Supply Chain Management in Leadership.pptx

Supply Chain

1. Supply Chain Management Presenter C.Nkaka

2. OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Prior to the 1980s, business firms were using terms such as, “logistics”, and “operations management” instead of supply Chain Management. The term was coined by a British logistician and consultant by the name of, Keith Oliver in the 1980s.

3. OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT The term was first used in public in an interview with Arnold Kransdorff of the Financial Times on 4 June 1982 The term Supply Chain Management came into widespread use in the 1990s

4. OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Continuous evolution of the supply chain and of the techniques to manage it effectively were motivated by the following: Fierce competition in today’s global markets, Introduction of products with shorter life cycles

5. OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT The heightened expectations of customers, New rules of competition and the downward pressure on prices, Continuing advances in communications and transportation technologies (e.g., mobile communication, Internet, and overnight delivery),

6. OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply chain management builds upon the concept of logistics and seeks to achieve linkage and coordination between the processes of other entities in the pipeline ( suppliers and customers).

7. According to the council of Supply Chain Management Professionals ( CSCMP,2011) “Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement ,and all logistics management activities Definition of Supply Chain Management

8. Definition of Logistics The CSCMPP also define Logistics – “The part of supply chain management that plans ,implements, and controls the efficient ,effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods ,services and related information between the point of origin and point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements...

9. Definition of Logistics Logistics management is an integrating function ,which coordinates and optimizes all logistics activities, as well as integrates logistics activities with other functions including marketing , sales, manufacturing ,finance, and information technology”

10. Comparison of logistics and supply chain management: Logistics typically refers to activities that occur within the boundaries of a single organization such as procurement, distribution, storage, and inventory management. Supply Chain Management (SCM) acknowledges all of traditional logistics and also includes activities such as marketing, new product development, finance, and customer service.

11. Comparison of logistics and supply chain management: BASIS FOR COMPARISON LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Objective Customer satisfaction; to ensure the six rights right product with the right quality In the right quantity at the right time in the right place at the right price to the ultimate customer) Competitive advantage How Many Organisations are involved One Multiple Evolution A long time ago Modern concept

12. Purpose of Logistics The purpose of a logistics system is to ensure the six rights: The right drugs and medical supplies in the right quantities in the right condition are delivered to the right place at the right time for the right price.

13. The logistics cycle Policy/ legal Frame work adaptability SERVING CUSTOMER PRODUCT SELECTION FORECASTING AND PROCUREMENT INVENTORY MANGEMENT Logistics management information system Organization and staffing, financing and budgeting, supervision evaluation

14.   Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Serving Customers : Everyone working in logistics must remember that their job is to select, procure, store, or distribute products to meet customer needs Product selection: In a health logistics system, a national formulary and therapeutics committee, pharmaceutical board, board of physicians, or other government-appointed group select products to meet the needs of patients.

15. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Quantification : After products are selected, managers must determine the quantity needed for each product, for a specific time period—this is called quantification. Quantification depends on accurate forecasting Procurement : Procurement plans are based on requirements estimates that are determined mathematically for each product.

16. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Inventory management : A program’s inventory control strategy specifies how much stock to store and where to store it. Enough stock should be available to meet customer needs until a new order is received; but not so much that stocks expire or are wasted or that you exceed storage capacity.

17. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Quality monitoring : Quality monitoring appears between each activity of the logistics cycle and ensures that the quality of all the activities in the cycle are monitored. Management Information Systems : Information drives the logistics cycle; without it, the logistics system cannot run smoothly. Managers gather information about each activity in the system and then analyze that information to make decisions.

18. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Organization and Staffing : A logistics system can only work when the staff are well-trained and operate in a supportive environment. They must have the right tools to do their jobs, whether they place orders, coordinate shipments, oversee deliveries, or keep a warehouse functioning effectively to ensure that the right product, in the right quantity, is shipped to the client.

19. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Organization and Staffing : A logistics system can only work when the staff are well-trained and operate in a supportive environment. They must have the right tools to do their jobs, whether they place orders, coordinate shipments, oversee deliveries, or keep a warehouse functioning effectively to ensure that the right product, in the right quantity, is shipped to the client.

20. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Supervision : If the logistics system is carefully watched, it will run smoothly and staff will anticipate any needed changes. The effective supervision of logistics activities minimizes problems and/or resolves them quickly before any one problem becomes a crisis.

21. Major Activities of the Logistics Cycle Budgeting : affects the product selection, quantity of products procured, amount of storage space available, transport, and number of staff working in logistics. To have the entire system operating effectively, logistics activities must be included in operational planning and receive sufficient funds.

