SURVEILLANCE PRESENTATION.pptinpublic health

Public health surveillance present full course y points
•In2022, 30 countries across five of the six WHO regionsreported cholera outbreaks, incuding
countries which did not report cholera in previous years and countries which were not
considered endemic for cholera. Many of those countries reported more cases, often witha
higher case fatality ratio (CFR) than in previous years.Thisresurgence of the seventh pandemic
of cholera further deterioratedat the beginning of 2023(Cholera –Globa situation, WHO, 11
February 2023).In thiscontext, affected and at-risk countries are urged to strengthen cholera
surveillance.
•This GTFCC guidance serves toprovideinterim recommendationsfor strengthening public health
surveillance forcholera. This document supersedesthe GTFCC interim surveillanceguidance
published in 2017.It providesupdatedrecommendationson: i) case and outbreak definitions,
ii)testing,in particular to expand the use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT), iii) minimum case
based data to be colected on suspected cholera cases.
•Strengthening public heath surveillanceforcholera in accordance withthisinterim guidance
aimsto better inform timely and targeted multisectoral interventions tolimit the spread of
cholera and reduce morbidityand mortality.
•Public health surveillance for cholera shouldinclude:
healthfacilitybased surveilance, communitybased surveillance, and eventbased
surveillancefor thetimely detection and reporting of suspectedcholera cases;
-timely reporting of standard minimum case-based data;
-routine and systematic testing of suspectedcholera cases;
-routine analysisand interpretation of surveillance data at a fine granularity (loca level);
regular dissemination of surveillance outputs to guidemultisectoral interventions;
-timely reporting atnational,regiona and global levels.

1. THE UNIVERSITY OF
BAROTSELAND
PUH313
Introduction to Public Health
Surveillance

2. Course Aims
Thiscourseaimstoprovide
participantswiththenecessary
technicalandpracticalskillsto
conductdiseaseoutbreak
investigations,surveillance,
preventionandcontrol.

3. Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course the
student should be able to:
Describegeneralprinciplesof
surveillanceanditsrelationtodisease
control

4. WHAT IS SURVEILLANCE?
Surveillance is keeping a careful and
CONTINOUSwatch over something
or somebody.
For example, it can mean keeping
watch over a suspect or person who
has a potential for committing a violent
act.

5. continued
Surveillanceisthecontinuous
watchfulnessoverthedistribution
andtrendsofdiseases,whichis
donethroughsystemiccollection,
analysisandinterpretationand
disseminationofhealthdatafor
useinpublichealthaction
Surveillance data includes:
Identifying , investigate and
control outbreaks or epidemics;

6. continued
Identifying specific population
groups at high risk of sickness
and death from priority diseases;
Confirming current priorities
among disease control activities;

7. Continued
Evaluatingtheimpactof
preventiveand curative
activitiesontheincidenceand
prevalenceofprioritydiseases
inthecommunity;
Monitoring disease trends so as
to adjust plans to meet current
needs.

8. TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
Surveillance can be divided into three
categories:
1. Active surveillance;
2. Passive surveillance;
3. Sentinel surveillance.

9. Active Surveillance
This is the regular or periodic
collection of case reports from health
care providers or facilities.
In other words it is done all the time
by collecting data in your health unit or
laboratory.
Data collected by active surveillance is
more accurate than other types of
surveillance.

10. continued
The objectives of active surveillance
include:
Monitoring the community for cases
on diseases of epidemiological
importance (e.g. malaria, Meningitis,
Ebola);
Acting appropriately when cases are
detected.

11. Steps-Active Surveillance
You should take the following steps
when establishing active surveillance:
Establish accurate record keeping;
Identify someone to designate as the
person in charge of surveillance and
give him/her the authority to act;

12. Steps-Active Surveillance
Watch all links in the chain of infection.
In this step consider the following
The aetiological organism
Its reservoir (host)
Its mode of transmission
The at risk and vulnerable
population

13. Passive Surveillance
Definition:
This is the reporting of cases by health
workers at their discretion.
It uses already existing systems in
your districts.
It relies on the periodic reports which
are prepared and submitted to district
health teams.

14. continued
That is why these reports should be
as accurate and detailed as possible.
Although this type of surveillance is
inexpensive, the data is likely to
underestimate the presence of
disease in a population.

15. Sentinel Surveillance
Definition:
This type of surveillance relies on
reports of cases of disease whose
occurrence suggest failure or indicate
that special problems are emerging
and therefore there is need for
improvement.

16. Surveillance
Surveillance should lead to action.
Some of the Actions include the
following:
1. Identifying areas which have a
higher prevalence of malaria disease
than others;
2. Identifying the need for further health
services;
3. Evidence-based health care
planning;
4. Identifying areas that need
immediate decisive intervention;

17. continued
5. Dissemination of data to other
districts and persons/organizations;
6. Health education.
Having looked at what surveillance is
and the actions that should be taken,
let us turn to the uses of disease
surveillances in reference to malaria.

18. Uses of Disease Surveillance
1. To make a community diagnosis of
malaria at a particular point in time;
2. To monitor continuously over a period
of time the change in the trend of
malaria in the community following
interventions;
3. To detect sudden rise in disease
occurrence as well as outbreaks;
4. To be able to act quickly and so cut
short any epidemic or outbreak of
malaria;

19. continued
5. To investigate malaria epidemic,
analyze the reasons for it, plan a
feasible intervention/s, carry out and
monitor the effects of the
intervention/s on the out break;
6. To increase knowledge on the
malaria disease dynamics including
vector and human reservoir;
7. To plan effective health services.

20. Community Diagnosis
OneoftheimportanceofDisease
Surveillanceistocarryoutcommunity
diagnosis.
Whatiscommunitydiagnosis?
Communitydiagnosisisaprocessof
establishingwhichofthelocaldiseases
orhealthproblemsinacommunityare
importantandwhichonesshouldbe
givenhighprioritybythehealthworker.
Itisaparticipatoryprocessthatinvolves
thecommunity.

21. Community Diagnosis
In carrying out community diagnosis, you
should establish a good relationship with
community leaders and involve them in
your activities.
Your work should always be done with
the knowledge and co-operation of
community leaders.
If this is not done, you may not succeed
in achieving your objective.

22. Community Diagnosis
Community diagnosis answers the
following questions:
What are the commonest diseases
seen in out patients?
What is the distribution of the common
diseases in the area?
What is the local distribution of
uncommon but important diseases in
the area?

23. Community Diagnosis
What diseases have presented in an
epidemic form in the area in the past?
Which diseases are the community
most concerned about?
Which are the most important local
health problems

24. Backbone of a Community
Diagnosis -Exercise
The following steps form the backbone
of a community diagnosis exercise:
a) Identify the sources of data about the
community and it’s health;
b) Assess the reliability of the data
available and their limitations;

25. Community Diagnosis
c) Collect data about the characteristics
of the population;
d) Relate individual’s health and malaria
infection in your community to their
places of residence and season of the
year;
e) Establish birth rates and death rates
in your community.

26. Summary of data collection
methods
These include:
Disease outbreak investigation
Screening
Community diagnosis
Surveillance itself
Thank you for listening!!!
End……………………………………end

27. Assignment Oneand Two
03/05/21
Mentionanddescribeindetailstypes
ofsurveillance.Howdoessurveillance
contributetodiseasecontroland
elimination.
Discusspathogenesisofcholera
includingitscharacteristicsintermsof
person,timeandplace.