Suraj ELP PPT

Experimental Learning Programme, Bsc Agriculture 4 Year
Mushroom and Vermicompost ppt (Report)

1. A WORK REPORT ON EXPERIENTAL LEARNING PROGRAMME [ELP] ORGANIC PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE By Suraj Kumar (2017BSA133) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Dr. Hemraj Jat , Dr. Ratan Lal Sharma Assistant Professor ELP COORDINATOR Dr. Palak Mishra

2. content Introduction of experimental learning programme (ELP) Introduction of vermicompost Objectives , Definition , Materials required Favourable condition of earthworm Procedure , Economics , Benefits , Harvesting Conclusion

3. Experimental Learning Programme (ELP) Experiential learning programme (ELP) has been introduced at Bachelor degree with the specific objective of learning by hands-on participation, by trying, making errors, and gradually narrowing the margin between failure and success . Work-based experiential learning through agricultural-related supervised experiences provides practical, real-world experiences in agriculture, develop a positive work ethic, and meet realistic occupational expectations. Experiential learning modules namely plant tissue culture, mass production of bio-agents and bio-pesticides, hi-tech horticulture, fruits & vegetable processing, visual & graphic communication, Agri Business Management and Crop Production (organic farming) The two modules that we have registered for are: Mushroom Production Technology Organic Production Technology

4. vermicomposting Vermicomposting is a process of composting, in which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of waste conversion and produce a better product. Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with the use of earthworms. It is one of the easiest methods to recycle agricultural wastes and to produce quality compost.

5. The Importance of Vermicomposting Today Up to 60 percent of what is discarded by communities and businesses are organic materials. Instead of disposing of food scraps, yard wastes, and other organics, the materials can be vermicompost. This method of recycling converts organic materials that have traditionally been viewed as waste into a valuable soil amendment for plants and crops. When vermicompost is added to soil, it boosts the nutrients available to plants and enhances soil structure and drainage . Vermicompost has also been shown to increase plant growth and suppress plant disease and insect pest attacks . “Vermicompost products have many applications , including home gardening, landscaping, turfgrass, golf courses, viticulture, DOT projects, use in potting soil for the horticultural industry, and in agriculture.

6.   Materials for preparation of Vermicompost Any types of biodegradable wastes- Crop residues Weed biomass Vegetable waste Leaf litter Hotel refuse Waste from agro-industries Biodegradable portion of urban and rural wastes What Worms Need An hospitable living environment, usually called “bedding” A food source Adequate moisture (greater than 50% water content by weight) Adequate aeration Protection from temperature extremes

7. Vermicompost Production Methodology Selection of suitable earthworm Sss African earthworm ( Eudrillus euginiae ) Tiger worm or Red wrinkle ( Eisenia foetida ) Asian worms ( perinonyx ecavatus )

8. Red earthworm Red earthworm is preferred because of its high multiplication rate and thereby converts the organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days . Since it is a surface feeder it converts organic materials into vermicompost from top. Characters Eisenia foetida • Body length 3-10cm • Body weight 0.4-0.6g • Maturity 50-55days • Conversion rate 2.0 q/1500worms/2 months • Cocoon production 1 in every 3 days • Incubation of co coon 20-23days

9. Detailed steps followed for unit establishment- Leveling of vermicompost unit :- Leveling for vermicompost unit was done on 13 February 2021 with the help of JCB, spades and other implements. The unit established above ground level to drain out excess water during rainy season. Spread of Plastic sheet :- A 30 x 45 ft 2 plastic sheet spread over the ground before making vermibeds. Plastic sheet is used to avoid the leaching loss of nutrients from vermibeds and movement of earth worms in to soil. Bed preparation :- Vermicompost beds were prepared by making beds with cow dung on plastic sheet with 3 ft width, 1.5 ft height and 25 ft length by the students on 17 & 18 February, 2021. There was 3 ft gap between two beds for proper aeration and watering of bed.