22. Use of standard operating procedure manual T he manual is intended to simplify and standardise the work required for logistics management in order to allow health workers more time for client focused activities. The manual guides health care workers in completing the following tasks with the help of Job aids.

23. Use of standard operating procedure manual Maintaining adequate supplies of commodities Reporting essential logistics data and ordering of commodities from MSl Receiving and storing Recording and reporting issues Monitoring logistics activities throughout the system

24. Supply chain pipeline The pipeline includes the entire chain of storage facilities and transportation links that move supplies from the manufacturer to the consumer, including port facilities, central warehouses, regional warehouses, district and sub district stores, service delivery points, and transportation vehicles.

25. Supply chain pipeline A supply chain consists of activities and organisations that materials move through on their journey from initial suppliers to the final customer.

26. Supply chain pipeline A supply chain consists of activities and organisations that materials move through on their journey from initial suppliers to the final customer.

27. Supply chain pipeline The pipeline includes the entire chain of storage facilities and transportation links that move supplies from the manufacturer to the consumer, including port facilities, central warehouses, regional warehouses, district and sub district stores, service delivery points, and transportation vehicles

28. Logistics management information system ( LMIS) The basic purpose of an LMIS is to collect and report information to other levels in the system in order to make decisions regarding the quantity and time to distribute drugs and medical supplies.

29. Essential logistics data STOCK ON HAND : quantity of usable stock at a particular level of the system at a particular point in time  CONSUMPTION DATA : quantity of drugs dispensed to clients during a particular period of time  DATA ON LOSSES AND ADJUSTMENTS : quantity of drugs no longer available for distribution, which have not been dispensed, but are damaged or expired  are called losses and additions and subtractions to the available drug supply, which were not received through the normal mechanism of receipt are called adjustments. These are either transfers, drugs loaned to (-)/from (+) another facility, or drugs “found” (+) as a result of a previous miscount

30. Records and Reports used in the management of ARV ,EMLIP and HIV test kits logistics system Stock Control Card  Stock Control book  GRN  Supply voucher  Requisition form 

31. Stock Keeping Records Description Type of data collected on the Transaction record Stock Control Card Inventory Control Card Stores Ledger Stock On Hand Losses and adjustments Quantity to Order Quantity On Order

32. Transaction Records Description Type of data collected on the Transaction record Requisition and issue voucher Issue voucher Packing Slip Delivery note Quantity of product being Ordered Shipped, Received

33. Consumption Records Description Type of data collected on the Transaction record Dilly Usage Register Log book Tick sheet Test Register Product used or dispensed to the end user at the service delivery point

34. Forms used in managing drugs Form name Purpose activity Stock control card To account for drugs in the storeroom Issuing Storing Receiving Reporting and ordering Physical inventory ART daily activity register To record and track the number of ARV drugs dispensed to patients Dispensing Reporting and ordering Drug log book Collect information on amounts of drugs dispensed Dispensing Reporting and ordering Report and requisition To provide logistics data to MOH-LMU To report on stock status To order drugs Reporting and ordering

35. Forms used in managing drugs Form name Purpose activity Supply voucher To request for drugs form the health center to the district To request for drugs from the ward to the hospital pharmacy Ordering Receiving Issuing Dispatch note To account for receipts from MSL receiving Report for returning products To track products returned to MSL from health facility level storing Dangerous drugs register To record and track the number of dangerous drugs dispensed to patients Dispensing Reporting and ordering

36. Recording transactions in the stock control card Complete one SCC for each product Enter the code, the name and form of the drug, unit, strength ,maximum level and the minimum level Enter the date of the transaction Enter the reference number

37. Recording transactions in the stock control card In the issued to or received from column enter Balance brought forward if this is the first line of a new stock control Physical count if you have done a physical count MSL or Pharmacy in red if receiving Loss or adjustment

38. Recording transactions in the stock control card In the remarks column provide a brief explanation for any loss or adjustment or add any other comment. Keep the stock control card close to were products are being stored and issued in the pharmacy.

