Sulphur and copper fungicides

This included a detail explanation on copper fungicides and Sulphur fungicides including its types, properties, uses and doses of application.

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RECENT ADVANCES IN SULPHUR AND
COPPER FUNGICIDES IN PLANT DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
ABHISEK RATH,
I.D. NO. – PGS19AGR8175


DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD

2. CONTENT
FUNGICIDES – DEFINATION, CHARACTERISTICS
AND CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGICIDES 1
COPPER FUNGICIDES – PREPARATORY AND
PROPRIETORY COPPER FUNGICIDES 2
SULPHUR FUNGICIDES – INORGANIC AND
ORGANIC SULPHUR FUNGICIDES 3
EXAMPLES 4

3. FUNGICIDES
The word “fungicide” originated from two latin words, viz., “fungus” and “caedo”. The word
“caedo” means “to kill”. Thus the fungicide is any agency/chemical which has the ability to
kill the fungus.

Fungicide has been defined as a chemical agent which has the ability to reduce or prevent the
damage caused by fungus and their products to plants.

Fungistat - Some chemicals do not kill the fungal pathogens. But they simply arrest the
growth of the fungus temporarily. These chemicals are called fungistat and the phenomenon
of temporarily inhibiting the fungal growth is termed as “fungistatis”.

Antisporulant - Some other chemicals may inhibit the spore production without affecting the
growth of vegetative hyphae and are called as “Antisporulant”.

4. CHARACTERS OF AN IDEAL FUNGICIDE
I.It should have low phyto-toxicity.
II.It should have long shelf life.

III.It should have stability during dilution.
IV.It should be less toxic to human being, cattle, earth worms , microorganisms etc.

V.It should be a broad spectrum in its action.
VI.Fungicide preparation should be ready for use.

VII.It should have compatibility with other agrochemicals.
VIII.It should be cheaper one.

IX.It should be available in different formulations.
X.It should be easily transportable.

5. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF ACTION
I.Protectant -
protectant fungicides are prophylactic in their behaviour. Fungicide which is effective only if
applied prior to fungal infection is called a protectant, eg., Zineb, Sulphur.

II.Therapeutant -
Fungicide which is capable of eradicating a fungus after it has caused infection and there by
curing the plant is called chemotherapeutant. eg. Carboxin, Oxycarboxin antibiotics like
Aureofungin. Usually chemo therapeutant are systemic in their action and affect the deep -
seated Infection.

III.Eradicant -
Eradicant are those which remove pathogenic fungi from an infection court (area of the host
around a propagating unit of a fungus in which infection could possibly occur). eg. Organic
mercurials, lime sulphur, dodine etc. These chemicals eradicate the dormant or active pathogen
from the host. They can remain effective on or in the host for some time.

6. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON USE
I.Seed protectants : Eg. Captan, thiram, organomercurials, carbendazim, carboxin etc.
II.Soil fungicides (pre-plant) : Eg. Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, Chloropicrin, Form
-aldehyde, Vapam, etc.

III.Soil fungicides (for growing plants) : Eg. Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, Captan,
PCNB, thiram etc.
IV.Foliage and blossom : Eg. Captan, ferbam, zineb, protectants - mancozeb, chlorothalonil
etc.

V.Fruit protectants : Eg. Captan, maneb, carbendazim, mancozeb etc.
VI.Eradicants : Eg. Organomercurials, lime sulphur, etc.

VII.Tree - wound dressers : Eg. Bordeaux paste, chaubattia paste, etc.
VIII.Antibiotics : Eg. Actidione, Griseofulvin, Streptomycin, Streptocycline, etc.,
IX.General purpose spray and dust formulations.

7. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMPONENT
I.Major group of fungicides used include salts of toxic metals and organic acids, organic
compounds of sulphur and mercury, quinines and heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds.

II.Copper, mercury, zinc, tin and nickel are some of the metals used as base for inorganic
and organic fungicides.