10. Preparation of vermibeds and ready beds . Release of earthworms :- Eisenia foetida species of earthworm was released on 19 February 2021 after separating the worms from dirt and prepared beds were covered with gunny bags which were drenched in water to make them moist. The gunny bags provide the optimum moisture and temperature for the bed and protect the earthworms from predators.

11. Tying of Shade net :- Green shade net was tied at a proper height on 27 February 2021 to protect the earthworm from direct sunlight while maintaining proper space for easy working and to check the optimum temperature for growth and development of earthworms. Watering :- Watering of beds was carried out by the students on daily basis to maintain the optimum moisture (70-80 %) for efficient working of earthworms. Harvesting :- Fully decomposed cow dung / ready vermicompost appears like tea granules of dark brown to black color with grainy texture. Watering was stopped 4-5 days before of harvesting the ready compost. After maturation and low water percentage, all the earthworms move to bottom of the bed. Then, we collect upper portion of ready vermicompost and sieve it which is ready to use.

12. Marketing:- Vermicompost is marketed to local farmers @ ₹ 6 / kg. The vermiculture also sell out to some farmers and students of the university @ ₹ 230 /kg. Sr. No. Particulars Qty Rate (₹) Total Amount (₹) A. Cost of production 1. Leveling of unit area 1 hr ₹ 800/hr 800 2. Plastic Sheet 1 3000 3000 3. Cow dung 100 qt 120/qt 12000 4. Earthworms 80 kg 230/kg 18400 5. Green net 2 1750 3500 6. Gunny bags 80 20/bag 1600 7 Miscellaneous     2000   Total 41,300 B. Production (Income)   1 Total production (Vermicompost) 50 qt 60/qt 30000 2. Earthworms (Culture) 55 kg (Remaining culture used for next cycle ) 230/kg 12650   Total 42,650          

13. Net Income= Total Income-Total cost = ₹ 42650- ₹ 41300= ₹ 1350 B: C ratio = Total Income/ Total cost = 42650/41300 = 1.03 Note:- In case of Next cycles only cost 3, applicable.

14.   Advantages of vermicompost Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients. Provides excellent effect on overall plant growth, encourages the growth of new shoots / leaves and improves the quality and shelf life of the produce. Vermicompost is free flowing, easy to apply, handle and store and does not have bad odour . It improves soil structure, texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and prevents soil erosion. Vermicompost is rich in beneficial micro flora such as a fixers, P- solubilizers, cellulose decomposing micro-flora etc. in addition to improve soil environment. Vermicompost contains earthworm cocoons and increases the population and activity of earthworm in the soil. It neutralizes the soil protection. It prevents nutrient losses and increases the use efficiency of chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed seeds etc. Vermicompost minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases. It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil. It contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and hormones like auxins, gibberellins etc.

15. CONCLUSION This programme proved to be an unforgettable experience as it proved the glim picture about what is the ground the reality of Agro-Business in our state, the challenges it is facing and the inspiration to be therefor the marginal and deprived ones. It also gave evidence of being the symbol of independent employment creation instead of employment seeker. The ELP programme helped us to know about new techniques and create venture for self-employment. It also helped us understand the marketing skills. Hands on practice improved our view of vermicompost as a business. Vermicompost is the best way to improve health of human, soil and animals Vermicompost is the method to recycle the waste material in to nutrient rich fertilizer and reduce the environmental pollution.

16. CONTENT OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION Introduction Objective, Material required & Procedure Economic, Benefits & Harvest Spawn, Good characters of spawn & spawn making B:C ratio Conclusion

17. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO MUSHROOM: A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. It has been considered a delicacy for decades and also appreciated for its great medicinal values since ancient time. These are rich in protein, carbohydrate and vitamins. Mushrooms are low in caloric value and hence are recommended for heart and diabetic patients. They are rich in proteins as compared to cereals, fruits and vegetables. In addition to proteins (3.7 %), they also contain carbohydrate (2.4 %), fat (0.4%), minerals (0.6 %) and water (91%) on fresh weight basis. Mushrooms contain all the essential nine amino acids required for human growth. Mushrooms are excellent source of thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin C, D, A and K which are retained even after cooking. They are also reported to possess anticancer activities.