39. Recording transactions in the stock control card EXERCISE UPDATING A STOCK CONTROL CARD FOR AMOXYCILLIN CAPSULES 250MG AT KASAMA GENERAL HOSPITAL Unit 1000 On 1/1/2012 conducted a physical count and found 50 bottles. On 2/1/2012 issued to 5 bottles ward J On 3/1/2012 issued to3 bottles to ward B On 4/1/2012 issued 2 bottles to ward c 0n 5/1/2012 loaned 10 bottles to Kasama DHO

40. Recording transactions in the stock control card On 6/1/2012 received 30 bottles from medical stores limited On 7/1/2012 issued 5 bottles to ward G 0n 15/1/2012 issued 10 bottles to casualty On 20/1/2012 Kasama DHO returned 10 bottles that was loaned On 30/1/2012 issued 10 bottles to ward A On 31/1/2012 conducted a physical count and found 44 bottles

41. Recording transactions in the stock control card Exercise 2 You are opening a stock control card, at Kasama General Hospital .Use the following information to update the stock control cards. Doxycycline tablets 100mg bottle of 100(MSL code 798) 1 January 2012 You open a new stock control card, bringing a balance of 40 bottles 2 January 2012 You receive from Medical stores limited 50 bottles with a reference number of 798 3 January 2012 You issue to outpatient 10 bottles on internal requisition number 800 4 January 2012 You loan Kasama district 5 bottles on internal requisition number 801

42. Recording transactions in the stock control card 5 January 2012 You issue to ward G 5 bottles on internal requisition number 818 6 January 2012 You issue to ward C 2 bottles on internal requisition number 819 10 January 2012 You drop one bottle and the tablets are damaged 12 January 2012 You issue to ward J 10 bottles on internal requisition 820 16 January 2012 y our receive from Kasama district 5 bottles on internal requisition 450 20 January 2012 You issue to ward B 5 bottles on internal requisition 821 31 January 2012 You conduct a physical count and you find 58 bottles

43. Recording transactions in the stock control card In the received column enter the quantity received In the issued column enter the quantity issued In the losses and adjustment column enter the exact amount of the loss or adjustment In the balance column enter the calculated balance

44. Ordering Drugs and Medical supplies from the Pharmacy A supply voucher is used Health centres also use the supply voucher to order supplies from the DHO

45. Supply Voucher TO -------------------- ------------- From ------------- Requested By: ------------- Signature-------------------- Date----------------Authorised By : --------- Signature-------------------- Date------------------ ( A) ITEM CODE ( B ) DESCRIPTION,STRENGTH (C) UNIT ( D) BALANCE AT HAND (E) QUANTITY REQUESTED (F) QUANTITY SUPPLIED (G) QUANTITY RECEIVED (I) REMARKS Approved By: ----Issued By: ----Delivered by-------- Received by: Date----- Date----------------- Date--------------- Date---------

46. JOB AID FOR RECORDING TRANSACTIONS IN THE SUPPLY VOUCHER Enter only one transaction in each line Use a blue or black pen to enter the transactions From: enter the name of your ward, clinic or department To: enter the name of the store , pharmacy or department to which the supplies will be obtained from Name of requisitionist: enter your name

47. JOB AID FOR RECORDING TRANSACTIONS IN THE SUPPLY VOUCHER Signature: sign Date : Enter the date of the transaction Item number : Enter the serial number for each drug Item description : Enter the name and the form of the drug Strength: Enter the strength Unit : Write the individual unit for the drug Quantity in stock : Enter the stock on hand in your storeroom

48. JOB AID FOR RECORDING TRANSACTIONS IN THE SUPPLY VOUCHER Quantity ordered : Enter the quantity you are ordered Quantity received: Enter the quantity received if receiving Quantity issued: leave this blank Signature: print your name and then your signature after checking. Remarks: provide a brief explanation for any loss or adjustment

49. EXERCISE USING A SUPPLY VOUCHER MSL CODE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION UNIT STOCK ON HAND AVARAGE MONTHLY CONSUMPTION MS 0079 Fluid Giving Set 25 3 10 MS 005 Examination Gloves ,Large 100 3 12 EM 0032 Amoxicillin Capsules 250mg 1000 2 8 EM 00348 Paracetamol Tablets 500mg 1000 4 15

50. Completing the Daily activity register for ARVs The following steps should be followed: Record the client number Record the type of ARV dispensed Record the quantity dispensed Calculate the total quantity dispensed at the end of the day Calculate the quantity dispensed at the end of the month

51.   Exercise: Completing the Daily Activity Register for ARVs You are the Pharmacy in charge at Kasama General Hospital. Complete the ART daily activity register With the following information On august 1,2018 patient number 56 is making his monthly visit to the ART clinic, You give him a combination of Zidovudine 300mg plus lamivudine 150mg and single dose of Nevirapine 200mgtablets to take for one month. On august 3, patient number 99 arrives and you give him a triple fixed combination of Tenofovir 300mg/Lamivudine300mg/Efavirenz 600mg Tablets to take for one month. On August 7, patient number 36 arrives to peak up Tenofovir 300mg/Lamivudine300mg/Efavirenz 600mg Tablets to take for one month.

