Surveying short question answers

UPLOADED BY : SAURABH PARE

1. SURVEYING-II(5
TH
CIVIL)

CHAPTER-1
Name of the Chapter - Leveling

1. Define parallax. [2012]
Ans: The apparent movement of image relative to the cross hair is known as parallax. This
occurs due to imperfect focusing.
2. What is bench mark?
[2011]
Ans: This are the fixed point (or) marks of known RL determined with reference point to datum
line. These are very important point or works. They serve as reference points for finding
the RL of new points or conducting leveling operations is projects involving road, railway
etc.
3. What is difference between line of collimation and axis of telescope. [2014, 2010]
Ans: Line of collimation:-It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of cross-hair
at the diaphragm and optical center of object glass & its continuation. It is also known as
line of sight.
Axis of Telescope:-This is an imaginary line passing through the potical center of object glass
optical center of eye- piece.
4. Define height of instrument in leveling. [2011]
Ans: When the leveling is properly leveled, the RL of line of collimation is known as height of
instrument. This is obtained by adding the BS to the RL of BM or CP m which the staff
reading was taken.
5. What is change point? [2014,
2011]
Ans: This point indicate the shifting of instrument. At this point and fore sight is taken from
one setting and BS reading is taken.
6. What are the arithmetical checks for the HI method and the rise and fall method? [2010]
Ans: HI method :-( Arithmetical Check)
∑ RS-∑FS= Last RL- 1
st
RL
Rise & Fall method :-
∑ BS-∑FS= ∑Rise- ∑Fall= Last RL- 1
st
RL
7. What is fly leveling?
Ans: When the differential leveling is done in order to connect a BM to be starting point of
alignment point of any project is known as fly leveling. In such leveling only BS & FS
reading are taken at every set up of level.

2. 8. Define sensitiveness of the bubble tube in case of a dumpy level.
Ans: The sensitiveness of bubble means the affect caused by the deviation of the bubble
per division of the graduation of the bubble tube.
9. Define temporary bench mark. [2014]
Ans: When bench marks are establish temporary at the end of a days work, they are said to
be temporary bench mark.
10. Define line of collimation. [2014-w)
Ans: It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the cross- hair at the
diaphargm and the optical centre of the object glass and etc continuation. It is also known
as the line of sight.
11. Define level surface. [2014-W)
Ans: Any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth is said to be a level
surface. Surface is obviously curved.
e.g – Water surface of a still lake.
CHAPTER-2
Name of the Chapter - Contouring
1. Define contour & horizontal equivalent? [2014(W)]
Ans: Contour:- Contour line is a imaginary line passing through the points of equal reduced
levels.
Horizontal equivalent:- The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is
known as horizontal equivalent.
2. Define horizontal equivalent and contour interval. [2014-W, 2015-W]
Ans: Horizontal equivalent:- The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contour is
known as horizontal equivalent.
Contour interval:- The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is known
as contour interval.
3. What is a contour line?
Ans: A line joining points of equal elevation is known as a contour line.
4. Why is the horizontal equivalent not constant?
Ans: The horizontal distance between points varies according to the variation of slope. As
the slope of the ground between two consecutive contours is not constant in all
directors the horizontal equivalent is not constant.
5. How will you distinguish between a valley line and ridge line?
Ans: When a lower values are inside the loop, it indicates a valley line. When the higher
values are inside the loop,

3. 6. What is a contour gradient?
Ans: In hilly area, the center line of a road in a given gradient is marked by some points. The
line joining such points is known as contour gradients.
7. What is the object of preparing a contour map?
Ans: From a contour map, the nature of the ground surface of an area can be known so for
identifying a suitable site for a dam or reservoir and for marking the tentative alignment of
engineering projects involving roads, railways, etc. a contour map is essential.

CHAPTER-3
Name of the Chapter - Principles of Theodolite Surveying

1. Define transiting. [2014-W]
Ans: The method of turning the telescope about its horizontal axis is a vertical plane through
180˚ is termed as transiting.
2. What is telescope normal? [2015-W,
2014-W]
Ans: The face left position is known as telescope normal or telescope direct. It is also retuned
as “bubble up”.
3. Why are face left and face right observations taken? [2016-S, 2013,
2010]
Ans: Face Left : - It means that the vertical circle of the theodolite is on the left of the
observation at time of taking reading. The observation taken in face left position is known
as face left observation.
Face Right : - It means the vertical circle of the instrument is on right of observation
when the reading is take. The observation taken in face right position is known as face
right observation.
4. What are the least count of a transit theodolite?
[2011]
Ans: Least count is the difference between the value of smallest division of main scale & the
smallest division of vernier scale,
L.C for main scale = 20”
L.C for vernier scale = 20”
5. What does swinging the telescope mean?
Ans: This indicate turning of telescope in a horizontal plane it is called right swinging, when
the telescope is turned clockwise & left swinging the telescope is turned anti-clockwise.
6. What are the fundamental lines of a transit theodolite?
[2011]
Ans: The fundamental lines of transit theodolite are line of collimation, axis of bubble tube,
vertical axis & axis of telescope.
7. Why are two vernier readings are taken?
Ans: Two vernier reading are taken to eliminate the error due to each transit of the inner &
outer axis.
8. What is the function of tangent screw in a level?
[2013]
Ans: Tangent serew is used for fine adjustment.