18. Classification of Mushroom 1. Paddy straw mushroom - Volvariella spp. 2. Oyster mushroom - Pleurotus spp. 3. Button mushroom -Agaricus spp. 4. Milky mushroom - Calocybe spp. 5. Shiitake mushroom _ Lentinulla spp. 6. Jew’s ear mushroom - Auricularia spp.

19. Introduction to Oyster Mushroom Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is commonly called Dhingri in India. It has oyster like shape because of which it is popularly known as oyster mushroom. It belongs to phylum “Basidiomycota” and genus “Pleurotus”. The fruit bodies of this mushroom are distinctly shell, fan or spatula shaped. The colour of the mushroom maybe white, pale, pink, yellow, grey, pink or light brown depending upon the species. Its cultivation can be done on number of agricultural wastes and organic waste materials. The important substrates include straw of different cereals, sugarcane bagasse, cotton waste, jute, groundnut pod shells, small wood pieces, saw dust, maize cobs, banana pseudo stems, etc. Commonly cultivated species of Pleurotus includes P. sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer, P. ostreatus, P. florida, P. cornucopiae, P. eryngii, P. flabellatus, P. opuntiae, P. platypus, P. cystidiosus and P. columbinus.

20. The cultivation of oyster mushroom involves many steps, The species that we choose was Pleurotus florida Spawn Production/Procurement: We purchased spawn for our project from Jeevan Mushroom Private Ltd. A total of 10 bags of 1kg each was purchased consisting of Oyster mushroom spawn. Substrate Preparation: Mushroom spawn can be prepared on any kind of cereal grains like wheat, jowar, bajra or rye etc. The grains are thoroughly washed in water to remove soil debris, dust particles and other undesirable contaminants. Next, the washed grains are soaked in water for about 20-30 minutes and boiled for 15-20 minutes or till it is just soft enough and still holding its shape properly and has not burst. The boiled grains are then sieved to remove excess water and is cooled and evaporate excess moisture. Now, the grains are mixed with gypsum and calcium carbonate in order to bring the pH around 7 to 7.5 and make sure there is no clumps formation.

21. Mother Spawn Preparation : The prepared substrate is now filled in glass bottles upto 2/3 volume and plugged with non-absorbent cotton. This is performed under LAF. These bottles are then autoclaved at 22-25 psi and 1250C for 1-2 hours. Then these bottles are cooled at room temperature under UV radiation for about 24 hours. The bottles are now inoculated by small pieces of mycelium under Laminar Air Flow and in aseptic condition. The inoculated bottles are incubated for 2-3 weeks. The bottles are gently shake on the 5th and 10th day for proper distribution of the inoculum. This spawn prepared by pure culture is called mother spawn. This is used to prepare commercial spawn.

22. Mushroom Production Unit Set-Up Dated: 15-02-2021 Sterilization of Production Unit Site and Preparation of Substrate. The site and the rooms were cleaned and disinfected thoroughly. The walls of the rooms were also disinfected and sanitized thoroughly with disinfectant. The room was closed for 24hrs so that it is properly sterilized. Sl.No INGREDIENTS QUANTITY 1. Water 15 L 2. Formalin 30 ml 3. Bavistin 1gm 4. Lara-909 10ml

23. Substrate preparation : After cleaning, we first started with substrate preparation for the mushroom. For the substrate we used wheat straws . There was a total of 300kg wheat straws and divided into 3 batches : First, the wheat straw was washed properly with water to remove excess dust and dirt in drum. On the second time, we add formalin @ 125ml/100L of water, Bavistin @ 5gm/100L of water . The washed straw was filled in it, covered with a clean polythene and then tied with a plastic rope around the neck of the drum. It was then allowed to ferment for 24hrs.

