Sunil Shirahatti - VITAMINS.pptx detailed notes of vitamin

Vitamin

1. “ VITAMIN B6 AND B12 ” 1 PRESENTED BY: Dr. SUNIL SUKUMAR SHIRAHATTI 1 st YEAR P.G SCHOLAR DEPARTMENT OF SHAREERA KRIYA UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF. DR. K N RAJASHEKHAR M.D (Ayu) PROFESSOR & HOD DEPARTMENT OF SHAREERA KRIYA

2. NUTRIENTS : 2 Nutrients are chemical substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance, and repair. Types of nutrients : Micro& macronutrients: The six main types of nutrients: Type of Nutrition: COMMENT Water Nut needed in largest amount. 2-4 lit per day, its importance Carbohydrates Provide energy for metabolic reac n & Building blocks to make body structures Lipids Proteins Minerals Components of the enzyme systems that catalyze metabolic reactions Vitamins

3. Vitamins : 3 Vitamins: Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism. Unlike carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins, vitamins do not provide energy or serve as the body’s building materials. Most vitamins with known functions are coenzymes. Vit’s directly from food : Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be ingested in food. Vit’s produced in our body: Other vitamins, such as vitamin K, vitamin B12 are produced by bacteria in the GI tract and then absorbed. Vit produced in our body using raw material in food: The body can assemble some vitamins if the raw materials, called provitamins, are provided. Eg , vitamin A is produced by the body from the provitamin beta-carotene, a chemical present in yellow vegetables such as carrots and in dark green vegetables such as spinach. No single food contains all required vitamins—that’s the best reasons to eat a varied diet.

4. Types of vitamins: 4 Vitamins are divided into 2 main groups: Fat-soluble & Water-soluble. 1. Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E, and K, are absorbed along with other dietary lipids in the small intestine and packaged into chylomicrons. They cannot be absorbed in adequate quantity unless they are ingested with other lipids. Fat-soluble vitamins may be stored in cells, particularly hepatocytes and also in the body fat. 2. Watersoluble vitamins: Include several B vitamins and vitamin C, and are dissolved in body fluids. Excess quantities of these vitamins are not stored in larger amounts but instead are excreted in the urine.

5. Antioxidant vitamins: 5 Antioxidant vitamins: In addition to their other functions, 3 vitamins—C, E, and beta-carotene (a provitamin)—are termed antioxidant vitamins because they inactivate oxygen free radicals. Free radicals: Are highly reactive ions or molecules that carry an unpaired electron in their outermost electron shell which damage cell membranes, DNA, and other cellular structures. They contribute to the formation of artery-narrowing atherosclerotic plaques. Some free radicals arise naturally in the body, and others come from environmental hazards such as tobacco smoke and radiation.

6. 6 Antioxidant vitamins are thought to play a role in : Protecting against some kinds of cancer. Reducing the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque. Delaying some effects of aging. Decreasing the chance of cataract formation in the lens of the eyes.

7. VitAMIN B6 [pyridoxine] 7 Introduction : Vit-B6 is a, whitish crystalline water soluble vitamin. It is very sensitive to heat . Unstable in alkali and acid medium. Daily requirement: 1- 2 mg /day

8. 8 Absorption : Vitamin B 6  is absorbed in the  jejunum  of the small intestine. Storage : stored in liver, muscle and brain Excretion : Excreted in urine PLP is  catabolized  to 4-pyridoxic acid, which is excreted in urine.

9. Forms of Vit-B6: 9 Pyridoxine [PN] Pyridoxamine [PM] Pyridoxal [PL] And their respective   phosphorylated   derivatives : 1. P yridoxine 5'-phosphate 2. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate 3. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate[highest Bio-activity] If 3 forms then which in which form suppliments are given and why? Pyridoxine - most commonly given as vitamin B 6 supplement because of its chemical stability.