III.The non metal substances include, sulphur, chlorine, phosphorous etc.

8. COPPER FUNGICIDES
I.The fungicidal action of copper was mentioned as early as 1807 by Prevost against wheat
bunt disease (Tilletia caries), but its large scale use as a fungicide started in 1885 after
the discovery of Bordeaux mixture by Millardet in France.

II.The mixture of copper sulphate and lime was effective in controlling downy mildew of
grapevine (Plasmopara viticola) and later, late blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans).

III.Some other copper sulphate preparations like Bordeaux paste, Burgundy mixture and
Chestnut compound which are all very effectively used in the control of several plant
diseases were developed later.

IV.In addition, these of copper oxy-chloride preparations are also used. These are all insoluble
copper compounds very successfully used in managing several leaf diseases and seeding
diseases in nursery.

9. I.In 1882, Millardet in France (Bordeaux University) accidently observed the efficacy of the
copper sulphate against the downy mildew of grapes caused by Plasmopara viticola.

II.When copper sulphate was mixed with lime suspension, it effectively checked the disease
incidence. The mixture of copper sulphate and lime was named as “Bouillie Bordelaise”.

III.The original formula developed by Millardet contains 5 lbs of CuSO4 + 5lbs of lime + 50
gallons of water.
IV.The chemistry of Bordeaux mixture is complex and the suggested reaction is:
CuSO4 + Ca (OH)2 ---------- Cu(OH)2 + CaSO4

PROPERTIES - The ultimate mixture contains a gelatinous precipitate of copper hydroxide and
calcium sulphate, which is usually sky blue in colour. Cupric hydroxide is the active principle
and is toxic to fungal spores.
BORDEAUX MIXTURE – COPPER SULPHATE COMPOUNDS
PREPARATORY COPPER FUNGICIDES

10. PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE
MODE OF ACTION –
Bordeaux mixture achieves its effect by means of the copper ions (Cu
2+
) of the mixture. These
ions affect enzymes in the fungal spores in such a way as to prevent germination.
This means Bordeaux mixture must be used preventively, before the fungal disease has struck.

FOR 1 % MIXTURE –
I.1 kg of copper sulphate is powdered and dissolved in 50 litres of water. Similarly, 1 kg of
lime is powdered and dissolved in another 50 litres of water.

II.Then copper sulphate solution is slowly added to lime solution with constant stirring or
alternatively, both the solutions may be poured simultaneously to a third contained and
mixed well.

11. PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE
CAUTION - If the mixture is acidic, it contains free copper which is highly phytotoxic
resulting in scorching of the plants. Therefore, it is highly essential to test the presence of free
copper in the mixture before applied.
The ratio of copper sulphate to lime solution determines the pH of the mixture. And the mixture
prepared in the above said ratio gives neutral or alkaline mixture.
TEST TO BE DONE -
I.Field Test: Dip a well polished knife or a sickle in the mixture for few minutes. If reddish
deposit appears on the knife/sickle, it indicates the acidic nature of the mixture.

II.Litmus paper test: The colour of blue litmus paper must not change when dipped in the
mixture.

III.Chemical test: Add a few drops of the mixture into a test tube containing 5 ml of 10%
potassium ferrocyanide. If red precipitate appears, it indicates the acidic nature of the
mixture.

12. PRECAUTION
I.The solution should be prepared in earthen or wooden or plastic vessels. Avoid using metal
containers for the preparation, as it is corrosive to metallic vessels.

II.Always copper sulphate solution should be added to the lime solution, reverse the addition
leads to precipitation of copper and resulted suspension is least toxic.

III.Bordeaux mixture should be prepared fresh every time before spraying. In case, the
mixture has to be stored for a short time or a day, jaggery can be added at the rate of 100
kg/100 litres of the mixture.

IV.Bordeaux mixture is sometimes phytotoxic to apples, peaches, rice varieties
like IR8 and maize varieties like Ganga Hybrid 3.

