Surgical aspects of abdomen - made by Srikar

This ppt has surgical aspects of abdomen..it's basic
This ppt is made for my class presentation..I am not taking responsibility for any mistakes if present...

1. Boundaries of the Abdomen Superiorly : The diaphragm, a muscular sheet, forms the upper boundary. 

2. Openings: Aortic hiatus – T12, transmits aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein Esophageal hiatus – T10, transmits esophagus , vagus nerves Caval opening – T8, transmits inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve

3. Inferiorly:  The upper plane of the pelvic cavity marks the lower boundary. 

4. Anteriorly:  The abdominal wall muscles, including the  rectus abdominis ,  external obliques ,  internal obliques , and  transversus abdominis , form the front and sides

5. Posteriorly:  The vertebral column and the muscles of the back form the posterior boundary. 

6. Peritoneum The peritoneum is  the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

7. Lesser sac Greater sac

8. Clinical importance of peritoneum #paracentesis #peritonial dialysis

9. Omentum A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen.

10.   fat storage, immune response, and tissue regeneration. 

11. Mesenteries

12. 2. Mesenteries  Mesenteries are double-layered folds of peritoneum that suspend and attach organs to the posterior abdominal wall. supporting and positioning the abdominal organs, facilitating their movement, and providing pathways for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

13. Recesses a small indentation , depression, or cavity within the peritoneal cavity. These recesses are formed by reflections of the peritoneum , the lining of the abdominal cavity, and can be clinically significant as potential sites for fluid accumulation or internal hernias . 

14. https://anatomie.lf2.cuni.cz/sites/anatomie/files/page/files/2018/abdominal_recesses.pdf

15. The are important because ??

16. Venous Drainage ?? @ Abdomen

17. two  venous systems   Venous Drainage of the Abdomen Portal venous system Systemic venous system  The portal vein is formed by the union of the  splenic vein  and the  superior mesenteric vein , posterior to the neck of the pancreas, at the level of L2. Right and left gastric veins  – drain the  stomach . Cystic veins  – drains the  gallbladder . Para-umbilical veins  – drain the skin of the umbilical region.

18. The portal vein (PV) is approximately 7 to 8 cm long in adults and is formed by the union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein at the level of the second lumbar vertebra

19. Superior Mesenteric Vein The superior mesenteric vein (SMV) drains the small intestine, cecum, appendix, and the ascending and transverse portions of the colon It courses posterior to the head of the pancreas and horizontal segment of the duodenum, and lies anterior to the IVC. The SMV unites with the splenic vein to form the main PV.

20. Mesenteric tributaries of the SMV include the jejunal, ileal, ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic veins. The nonmesenteric supply to the SMV comes from the right gastroepiploic and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins.

21. The splenic vein (lienal vein) is the second largest tributary of the PV and measures about 1 cm in diameter the following veins drain into the splenic vein—short gastric, left gastroepiploic, pancreatic, and inferior mesenteric veins. Splenic Vein

22. Paraumbilical Veins

23. Gastric Veins

24. Cystic Vein

25.  SYSTEMIC VENOUS CIRCULATION #Specific Areas

26.  SYSTEMIC VENOUS CIRCULATION Inf.V C Tributaries

27. Inferior Vena Cava The inferior vena cava is the common convergence of venous drainage from all structures below the  diaphragm . It is located on the posterior abdominal wall; anteriorly to the vertebral column and to the right of the  abdominal aorta . The vessel is formed by the union of the  common iliac veins  at the L5 vertebral level. It ascends superiorly, and leaves the abdomen by piercing the central tendon of the  diaphragm  at the T8 level Within the thorax, the inferior vena cava drains into the  right atrium  of the heart.

28. Tributaries The inferior vena cava is responsible for the venous drainage of all structures below the diaphragm. It receives tributaries from: Common iliac veins  – formed by the external and internal iliac veins. They drain the lower limbs and gluteal region.

29. Lumbar veins  – drain the posterior abdominal wall.

30. Renal veins  – drain the  kidneys , left  adrenal gland  and left  testis / ovary .

31. Right testicular or ovarian vein  – drains the right testes in males and the right ovary in females (the left testicular or ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein).

32. Right suprarenal vein  – drains the right adrenal gland (the left adrenal vein drains into the left renal vein).

33. Inferior phrenic veins  – drain the  diaphragm .

34. Hepatic veins  – drain the  liver .

35. There are no tributaries from the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder or the abdominal part of the GI tract – as these structures are first drained into the  portal venous system . However, venous return from these structures ultimately enters the inferior vena cava via the hepatic veins (after being processed by the liver).