Supervisory control and Data Acquisition -PSOC - EE3602

SCADA in PSOC - EE3602

1. SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition And Its Applications on Power System Prepared By : Tamilvendhan S

2. History of Power System Monitoring & Control In the early days of electric power systems, the system was linearly connected, with generator plants and power lines interconnected for redundancy. As electricity reliance grew, the need for improved reliability arose. Operating personnel were stationed at critical points in the grid system to monitor and respond to potential issues. They communicated with central electricity dispatchers via telephone to stay informed about system conditions. Many manufacturing floors and remote sites relied on manual control through mechanical push buttons and analog dials. As demand for reliable electricity increased and labor became a significant part of the cost, technologies like SCADA were developed for remote monitoring and control of key parameters .

3. Need For SCADA In today's digital world, we are looking for new opportunities to automate and accelerate our workflows and industrial processes. Since the invention of the computer and the internet, machines begin to integrate computing technologies within the system. This advancement in conventional systems started the new age of the industrial revolution. And like any other system, the power system is no exception.

4. SCADA - S upervisory C ontrol A nd D ata A cquisition SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition . SCADA is a system of different hardware and software elements that come together to enable a plant or facility operator to supervise and control processes. Supervisory contro l is a general term for a high-level of overall control of many individual controllers or multiple control loops. It gives the operations supervisor an overview of the plant process and permits integration of operation between low-level controllers. The Control takes place under a hierarchy ranges from Field level to Supervisory control level which is composed of Computer systems.

5. Hierarchy of SCADA Systems

6. SCADA - S upervisory C ontrol A nd D ata A cquisition Computers process the data and let personnel in charge to oversee and direct the status of the power system using the acquired data. Personnel in charge were often operators and engineers who monitor the information remotely or locally. Now, the master station is tasked to supervise most of the system. Let us take a look at the important parts of SCADA: Control Control in SCADA refers to sending command messages to a device to operate the Instrumentation and Controls system (I&C) and power-system devices. Conventionally, SCADA relies on human managers to initiate command from an operator console on the master computer. Field personnel can also control machines using front panels.

7. SCADA - S upervisory C ontrol A nd D ata A cquisition Data collection Instead of collecting data and filling datasheets by hand, SCADA automatically compiles information in real-time. SCADA gathers data from hundreds or even thousands of sensors at a given time. It also generates backlogs for later analysis. Data communication: SCADA delivers information to a central hub. A communication network transport all the data gathered from sensors. Earlier systems had radio or modem. Today, SCADA data is transferred over internet protocol (IP) and Ethernet. Data presentation: SCADA interacts with human operators through work-station computers that deploy the human-machine interface (HMI). The master station presents a widespread view of the whole system and alerts the operator by visual display or alarm sound.

8. Components And its Functions Components: Sensors Conversion Units Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) Communication Network Master Unit Human Machine Interface (HMI) Remote Communication Server (RCS)

9. Components And its Functions Sensors: Field instruments are an array of transmitters, monitors, and sensors. Sensors are the transducers which detect changes in physical quantity. These sensors can be analog or digital, but ultimately their purpose is the same. Sensors help its users to measure and collect data from various locations. The more complex a system, the more sensors we may need in place. Conversion units: Sensors are responsible for collecting data, but we also need something to be able to receive and interpret the data. This is where the conversion unit comes in. Conversion units are the computerized units deployed at a specific location in the field. These are connected to sensors. They convert the information they receive into digital format, which is then sent to the centralized system to display. The two most common types of conversion units used in a SCADA system are PLCs and RTUs. How do we determine which unit we need? that depends on what our specification is.

10. Components And its Functions There are two common types of conversion units used in SCADA, They Are: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) Programmable logic controllers are good for situations where we want more localized control. The programmable logic controller is an industrial digital computer designed for output arrangements and multiple inputs. PLC is used sometimes in place of other conversion units due to their versatility, flexibility, affordability, and configuration. However, one may need good programming skills to make the most out of it.

11. Components And its Functions Remote Terminal Units (RTU) Remote terminal units are microprocessor-controlled electronic devices. Their objective is to interface a SCADA system with a sensor or whatever object the RTU is connected to. Normally, they transmit information through wireless communication. Therefore, they are considered good for functions covering a broad area geographically Remote Terminal Units

12. Components And its Functions Master unit: Master units are larger computer consoles that act as the central processing hub for the entire SCADA system. The Master unit offers a human-machine interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed system based on the response of inputs created by sensors. The master unit is considered to be the supervisory computer system because they serve as the SCADA system centralized processing unit. Although the units themselves are typically larger computer consoles, there are several other SCADA components, such as software programs and HMIs, which could be named under this category as well. Generally speaking, Human Machine Interface (HMI) is a user interface or dashboard that connects a person to a machine, system, or device. In a SCADA system, it allows the operator to view and interact with collected and processed data. This interface is usually used to perform tasks like collecting data, creating maps, diagrams, sending out notifications, and making reports.

13. Components And its Functions Remote communication server (RCS): After processing and analyzing the data gathered in the SCADA system, one needs a digitally and physically secure place to store this vast database. The human-computer interface (HCI) or HMI commonly requests data from a server responsible for data acquisition, a component of hardware that is used to connect software services to the conversion units out in the field. The server makes data acquisition from these local units possible. Applications of SCADA: Agriculture and food Civil administration Healthcare systems Transportation systems Chemical industry Water plants Energy sector Financial systems Nuclear systems Research Information and communication technology Space communication

14. Functions of SCADA in Power System Re-routing services for station maintenance Service restoration Protective relay interface/interaction Voltage regulation management Load tap changer control Transformer management Real-time modeling Automatic circuit isolation control and interactive switch control display Interface real-time single-line displays Power Transmission & Distribution System Continuous monitoring of speed and frequency of electrical machines Geographical monitoring of coal delivery and water treatment processes Electricity generation operations planning Control of active and reactive power Boiler and turbine protection and their condition in case of thermal plant Monitoring of renewable energy farms and load dispatch planning Load scheduling Power Generating Stations

15. Advantages of SCADA SCADA systems are an extremely advantageous way to run and monitor processes. They are great for small applications, such as climate control. They can also be effectively used in large applications such as monitoring and controlling a nuclear power plant or mass transit system. Optimizing performance: SCADA systems minimize errors by accurately measuring data and increasing the overall efficiency of the system. Reliability and robustness: The specific development of SCADA is performed within a well-established framework that enhances reliability and robustness where power requirement is crucial. Maximize productivity: The specific development of SCADA is performed within a well-established framework that enhances reliability and robustness where power requirement is crucial.

16. Advantages of SCADA I mproved quality: Analyzes and controls the quality of the produced electric energy profile using standard SCADA functionality. Reduce operating and maintenance costs: Less personnel and trips are required to monitor field gear in remote locations, this reduces maintenance and training costs. Integrate with business systems: A SCADA system can be easily integrated with the business systems, leading to increased production and profitability.

17. Conclusion SCADA system can be implemented on a large scale in power systems so as to increase their performance, reliability, and durability. Data acquisition and monitoring can be very convenient and accurate if power systems are upgraded to SCADA. Now, electrical systems are extremely efficient and intelligent to monitor and control all of the involved operations and procedures and it has become possible only because of technological advancements. So we can conclude that it's essential for the power sector to optimize their systems as per the requirements of the technical changes. Thank You