13. COPPER SULPHATE COMPOUNDS
I.Bordeaux Paste consists of same constituents as that of Bordeaux mixture, but it is in the
form of a paste as the quantity of water used is too little.

II.It is nothing but 10 % Bordeaux mixture and is prepared by mixing 1 kg of copper sulphate
and 1 kg of lime in 10 litres of water.

III.It is a wound dresser and used to protect the wounded portions, cut ends of trees etc., can be
used against the infection by fungal pathogens like Citrus gummosis, Stem bleeding of
coconut and Bud rot of coconut, etc.
BORDEAUX PASTE

14. COPPER SULPHATE COMPOUNDS
I.It is prepared in the same way as Bordeaux mixture, except the lime is substituted by
sodium carbonate. So it is called as “Soda Bordeaux”.

II.It was developed in Burgundy(France) in 1887 by Mason.

III.The usual formula contains 1 kg of copper sulphate and 1 kg of sodium carbonate in
100 litre of water. It is a good substitute for Bordeaux mixture and used in copper -
sensitive crops.

IV.It can be used against Downy mildew of grapes, Coffee rust, Tikka leaf spot of ground-
nut, citrus canker, and citrus scab.
BURGUNDY MIXTURES

15. COPPER SULPHATE COMPOUNDS –
CHESTNUT COMPOUND
I.It is compound usually prepared by mixing 2 parts of copper sulphate and 11 parts of
ammonium carbonate.

II.This formula was suggested by Bewley in the year 1921.

III.The two salts are well powdered, mixed thoroughly and stored in a air tight container for
24 hours before being used. The ripened mixture is used by dissolving it in water at the
rate of 3 g/litre.

IV.The mixture is dissolved initially in a little hot water and volume is made up with cold
water and used for spraying.

V.It is used for soil drenching only. It can be used against Sclerotial wilt
diseases of chilli, tomato and groundnut. Fusarium wilt diseases and
Damping-off diseases of solanaceous crops.

16. COPPER CARBONATE COMPOUND -
CHAUBATTIA PASTE
I.Chaubattia paste is also a wound dressing fungicide developed by Singh in 1942 at Govt.
Fruit Research Station, Chaubattia in the Almora district of Uttar Pradesh.

II.It is usually prepared in glass containers or chinaware pot, by mixing 800g of copper carbo-
nate and 800g of red lead in litre of raw linseed oil or lanolin.

III.This paste is usually applied to pruned parts of apple, pear and peaches to control several
diseases like Pink disease of citrus, stem canker and collar rot of apple and pear.

The paste has the added advantage that it is not easily washed away by rain water.

FIXED COPPER FUNGICIDES - In the fixed or insoluble copper compounds, the
copper ion is less soluble than in Bordeaux mixture. So, these are less phytotoxic than
Bordeaux mixture but are effective as fungicides.

17. PROPRIETORY OR INSOLUBLE OR FIXED COPPER
FUNGICIDES
NAME TRADE NAME USES
CUPROUS
OXIDE
PREPARATION
Fungimar, Perenox, Copper
Sandoz, Copper 4% Dust,
Perecot, kirti Copper, Cuprox
D.

Cuprous oxide is a protective fungicide, used
mainly for seed treatment and for foliage
application against blight, downy mildew ,rust
and anthracnose of grapes, sigatoka L.S of
banana and tikka disease of groundnut.
COPPER
OXYCHLORIDE
PREPARATION.
Blitox, Cupramar 50%WP,
Fytolan, Bilmix 4%, Micop
D-06, Micop W-50, Blue
Copper 50, Cupravit, Cobox,
Cuprax, Mycop.
It is a protective fungicide and controls
Phytopthora infestans on potato leaves, leaf spot
and leaf blight pathogen like anthracnose of
grapes, sigatoka l.S. of banana and tikka
disease of groundnut.
COPPER
HYDROXIDE
kocide It can be used against blister blight of tea, false
smut of rice and tikka disease of groundnut.

18. SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
I.Use of sulphur in plant disease control is probably the oldest one and can be classified as
inorganic sulphur and organic sulphur.

II.Inorganic sulphur is used in the form of elemental sulphur or as lime sulphur. Elemental
sulphur can be either used as dust or wettable sulphur, later being more widely used in
plant disease control. Sulphur is best known for its effectiveness against powdery mildew
of many plants, but also effective against certain rusts, leaf blights and fruit diseases.

III.Sulphur fungicides emit sufficient vapour to prevent the growth of the fungal spores at a
long distance from the area of deposition by producing hydrogen sulfide, the active toxic
agent. This is an added advantage in this fungicides as compared to other fungi-
toxicants.

IV.Organic compounds of sulphur are now widely used in these days. All these compounds,
called as “carbamate fungicide”, are derivatives of Dithiocarbamic acid, Dithiocarbamates
are broadly grouped into two, based on the mechanism of action.

19. INORGANIC SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
COMMON
NAME
TRADE NAME DOSAGE DISEASES
CONTROLLED
Lime
sulphur
20 kg rock lime + 15
kg sulphur in 500 l of
water
10 - 15 l in 500 l of water Powdery mildew of apple, apple
scab, bean rust and act as
protective fungicide.
Sulphur
dust
Kolo dust, mico 999 4 - 5 kg /kg seed as ST.,
10 - 30 kg/ha dusting
over crops,100 kg/ha for
soil application in tobacco,
500 kg/ha in potato as
furrow application.
Common scab of potato, grain
smut of jowar, apple scab and
powdery mildew of tobacco, chi
lli, roses, mango, grapes.
Wettable
sulphur
Sulphex, thiovit, cosan 0.2-0.4 % for foliar spray Powdery mildew of varied
crops.
PREPARATORY SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

20. I.Organic sulphur compounds are derived from dithiocarbamic acid and are widely used
as spray fungicides.

II.In 1931, Tisdale and Williams were the first to describe the fungicidal nature of Dithio-
carbamates.

III.Dithiocarbamates can be categorized into two groups, viz., dialkyl dithiocarbamates
(ziram, ferbam and thiram) and monoalkyl dithiocarbamates (nabam, zineb, vapam
and maneb).
ORGANIC SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
DITHIOCARBAMATES

21. DITHIOCARBAMATES
MONOLKYL DITHIOCARBAMATES
COMMON
NAME
TRADE NAME DOSAGE DISEASES
CONTROLLED
Nabam Chembam, Dithane D–1
4,Parzate Liquid,
Dithane A-40
0.2 % as foliar
spray
Used as foliar spray against leaf spots of
fruits and vegetables and soil borne
diseases and algae in paddy field.
Zineb Dithane Z–78,
Hexathane, Lanocol,
Parzate
0.1 to 0.3 % for
foliar spray
Chilli dieback and fruit rot, maize leaf
blight, apple scab, tomato and potato
early blight and rice blast.
Vapam Chem-vape, vapam,
vitafume, VPM
1.5- 2.5 L per
10 m. sq. area
Has fungicidal, nematicidal and
insecticidal properties with fumigation
action and used against damping off
of vegetables.
Maneb Dithane M22, manzate
, mancozeb, Dithane M
45, Indofil M45,MEB
0.2 to 0.3 % for
foliar spray

Controls early and late blight of tomato,
potato, rust diseases, anthracnose, downy
mildew and act as a protective fungicides