4. 9. What is meant by “20 cm theodolite?
[2013]
Ans: A theodolite whose base circle (horizontal graduated circle) has a diameter of 20cm is
known as 20cm diameter.
10. What is meant by normal position of a theodolite?
[2013]
Ans: The face left portion is known as normal position of a theodolite. Face left means that
the vertical circle of a theodolite is on of the observer.
Assignment - 4
CHAPTER- 4
Name of the Chapter -Theodolite traversing
1. What is deflection angle? [2014-W, 2013,
2010]
Ans: During the survey of the alignment of a project involving roads or railways, the deflection
of the line may change due to some unavoidable circumstances the angle of the change
in direction is known as deflection angle.
2. Define latitude and departure in a theodolite travers. [2013, 2012, 2011,
2010]
Ans: The latitude of a line is the distance measured parallel to the N-S line & departure of a line
is measured parallel to the E-W line.
3. What are the sign conventions of latitudes and departures?
Ans: Northing = Latitude towards north = +L
Southing = Latitude towards South = -L
Easting = Departure towards east = +D
Westing = Departure towards west = -D
4. Difference between closed traverse & open traverse.
5. Write the Bowditch’s rule of balancing a closed traverse.
Ans: By this rule the error is latitude or departure is distributed in proportion the lens of the
traverse leg.
(a) Correction to latitude of any side:
=
6. State the transit rule for balancing a closed traverse. [2011]
7. What is the term independent co-ordinate mean?
Ans: The co-ordinate of any points which respect to origin are said to be independent co-
ordinate of that point. The origin may be a station of the survey or a point entirely outside
of traverse.

5. 8. What is the characteristics of Gale’s traverse table?
Ans: The characteristics of Gale’s table is that the IC of all the traverse station are brought of
the NE quadrant by suitably assuming the co-ordinate of starting station of the traverse.

CHAPTER- 5
Name of the Chapter - Tacheometry
1. What do you mean by tacheometry? [2011, 2012, 2013, 2014]
Ans: Tacheometry is the branch of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distance are
measured by taking angular observation with an instrument known as tacheometry.
2. What is the principle of tacheometry?
Ans: The principle of tacheomerty is defined as or based on the property of iso-scales
triangles, where the ratio of distance of the base from the apex and length of the base is
always constant.
3. What is an analytic lens? Why it is used? [2014-w, 2013, 2011]
Ans: The additional convex lens is provided between the eye-piece and the object glass at a
fixed distance from the object glass. This convex lens is known as analytic lens. It is used
to make the additive constant (ftd) is exactly zero.
4. What do you mean by stadia constants? [2014, 2010, 2005]
Ans: Stadia constants means, D = f/I × s + (f+d)
Where, d = Horizontal distance
f/I = Multiplying constant
(f+ d) = Additive constant
5. What is the difference between a theodolite and a tacheometer ?
Ans: When a theodolite is fitted with an analaticlense it is known as tacheometer.
Without analytic lens, the instrument would be called theodolite.


CHAPTER- 6
Name of the Chapter - Curves
1. What is deflection angle in a simple circular curve? [2015-W, 2014, 2011]
Ans: The angle through which back tangent deflects is known as deflection angle in a simple
curve.
2. Define a 4 degree curve. [2014-W]
Ans: When a unit chord subtend at angle of 4˚ is called 4˚ curve.

6. 3. Mention the names of different types of curves used in field.
Ans: Curve – (1) Horizontal Curve – (i) Simple Curve, (ii) Compound Curve, (iii) Reverse
Curve, (iv) Transition Curve, (v) Lemniscates Curve
(2) Vertical Curve
4. What do you mean by apex of a curve? [2014-W, 2010]
Ans: The mid – point on the curve is known as apex of curve. The distance from the point of
intersection to the mid-point on the curve is known as apex distance.
5. What is the versine of a curve? [2011, 2014-w]
Ans: The distance between the apex point of the curve and mid-point on the long chord is
known as versine of curve.
6. What is meant by 5 degree curve?
Ans: When a unit chord subtend at angle of 5˚ is called 5˚ curve.
7. Define the degree of curve of a simple circular curve? [2014, 2012, 2011, 2009]
Ans: The angle of unit chord of length 30m subtend at center of the circle formed by the curve
is known as degree of curve.
CHAPTER- 7
Name of the Chapter - Computation of Volume
1. What is a mass diagram?
2. Name and state the formulae for computation of volume.
Ans: The volume can be computed by 2 rules,
(i) Trapezoidal Rule
V = D/2 {A1+An+2(A2+A3+……+A n-1)}
(ii) Prismoidal Rule
V = D/3 {A1+An+4(A2+A4+……+A n-1) + 2(A3+A5+……+A n-2)}
3. State the different types of cross-sections.
Ans: The different types of cross-sections are,
(i) Level Section, (ii) Two level Section, (iii) Three level Section, (iv) Side heel two level
Section.
4. What is limitation of a prismoidal formula?
Ans: The limitation of a prismodial formula is, this rule is only apply to when the no. of section
is odd.