52. Completing the Daily Activity Register for ARVs On august 10, patient number 44 is started on Tenofovir 300mg/Lamivudine300mg combination plus Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Aluvia). On august 11 patient numbers 65 collects a combination of Zidovudine 300mg plus lamivudine 150mg and single dose of Nevirapine 200mgtablets to take for one month. On august 15 patient number 22,is given Abacavir 30 /Lamivudine 60mg and Efavirenz separately On 28 august a baby number 77 was given Zidovudine/ Lamivudine and Nevirapine for one month.

53. Completing the Daily Activity Register for ARVs On august 29 patient number 39 was given Tenofovir 300mg/Lamivudine300mg/Efavirenz 600mg Tablets to take for one month. On august 30, patient number 80 came and collected on Tenofovir 300mg/Lamivudine300mg combination plus Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Aluvia). On 30 th august patient number 100 was given PEP medicine on Tenofovir 300mg/Lamivudine300mg combination plus Atazanavir to take daily..

54. Job aid: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits Cover page of the register write the following: Name of the facility Name of the testing site Name of the district Name of the province Book number Start date

55. Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits The following steps should be followed: Record the client number and purpose of the test Record the type of test Record the quantity of test used Record the result ( R, NR or IND) Calculate the total quantity of the tests done at the end of the day Summarise the total number of tests done at the end of the month

56. Exercise: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits You are the in charge, complete the daily activity reviser. On June 5 of 2016,the beginning balances of each test are; Determine 15 tests, SD bioline 8 tests. You request and receive 100 determine tests and 20 SD Bioline tests from the main store room.

57. Exercise: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits 3.Following appropriate quality control procedures, you run a known positive sample using determine and SD Bioline .Then you run a negative sample and determine and SD Bioline. 4.A sample for patient number 44 arrives at the laboratory in the morning with a request for clinical diagnosis for HIV. The sample is screened for HIV using determine rapid test.The test is positive,so it is retested to confirm using SD Bioline.The second test is also positive.

58. Exercise: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits 5.Shortly afterwards patient number 56 arrives at the clinic. The sample sent to the Laboratory is screened using determine which shows that the patient is positive, A confirmatory test is done using SD Bioline and the result is negative. 6.A patient arrives at the clinic and is assigned number 308.The sample is first tested using dtermines and the result is invalid.The sample is retested using determine again and the result is negative.

59. Exercise: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits 7.another patient ,number 22 comes to the clinic for prenatal care. The EMTCT doctor sends her sample to the main Laboratory for an HIV test. The sample is tested using determine and her test results are negative. 8.In the afternoon a new Laboratory Technician begins working at the main Laboratory and is trained how to conduct HIV testing by using a known positive sample on determine and SD Bioline. This is repeated using a known negative sample on determine and SD Bioline.

60. Exercise: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits 9.Patient number 139 has come to the clinic in the afternoon and the doctor determines that she should be tested for HIV. The sample is sent to the Laboratory and tested using Determine and the results were positive .the sample is tested using SD Bioline and the results are also positive.

61. Exercise: Completing the Daily activity register for HIV Test Kits 10.It is now the close of the business. Complete the Daily activity Register for the day ,including the summary for HIV tests by purpose. Your physical count for each product is as follows: Determine 105 tests, SD Bioline 21 Tests

62. Completing the internal Monthly summary ( IMSR) Only health centres with multiple testing sites will need to complete the internal monthly summary. Health centres with one testing site will use the daily activity register and the stock control card to complete the Rand R for HIV tests Health centre in charge for health centers with multiple testing sites will summarise the data for the month

63. Completing the internal Monthly summary ( IMSR) Data to be summarised is as follows: Total quantity of each HIV test received at the testing site during the month Total quantity of each HIV test used during the month Losses and adjustments Total stock of each HIV test on hand at the testing site as determined by a physical count

64. Completing the internal Monthly summary ( IMSR) The total number of positive ,negative and indeterminate test results Once the IMSR are completed, they are sent to the person designated for managing HIV tests at the health centre Data from all the testing sites will then be aggregated and used to complete the R&R