22. DITHIOCARBAMATES
DIALKYL DITHIOCARBAMATES
COMMON
NAME
TRADE NAME DOSAGE DISEASES
CONTROLLED
Ziram Ziride, Hexazir, Milbam,
Zerlate
0.15 to 0.25 % for foliar
spray. It’s non phytotoxic
except to Zn sensitive
plants.
Anthracnose of pulses, tomato,
beans, apple scab, tobacco and
bean rust.
Thiram Arasan, Hexathir, Teresan,
Thiram 75 WDP, Thiride 7
5 WDP, Pomarsol,
Thiuram, Thylate
0.15 to 0.2 % for foliar
spray, 0.2 – 0.3 % as dry
seed treatment, 15 – 25
Kg/ha as soil application.
It's a protective fungicide.
Soil borne diseases of Pythium,
Phytophthora , scab on pears,
rust on ornamentals, and
Botrytis spp. in lettuce,
ornamental and vegetables.
Ferbam Coromet, Ferbam, Fermate,
Fermocide, Hexaferb,
Karbam ,Black
0.15 to 0.25 % for
foliar spray.

Fungal pathogen of fruits and
vegetables like apple scab, leaf
curl of peaches, anthracnose of
citrus, and downy mildew of
tobacco.

23. WOKOVIT
SULPHUR 80 % WG
A broad spectrum contact and protective fungicide
and miticide that act against powdery mildew, scab,
and all types of mites with multiple site action. It act
as a essential S source and act against PM, scab, leaf
spot and has multiple action site, longer effect, no
scorching effect.
INNOVET
SULPHUR 80 5 WDG
It interfere vital functions of pathogen and less
resistance is likely to develop. It is a systemic &
protective fungicide with ascaricidal property and
contact and multi site & vapour action against scab
& powdery mildew. This can be used in aerial
chemigation .
INORGANIC
SULPHUR
FUNGICIDES
Source- biostadt.com
[Based in Worli, Mumbai]

24. SUPERMATE
HEXACONAZOLE 4% + ZINEB 68% WP
A broad spectrum, contact, systemic & contact fungicide
and has a excellent long duration control against diseases
like paddy blast, sheath blight and leaf Spot. It is
compactible with pesticides.
SPARSH
MANCOZEB 75% WP [ PART OF IDM]
It’s fungitoxic when exposed to air as it produce
isothiocyanate and inactivates SH group in enzymes in
fungi and has broad spectrum action & protective fungicide
against phycomycetes and advance fungi with less
resistance development and multi-site action.
SANCHAR
METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB 64 %
Systemic and contact fungicide and also remain effective
for a long time, so, reduces no of spray and controls
Phytophthora blight, leaf spots, downy mildew, tikka, blast
& rust.
ORGANIC
SULPHUR
FUNGICIDES

25. REDEEM 800 WP
MANCOZEB
Protective, preventive, and broad spectrum fungicide that
act through enzyme inactivation. This also provides Zn
& Mn. This has multi-site contact action.
REDEEM 600 OS
MANCOZEB
Broad spectrum fungicide that act against all major
diseases. Due to high quality and fine, so, it spreads
better and powder make it’s application easy and long
lasting. This also contain Mn & Zn and available in
different formulations.
QUICKMATE
Systemic and contact fungicide that act as an
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor or an antisporulant
with translaminar action, inactivate SH group of
enzymes and affects the kreb cycle.
ORGANIC
SULPHUR
FUNGICIDES
HEXACONAZOLE 4% + ZINEB 68% WP

26. DUOGUARD
CYMOXANIL 8% + MANCOZEB 64% WP
A broad spectrum, contact and systemic fungicide with
translaminar action and wide coverage that makes entry
of fungi more difficult. This act against blight and DM.
BENDACO
CARBENDAZIM 12% + MANCOZEB 63 % WP
Protective and curative fungicide and remain effective for
a long time and controls blight, leaf spots, downy mildew,
tikka and rust of groundnut and blast of rice. This is
compactible with pesticides.
ORGANIC
SULPHUR
FUNGICIDES
SWADHEEN
TEBUCONAZOLE 10% + SULPHUR 65% WG
Contact and systemic fungicide act against blast,
powdery mildew and tikka diseases effectively.

27. THANK YOU


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