Summarizing Academic Text-English for Academic and Professional Purposes

This lesson will hone students' skills in summarizing an academic text.

1. Academic Writing Skills Lesson 4 Prepared and Presented by: Mr. Aljon R. Bigcas, LPT

2. Summarizing Prepared and Presented by: Mr. Aljon R. Bigcas, LPT

3. Objectives Presentation title ⌂ determine the purpose of summarizing; ⌂ discuss the features of summarizing; ⌂ state the main idea or key information of a text; ⌂ apply effective strategies in summarizing; ⌂ apply various formats of in-text citations in summaries; ⌂ summarize the content of a text; and ⌂ evaluate summaries. 20XX 3

4. Definition of Summarizing Presentation title 20XX 4

5. What is summarizing? Summarizing Summarizing is an important skill in critical reading that is often used to share the essential ideas in a book, a book chapter, an article, and/or parts of it. These essential ideas include the gist or main idea , useful information , or key words or phrases that help you meet your reading purpose. Summarizing is generally done after reading. Summarizing is an important skill because it helps you • deepen your understanding of the text; • identify relevant information or key ideas; • combine details or examples that support the main idea/s; • concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words presented in the text; and • capture the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly and concisely. Presentation title 20XX 5

6. What is not summarizing? You are not summarizing when you… • write down everything; • write down ideas from the text word-for-word; • write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas; • write down ideas that are not stated in the text; or • write down a summary that has the same length or is longer than the original text Presentation title 20XX 6

7. Summarizing Guidelines Presentation title 20XX 7

8. Guidelines in Summarizing Clarify your purpose before you read. Read the text and understand the meaning. Do not stop reading until you understand the message conveyed by the author. Locate the gist or main idea of the text, which can usually be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. Select and underline or circle the key ideas and phrases while reading ; another strategy is to annotate the text. Write all the key ideas and phrases you identified on the margins or in your notebook in bullet or outline form. Without looking at the text, identify the connections of these key ideas and phrases using a concept map. Presentation title 20XX 8

9. Guidelines in Summarizing 6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept map. 7 . Combine the sentences into a paragraph. Use appropriate transitional devices to improve cohesion. 8. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text. 9. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas it presents. 10. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas. Presentation title 20XX 9

10. Guidelines in Summarizing 11. Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy. 12. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if online]). It is not necessary to indicate the page number/s of the original text in citing sources in summaries. 13. Format your summary properly . When you combine your summaries in a paragraph, use different formats to show variety in writing. Presentation title 20XX 10

11. Presentation title 20XX 11 Source: Lane, K. S. (2024). Seikan tunnel. Britannica. USA. Increase in traffic Connect islands (Honshu & Hokkaido) Predictions and continuing growth The longest rail tunnel Opened 1988 54 km Bullet trains Never used tunnel Fall in the cost of flying Not used as much as forecasters predicted

12. Presentation title 20XX 12 Summary The longest railway tunnel in the world links the islands of Honshu & Hokkaido. This 54km tunnel was inaugurated in 1988 to deal with the predicted increase in rail traffic. However, the fall in the cost of flying and the fact that high speed trains cannot use the tunnel have resulted in the tunnel being less widely used than expected (Lane, 2024).

13. Presentation title 20XX 13 Source: Philpot, S. & Curnick , L. (2011). Headway Academic Skills , Level 3. OUP

14. Presentation title 20XX 14 (Philpot & Curnick , 2011).

15. Summary Formats Presentation title 20XX 15

16. Summary Formats Idea Heading Format In this format, the summarized idea comes before the citation. Example: Presentation title 20XX 16

17. Summary Formats 2. Author Heading Format In this format, the summarized idea comes after the citation. The author’s name is connected by an appropriate reporting verb Example: 17

18. Summary Formats 3. Date Heading Format In this format, the summarized idea comes after the date when the material was published. Example: Presentation title 20XX 18

19. Using Reporting Verbs when Summarizing A reporting verb is a word used to discuss another person’s writings or assertions . They are generally used to incorporate the source to the discussion in the text. To illustrate, see the sample text below. The reporting verbs are italicized. Presentation title 20XX 19