65. Completing the Report and Requisition for HIV Test Kits Write the reporting period, facility name, province and district and the type of test. Write the beginning balance Write the total quantity received Write the total quantity used Write the losses and adjustments Explain any losses and adjustments

66. Completing the Report and Requisition for HIV Test Kits Write the physical count Calculate Average Monthly Consumption Calculate the Maximum Quantity Calculate the Order quantity Write any remarks or comments Summarise tests used by Purpose

67. Completing the Report and Requisition for HIV Test Kits Review the completed report Print your name /signature and date Have the order authorised and approved Submit the Rand R

68. Completing the Report and Requisition for ARVs A report and requisition is used (R&R). This form is used at the Health Centers and Hospitals Health centers send the R&R to the District for review by the fifth day following the reporting period. DHO and Hospitals after reviewing the R&R send it MSL according to schedule

69. Completing the Report and Requisition for ARVs The following data is reported on the report section of the R&R: Beginning Balance in the store room and dispensary or testing site Total Quantity Received Total Quantity Used Losses and adjustments Ending Balance

70. Completing the Report and Requisition for ARVs The following data is reported on the requisition section of the R&R: Average Monthly Consumption Maximum Quantity Order Quantity

71. How to calculate the order quantity Calculating the average monthly consumption Add the total quantity dispensed for the current and the last two months Divide by three Round to the nearest dispensing unit

72. How to calculate the order quantity Calculating the maximum quantity Multiply the average monthly consumption by 3 Calculating the order quantity Subtract the ending balance from the maximum quantity

73. Completing the report for Drugs and Medical supplies. A report and requisition Drugs and Medical supplies is used (REMMS). This form is used at the Health Centers and Hospitals Health centers send the REMMS to the District for review by the fifth day following the reporting period. DHO and Hospitals after reviewing the REMMS send it MSL according to schedule

74. Placing an emergency order Tick the emergency order box at the top of the report for essential drugs and medical supplies Use a red pen to write emergency order across the top of each page Complete the REMMS for all the printed drugs and medical supplies and send the form to the DHO

75. Placing an emergency order DHO WILL Review and approve the emergency order and send it the MSL commodity security centre When the order is ready MSL will inform you to go and collect the emergency order.

76. Receiving drugs and medical supplies from Medical Stores Limited Locate the requisition or supply voucher Conduct a visual inspection Note discrepancies on the forms Sign the form Place and reorganize products according to FEFO Enter and update the goods received note(GRN) and the stock control cards

77. Storage of Drugs and Medical Supplies The purpose of storage are as follows: Protect the quality of the product and its packaging  Make product available for use at the right time

78. Storage conditions for Drugs and medical Supplies Put temperature control devices in place (fan, air conditioner)  Ensure adequate ventilation (forced ventilation)  Ensure adequate light to facilitate all work-related activities  Store products out of direct sunlight  Store supplies not for immediate use in their shipping cartons

79. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Secure Storeroom from water (check the roof, walls, floor and windows) Store all products on pallets at least 10cm off the floor, 30 cm away from the walls and other stacks, and not more than 2.5m high  

80. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Store chemicals & insecticides separately to avoid contamination of drugs  Display hazardous warning signs for chemicals and other hazardous material

81. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Limit access to authorised personnel Ensure windows, roof, walls and doors are well secured  Ensure that incoming & out going stock match documentation  Verify inventory records monthly through physical counts

82. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Clean the store regularly (have cleaning schedule in place)  Put pest control measures in place

83. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Arrange products by expiration date (FEFO, first-expiry, first out) or by FIFO (only for products with no expiry date)  Arrange supplies by –Alphabetical –Dosage form –Rate of stock movement –Therapeutic grouping

84. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Storage area of adequate size & adequate sorting and packaging space Adequate space for products requiring refrigeration Store expired or damaged products in a separate area & approved disposal procedures in place  

85. Storage conditions Drugs and medical Supplies Secure Storeroom from water (check the roof, walls, floor and windows)  Store all products on pallets at least 10cm off the floor, 30 cm away from the walls and other stacks, and not more than 2.5m high  

86. Inventory control System A system that informs the storekeeper how much of a commodity to order, when to order and how to maintain appropriate stock levels In Zambia the type of inventory control system used is the Max-Min inventory control system

87. Three types of Max-Min Inventory Control System There are three types of Max-Min inventory control systems Forced ordering Continuous review Standard Max-Min

88. Forced Ordering At the end of the review period, review all stock levels and order enough stock to bring stock levels up to the maximum ( ARVs)

