superoxide dismutase (sod)

superoxide dismutase is a metal containing antioxidant enzyme that reduce harmful free radicals of oxygen formed during normal metabolic cell processes to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

1. Welcome

2. Submitted to: Mrs. Rezuana Afrin Lecturer Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh Presented by: Group No: 03 Kamaram Munira (ER 14008) Mitu Ghosh (ER 14009) Md. Ariful Hasan (ER 14011) Sadiqur Rahman (ER 14013) Shahin Mia (ER 14014) Farhana Basher (ER 13015) Superoxide dismutase (SOD):

3. Overview Definition Source of Superoxide dismutase Chemical reaction of SOD Types Uses or benefits How Superoxide Dismutase Protects DNA

4. Superoxide dismutase (SOD ): Superoxide dismutase is a metal-containing antioxidant enzyme that reduces harmful free radicals of oxygen formed during normal metabolic cell processes to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide . Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O 2 − ) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O 2 ) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage.

5. Source of Superoxide dismutase : It is found in a variety of different foods . Both honeydew and cantaloupe melon contain high amounts of SOD. Wheat , corn and soy sprouts also have high concentration of SOD. The cruciferous vegetables broccoli, cabbage and Brussels sprouts are naturally rich in SOD.

6. Chemical reaction of SOD : SOD enzymes deal with the superoxide radical by alternately adding or removing an electron from the superoxide molecules it encounters, thus changing the O 2 − into one or two less damaging species: either molecular oxygen (O 2 ) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) . This SOD-catalyzed dismutation of superoxide may be written, for Cu , Zn SOD, with the following half-reactions : Cu 2 + -SOD + O 2 − → Cu + -SOD + O 2 Cu + -SOD + O 2 − + 2H + → Cu 2+ -SOD + H 2 O 2 The general form, applicable to all the different metal-coordinated forms of SOD, can be written as follows: M (n+1)+ - SOD + O 2 − → M n + -SOD + O 2 M n + - SOD + O 2 − + 2H + → M (n+1)+ -SOD + H 2 O 2 . where M = Cu (n=1) ; Mn (n=2) ; Fe (n=2) ; Ni (n=2).

7. Types: There are three major families of superoxide dismutase, depending on the protein fold and the metal cofactor: The Cu/Zn type (which binds both copper and zinc), Fe and Mn types (which bind either iron or manganese), and The Ni type (which binds nickel). Copper and zinc – most commonly used by eukaroyotes , including humans. The cytosols of virtually all eukaryotic cells contain an SOD enzyme with copper and zinc (Cu-Zn-SOD). For example, Cu-Zn-SOD available commercially is normally purified from bovine red blood cells.

8. Types : (con.) Iron or manganese – used by prokaryotes and protists , and in mitochondria and chloroplasts Iron – Many bacteria contain a form of the enzyme with iron (Fe-SOD); some bacteria contain Fe-SOD, others Mn -SOD, and some (such as E.coli ) contain both. Fe-SOD can also be found in the chloroplasts of plants. Manganese – Nearly all mitochondria, and many bacteria, contain a form with manganase ( Mn -SOD): For example, the Mn -SOD found in human mitochondria. Nickel : It is mostly used by prokaryotic.

9. Uses or benefits: 1. Human : SOD has been used for the treatment of soft tissue inflammation in horses and dogs, human inflammatory diseases, 2. Plants : In higher plants, superoxide dismutase enzymes (SODs) act as antioxidants and protect cellular components from being oxidized by reactive oxygen species 3. Bacteria: Human white blood cells generate superoxide and other reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria . During infection, some bacteria (e.g., Burkholderia pseudomallei ) therefore produce superoxide dismutase to protect themselves from being killed.

10. Uses or benefits: (con.) 5. Role in diseases : The two isoforms of SOD have not been linked to any human diseases. 6. Cosmetic uses : SOD may reduce free radical damage to skin—for example, to reduce fibrosis radiation for breast cancer. SOD also act as cancer fighter .

11. How Superoxide Dismutase Protects DNA : SOD makes every cell in our body more resilient and able to fight off attacks better from the outside. No other antioxidant not carotenoids nor flavonoids nor Vitamins A, C and E and not even Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase even comes close to the power of SOD . SOD safeguards our DNA, the blueprint our body uses to build every organ, tissue and cell in our body. In a randomized, placebo-controlled study, researchers exposed two groups of people to high pressure oxygen.

12. How Superoxide Dismutase Protects DNA : (con.) The result was oxidation, which is similar to what happens when we slice an apple and leave it exposed to the air for an hour. The oxygen causes the apple to turn brown and eventually spoil. In the body, this oxidation process happens to the cellular membranes and their DNA, wearing out the cells, and eventually causing aging . In the study, the control group’s delicate strands of DNA broke. But in the group taking the new SOD, their cellular membranes remained intact and there was no breakage in the DNA strands . In this way SOD supports our immune system and proteects our DNA

13. Thank you Created by Ariful Hasan