderate K deficiency, young leaves remain dark green and stalks become slender.

47. Potassium Long-term K deficiency stress may affect meristem development indicated by spindle distortion and a "bunched top" or "fan" appearance.

48. Sodium High concentration of Na+ in the soil and resulting accumulation in the plant adversely affects root and shoot growth. Leaf tips and margins will dry out and have a scorched appearance.

49. Sodium With high Na, sugarcane leaves may be broad, but under excessively high concentrations the chlorophyll content decreases, lowering the net photosynthesis per unit leaf area. Under these conditions, leaves may have a pale-green to yellowish-green appearance. High Na is associated with high Cl levels.

50. Silicon Silicon deficiency symptoms of cane grown on sand media under drip-irrigation. In the field, symptoms appear as minute circular white leaf spots (freckles) and are more severe on older leaves.

51. Sulfur Young leaves affected by SO 2 toxicity. Symptoms are mottled chlorotic streaks running the full length of the leaf blade.

52. Sulfur Leaf tips and margins may become necrotic within 3 to 7 days after SO 2 exposure.

53. Sulfur Sulfur-deficient leaf (right), with symptoms of chlorosis and purple leaf margins contrasted with a healthy leaf (left) treated with ammonium sulfate.

54. Sulfur Sulfur deficiency in a sandy soil. Leaves are narrower and shorter than normal; stalks are slender.

55. Zinc Zinc deficiency is first evident on the younger leaves. A broad band of yellowing in the leaf margin occurs. The midrib and leaf margins remain green except when the deficiency is severe.

56. Zinc Red lesions are often noticed. The lesions may be associated with a fungus which prefers to grow in Zn deficient tissues.