89. Continuous Review Review the stock level of an item every time an issue is made. If the stock level is at or below the minimum level, order enough to bring to the maximum

90. Standard Max-Min Review the stock level of all the items at the end of the review period. For products that are at or below the minimum level, order enough to bring to the maximum. Products above minimum are not ordered. ( essential drugs)

91. How to maintain appropriate stocking levels To maintain appropriate stocking levels, the following need to be established: Maximum and Minimum stock levels: ( level above which and below which stock levels should not be allowed to exceed or fall) Emergency order point (level that triggers an emergency order)

92. How to maintain appropriate stocking levels To maintain appropriate stocking levels, the following need to be established: 3. Review period: ( the routine interval of time between assessments of stock level to determine if an order should be placed) 4. Lead time:( the time between when new stock is ordered and when it is received and available for use

93. How to maintain appropriate stocking levels 5 . Safety stock ( the buffer/reserve stock kept to protect against stock-outs caused by delayed deliveries or unexpected demand in consumption)

94. How to maintain appropriate stocking levels 5. Safety stock ( the buffer/reserve stock kept to protect against stock-outs caused by delayed deliveries or unexpected demand in consumption)

95. How to maintain appropriate stocking levels 5. Safety stock ( the buffer/reserve stock kept to protect against stock-outs caused by delayed deliveries or unexpected demand in consumption)

96. Stipulated max –min stock levels of the EMLIP hybrid Level Maximum Months of stock Minimum Months of stock Emergency order Point Hospitals ( Level 1,2 & 3 3 2 2 weeks Health Centres 4 3 2 weeks DHO 1 2 weeks 2 weeks

97. Assessing stock status Determine the total consumption for three months Calculate the average monthly consumption Determine the current quantity of stock on hand Calculate the months of stock on hand Take action if needed based on the months of stock .

98. Assessing stock status Exercise 1 You 96 tins of Aspirin at the end of August, June 29 July 30 August 28.5 how long will these tins last?

99. Assessing stock status Exercise 2 You 100 tins of Paracetamol at the end of August, June 30 July 31 August 32.5 how long will these tins last?

100. Deciding what action to take after stock status has been determined No action required if months of stock is between 3 and 2 months If months of stock is greater than 3 months the facility is overstocked return some stock to the pharmacy If months of stock is 2 months and 2 weeks the facility is under continue monitoring If months of stock is less than 2 weeks you are below emergency order point.

101. Forecasting Forecasting is the prediction of future demand. It is the basis of planning and decision making Forecasts are rarely accurate because they are based on assumptions and may be affected by external factors

102. Forecasting Judgement Methods Causal Methods Time series Methods

103. Forecasting Forecasting techniques Judgement Methods (Qualitative approach) : Sales force estimates Executive opinion Delphi method, Markets research

104. Forecasting Forecasting techniques Causal Methods linear regression

105. Forecasting Time Series Methods ( Quantitative approach) Simple Moving Average Weighted Moving Average Exponential Smoothing Exponential Smoothing with Trend Trend ,cyclical, seasonal and random.

106. Quantification The process of estimating the total quantities and the costs of the products required for a specific health program, for o future period

107. Quantification Why quantify To Prevent Shortages of drugs To avoid wastage To make best use of available financial resources To facilitate central bulk purchases

108. Quantification Quantification Methods Consumption Method: based on record of past consumption of individual items Morbidity Method: based on the number of expected attendance

109. Quantification Information required for quantification : Total consumption in a period, Number of days the product was out of stock Number of days the product was available Adjusted average consumption

110. Quantification Process to determine quantity needed and financial means required It involves estimating how much of a specific item is needed and the financial means required

111. Handling damaged and Expired Products Store damaged and expired products separately from usable stock Write Damaged or Expired stock on the box or shelf Record the quantity and the expiry date

112. Completing the MSL Returns Authorisation Form Write the name of your facility Write your name, date and sign For each product being returned ,enter the MSL code number, description, pack size, quantity , expiry date and explanation for why the product is being returned

113. Completing the Report for Returning Products Write the name of your facility Write your name, date and sign For each product being returned ,enter the MSL code number, description, pack size, quantity , expiry date and explanation for why the product is being returned

114. Monitoring and supervision Monitoring: is the checking on a regular basis to ensure that assigned activities are being carried out. It requires regular checking and recording of activities taking place in a project or program

115. Monitoring and supervision Supervision: the process of ensuring that personnel have the knowledge and skills required to carry out their responsibilities effectively, and to provide immediate on the Job training ,as needed.

116. End of presentation