24. Drying treated substrate : Morning hour: The treated substrate was taken out and spread over a clean shade-net to let the excess water drained and dried under the sun . Meanwhile, we prepared the second batch of substrate using the wheat straw following the same procedure as the one on the first batch of substrate. The substrate was dried to a point at which little moisture was still present in it . A good quality substrate should have some characteristics. It should not be complete dry . It should have some moisture left in it, that when we squeeze it in our hands no droplets of water should fall but also moist enough to make our hands wet .

25. Spawning the substrate : Afternoon hour: Now, that the substrates are dried enough, it was then spawned using Layer method. Here, a layer of 5-6cm of substrate was first filled at the bottom of the polybag and then a thin layer of spawn was spread and covered with another layer of substrate. It was repeated to make 3-4 layers of spawn and substrate in each polybag. This layered polybag was then tied tightly at the opening using a plastic rope and the excess top was cut off. It was then ready to take in the incubation room. Spawn running : It takes about 6-7 days for the development of mycelium. It is only after the complete mycelium growth that it starts fruiting.

26. WATERING: In order to keep the substrate moist and maintain humidity in the room , we have to keep watering. We watered the mushroom twice a day , one in the morning and one at the afternoon, everyday right from the first day of incubation period till the last harvesting were divided into groups to water the mushrooms .

27. HARVESTING Dated: 08-03-2021 We made the first harvest on this day which is after 3 days of the mushroom development. On this day, the chairman of the university himself was present in the Production Unit to start the harvest of the mushroom. It was a delightful experience to harvest the crops that we have grown by ourself. A total of 2kg mushroom was harvested on the first harvest .

28. Economics of Oyster mushroom production S.N. Item Quantity Rate(Rs.) Total(Rs.) A. Capital Investment       1 Mushroom growing room (thatched) 1 2500 2500 2 Plastic tub 1 500 500 3 Sprayer 1 1000 1000 4 Biomass stove 1 300 300   Total     4300 B. Fixed Cost       1 Interest on A @ 12%     516 2 Depreciation ( Item 1 @ 30% )     750 3 Depreciation (Item 2,3,4@ 10% )     180   Total     1446 C. Recurring Cost         Wheat straw 300q 400/q 1200   Spawn bags 10kg 120 1200   Polythene bags for bed & packing 4kg 100 400   Fungicides, fumigants & chemicals - - 500   Labour - - -   Others     1000   Total     4300

29.   Working expenditure 4300   Interest and depreciation on fixed cost 1446   Total Cost 5746 Income     By sale of production (110kg) of mushroom @ Rs. 80 per kg 8800   Cost of spent mushroom compost 1000   Total income 9800   Net income 9800-5746=4054 B: C ratio = Total Income/ Total cost = 9800/5746 = 1.70 Cost of production of mushroom unit

30. BENEFITS Health benefits: Mushroom is packed with nutrients such as protein, vitamin B, vitamin D, minerals etc. Environment benefits: Social benefits: National benefits: ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Less investment cost  Low -tech involvement  Generate employment/ self-employment  Less land requirement  Low lost risk  Helps to reduce pollution

31. Conclusion After the completion of our Experiential Learning Programme, there are many things which I have learnt from. First, the importance and the ability of agriculture in the development of our nation is undeniable. It is said that, “Agriculture is the Back-bone of India” and indeed. Such things can only be understood when we practically engage ourself in the process. With ELP, I was able to be experience the process practically. Second, the importance of teamwork. This ELP would not have been possible without the teamwork of our classmates. There isn’t anything that can not be done with great teamwork. We not only get to share knowledge but also get to understand each other and their way of working. For which I am very thankful. Third, I learnt to recognised the short-comings and the possible solution to overcome it. So, with this programme I shall be able to overcome such scenario in the future.

32. Thank you