10. 10 Vit-B6 intake P yridoxine Absorption Absorbed pyridoxine converted to pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) converted to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) [metabolically active form] In simple: Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal [Bio-Active form]

11. Sources of Vit-B6: 11 Plant source: All green leafy vegetables Grains, Pulses and serials Tomato and spinach Animal source: Egg yolk Liver Milk

12. Functions of Vit-B6: 12 Helps in RBC production[stimulation of RBC production] Fac responsible for RBC production : a] stimulating factors : Vit-B6 etc [ eg confined to this topic] b] maturation factors : Vit-B12 etc c] fact resp (raw material): Vit-B6 etc Helps in protein synthesis [essential coenzyme in Amino acid metabolism] Helps in lipid metabolism [coenzyme in triglyceride metabolism] Helps in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

13. Deficiency disorders: 13 Usually rare, because usual diet contain enough required proportion of Vit-B6 Oral contraceptives may lead to Vit-B6 deficiency. Signs and symptoms of Vit-B6 deficiency: Most common symptoms is Dermatitis of eye, nose and mouth. Other symptoms include: Mental depression Peripheral neuritis Stomatitis and glossitis Retarded growth Weakness of muscles and degeneration of nerves.

14. VITAMIN B12 - [cyanocobalamin] 14 Introduction: Is a water soluble vitamin which is reddish crystalline in nature due to presence of element Cobalt. It also contain cyanide hence named cyanocobalamine . In 1948 the scientist called smith and parker isolated this vitamin for liver. Also called as extrinsic factor Chemical formula: Daily requirement: 1-2 mcg/day

15. 15 Absorption : Most vitamins are absorbed from upper part of small intestine but Vit B12 is absorbed in ileum. Vit B12 or extrinsic factor is absorbed in the presence/ help of intrinsic factor. Transport: Carried in the plasma by B12 binding protein called transcobalamine Storage: Liver is store house of Vit B12 3000 mcg – 5000 mcg of Vit B12 is stored i.e 3-5mg [1mg = 1000mcg] Excretion: Excreted in the urine.

16. sources of VITAMIN B12 : 16 Animal source: Liver Kidney Milk, Eggs Cheese Meat. Plant source: No plant sources, Only found in animal source. Inside the Body : Vit-B12 is produced inside the body by the intestinal flora[alone can’t meet daily needs]

17. Functions of VITAMIN B12 : 17 Helps in maturation OF RBC’S Helps in formation of nucleic acid Helps in the formation of RBC & WBC. Helps in formation of lipids Helps in proper functioning of muscles Is the coenzyme necessary for Manufacture of cholin [used in synthesis of acethylcholine ] Responsible for methyline seath formation

18. Vit-B12 deficiency: 18 Causes: Pure vegeterians Gastric disorders like: Sever gastritis GERD IBD Intestinal disorders Lack of intake of B12 rich food. Gastrectomy => total or partial Topical spure Malabsorption syndrome.

19. Vit-B12 19 Vit B12 is absorbed in the Ileum & secretion of intrinsic factor in the gastric mucosa is necessary for the absorption of Vit-B12. + intrinsic proper absorption of Vit B12 extrinsic fac factor In food[egg] In gastric mucosa

20. 20 A

21. Signs and symptoms of Vit-B12 deficiency: 21 Pernecious anemia: Lack of Intrinsic factor => less B12 absorption=> B12 def =>↓maturation fac=> macrocytic cells=> Pernicious ANEMIA Megaloblastic Anemia: Low Hb% Reduced RBC count Degeneration of nerves Oral infections i.e tongue and oral mucosa Blood smear: Macrocytic RBC’s

22. 22 Neuropsychiatric abnormalities : Ataxia Memory loss Weakness Personality and mood changes Abnormal sensation General debility Fatigue

23. Vit-B12 Normal values: 23 Vit B12 plasma concentration: 200 – 900 pg /ml Mild Vit B12 deficiency : 100 – 200 pg /ml Severe deficiency : <100 pg /ml [indicate Vit B12 anemia / pernisious anemia ]

24. To conclude: 24 Vruddi - diseases Kshaya - deficiencies / reduced function Disease vs Deficiency

25. 25 ?

26. THANK YOU 26