20. What is not summarizing? Presentation title 20XX 20

21. Summary Summarizing means identifying the most important ideas in a text and rewriting them in a version shorter than the original. As an important critical reading skill, summarizing deepens one’s understanding of the text and helps one identify relevant information or key ideas. Summarized texts have to include citations of the original sources. There are three formats that can be used in combining summaries and intext citations in academic writing: idea heading, author heading, and date heading. Presentation title 20XX 21

22. Summary A good summary has the following characteristics: • It provides an overview of the source material. • It is shorter than the original text. • It reflects the exact views or ideas of the author. • It does not contain comments or opinions of the person(s) writing the summary. • It contains citations Presentation title 20XX 22

23. Summarize this text. The world of 2030 will be radically transformed from our world today. By 2030, no country—whether the US, China, or any other large country—will be a hegemonic power. The empowerment of individuals and diffusion of power among states and from states to informal networks will have a dramatic impact, largely reversing the historic rise of the West since 1750, restoring Asia’s weight in the global economy, and ushering in a new era of “democratization” at the international and domestic level. In addition to individual empowerment and the diffusion of state power, we believe that two other megatrends will shape our world out to 2030: demographic patterns, especially rapid aging; and growing resource demands which, in the cases of food and water, might lead to scarcities. These trends, which are virtually certain, exist today, but during the next 15-20 years they will gain much greater momentum. Underpinning the megatrends are tectonic shifts—critical changes to key features of our global environment that will affect how the world “works”. Extrapolations of the megatrends would alone point to a changed world by 2030— but the world could be transformed in radically different ways. We believe that six key game-changers—questions regarding the global economy, governance, conflict, regional instability, technology, and the role of the United States—will largely determine what kind of transformed world we will inhabit in 2030. Several potential Black Swans—discrete events— would cause large-scale disruption (see page xi). All but two of these—the possibility of a democratic China or a reformed Iran—would have negative repercussions. Based upon what we know about the megatrends and the possible interactions between the megatrends and the game-changers, we have delineated four archetypal futures that represent distinct pathways for the world out to 2030. None of these alternative worlds is inevitable. In reality, the future probably will consist of elements from all the scenarios (National Intelligence Council, 2012, p. iii). Reference: National Intelligence Council (2012). Global trends 2030: Alternative worlds. USA. Presentation title 20XX 23

24. Summarize this text. The world of 2030 will be radically transformed from our world today . By 2030, no country —whether the US, China, or any other large country— will be a hegemonic power . The empowerment of individuals and diffusion of power among states and from states to informal networks will have a dramatic impact, largely reversing the historic rise of the West since 1750, restoring Asia’s weight in the global economy, and ushering in a new era of “democratization” at the international and domestic level. In addition to individual empowerment and the diffusion of state power, we believe that two other megatrends will shape our world out to 2030: demographic patterns , especially rapid aging ; and growing resource demands which, in the cases of food and water, might lead to scarcities . These trends, which are virtually certain, exist today, but during the next 15-20 years they will gain much greater momentum. Underpinning the megatrends are tectonic shifts —critical changes to key features of our global environment that will affect how the world “works”. Extrapolations of the megatrends would alone point to a changed world by 2030— but the world could be transformed in radically different ways. We believe that six key game-changers— questions regarding the global economy, governance, conflict, regional instability, technology, and the role of the United States —will largely determine what kind of transformed world we will inhabit in 2030. Several potential Black Swans—discrete events— would cause large-scale disruption (see page xi). All but two of these—the possibility of a democratic China or a reformed Iran—would have negative repercussions. Based upon what we know about the megatrends and the possible interactions between the megatrends and the game-changers, we have delineated four archetypal futures that represent distinct pathways for the world out to 2030. None of these alternative worlds is inevitable. In reality, the future probably will consist of elements from all the scenarios (National Intelligence Council, 2012, p. iii). Reference National Intelligence Council (2012). Global trends 2030: Alternative worlds. USA. Presentation title 20XX 24

25. Any questions?

26. The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing. Walt Disney Presentation title 20XX 26

27. Thank you Mr. Aljon R. Bigcas [email protected] Presentation title 20XX 27

28. References: Barrot , J. S., & Sipacio , P. J. F. (2020). English for Academic & Professional Purposes. C & E Publishing Inc. Presentation title 20XX 28

29. Thank you See you next time!