Sustain and unsustainable use of Biological resources

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1. lecture # 12, 13

2. Sustainable & Unsustainable Use of Biological Resources

3. Biological Resources These are genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, or any other biotic component of ecosystems that have actual or potential value or use to humanity. A biological resource is a substance or object required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Resources can be consumed by one organism and, as a result, become unavailable to another organism. For plants key resources are sunshine, nutrients, water, and place to grow. For animals key resources are food, water, and territory.

4. Sustainable Use of Biological Resources The main element of the ecological management approach is the development and implementation of sector-specific policies, plans and programs. The sustainable use of biological resources and ecosystems is essential to the well-being of members of society and is necessary to conserve biodiversity.

5. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Resources A. Integrate consideration of the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources into national decision-making. B. Integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross- sectoral plans, programs and policies.

6. Unsustainable use of biological resources The rapidly growing rate of resource consumption throughout the world is unsustainable said a United Nations report  "It is time to recognize the limits to the natural resources available to support human development and economic growth The world is expected to consume three times more natural resources than current rates by 2050, unless countries can learn to "do more with less," the report said. The report noted that the rising cost of many natural resources creates an economic imperative for both developed and developing countries to use less. We must realize that prosperity and well-being do not depend on consuming ever-greater quantities of resources. Decoupling is not about stopping growth. It's about doing more with less," the report added.

7. According to Convention on Biological Diversity Indigenous communities are playing an increasingly significant role in the development of cooperative regimes to sustain our resources for future generations. Other sectors of society are becoming increasingly aware of the need to conserve biodiversity and use biological resources in a sustainable manner. In some instances it may be possible to develop opportunities for the secondary processing of biological resources as a means of increasing employment, profits and economic diversity.

8. Conti… Where such opportunities exist, they should be pursued as a means of supporting sustainable harvest rates for biological resources. Biological systems are dynamic and can change significantly in biological productivity, species distribution and abundance. Consequently, resource managers and users must be aware of natural adjustments and fluctuations and respond with appropriate management practices.

9. Strategies Modify, develop and implement government policies and programs to ensure that they support the sustainable use of biological resources, the conservation of soil, water, air and other essential resources, and the long-term integrity of supporting ecosystems. Improve methods and technologies that support the sustainable use of biological resources and eliminate or minimize adverse impacts on biodiversity resulting from resource use. Develop and implement education and training programs for policy-makers, property owners, lease operators, resource managers and others involved in the management, development and use of biological resources, to ensure that they have access to the best available information, methods and technologies.

10. Conti… Develop and improve methods of monitoring ecosystems and biological resources to support the sustainable use of these resources. As possible, provide information to assist consumers in understanding the impacts and implications of their decisions and to promote the sustainable use of biological resources and ecosystems. Improve the effectiveness of public participation in developing policies for the use of biological resources using a variety of measures, such as integrated decision-making processes and conflict resolution mechanisms.

11. Agricultural Areas The agriculture and agri -food industry is a major contributor to the country economy, accounting for 21 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and 43 percent of total employment in Pakistan

12. Relevant Strategies Assess current and proposed major government agricultural policies and programs to ensure that ecological, economic, social and cultural objectives are considered. Maintain, adjust or develop economic incentives that promote the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of biological resources on agricultural lands. Inventory and evaluate genes, populations, species and ecosystems to ensure the conservation of natural control systems and the identification of species for use as biocontrol agents.

13. Genetic Improvement of Crops Genetic diversity has allowed crop breeders around the world to improve many crops by adapting them to local conditions. For example Agriculture Canada’s Rust Research Laboratory has bred and released a series of wheat varieties that are genetically resistant to wheat stem rust, a fungus that wiped out spring wheat crops in 1916. As a result, there has been no stem rust epidemic in western Canada since 1954, and there is no longer a need to use pesticides to control it. Since the 1950s, characteristics such as high protein and energy, seed dormancy and disease resistance have been incorporated into new varieties of oats.

14. Aquatic Areas Aquatic areas include freshwater, marine and wetland ecosystems . For centuries humans have used these ecosystems for food, recreation, sewage treatment, transportation, irrigation, cultural and spiritual purposes. Ground and surface waters are used as sources of potable water, and access to water has been a determining factor in the location of towns, cities, farms and other settlements. Globally, aquatic ecosystems produce the largest single source of animal protein for human consumption. Aquatic resources are also used for medicines and as raw material for manufacturing industries. Marine ecosystems play a significant ecological role, exerting influence over global processes such as the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

15. Relevant Strategies Assess current and proposed major government aquatic resource policies and programs to ensure that ecological, economic, social and cultural objectives are considered. Use objective criteria to select sites for restoration and rehabilitation , and restore or rehabilitate degraded aquatic ecosystems where practical. Implement biological and ecological inventory, monitoring programs and classification systems to determine appropriate biodiversity conservation measures and provide a framework for managing aquatic resources on a sustainable basis.

16. Forested Areas As well as being ecologically significant on a global scale, forests are important contributors to our economic and social well-being. About 300 communities depend largely on forestry and more than 800,000 people work in the forest products industry or for organizations associated with it. In 1993, forest product exports contributed $22.4 billion to our net balance of trade. Forest resources provide food, fuel and medicines for many communities, and are used for hunting, trapping, gathering, spiritual or religious purposes, and wilderness experiences. While it is difficult to assign a monetary value to the social and cultural benefits of forests, these extremely important values must be considered in determining appropriate forest uses.

17. Goal Statement of Sustainable Forests To maintain and enhance the long-term health of our forest ecosystems for the benefit of all living things, both nationally and globally Also providing environmental, economic, social and cultural opportunities for the benefit of present and future generations.

18. Conserve ecosystems and habitats , together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems . They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area. The concept is criticized by ecologists on the grounds that the aspiration for these areas is hardly practicable in reality because nature conservation is almost never possible without restricting human activity and also because the economic activities of a population inevitably affect the ecosystems.

19. Conservation, Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Essential for Adapting to Climate Change: Biodiversity is the foundation of life on earth and one of the pillars of sustainable development.  The richness and variety of life on earth makes possible the ecosystem services on which we depend: clean water, food, shelter, medicine and clothing.  Environments rich in biodiversity are resilient when stricken by natural disaster. 

20. All of this is of particular importance for the poorest citizens of our world.  Those who live on only a few dollars a day need biodiversity to meet their basic needs .  Without the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity , we will not achieve the millennium development goals . However, biodiversity is being lost at an unprecedented rate.  This, in turn, is seriously eroding the capacity of our planet to sustain life on earth. 

21. It is for this reason that world leaders attending the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 agreed to achieve, by 2010 , a significant reduction in the rate of loss of biodiversity.  This commitment was reiterated at the 2005 World Summit.  The 2010 biodiversity target is now fully integrated into the framework of the Millennium Development Goals and, as a sign of further support, the international community decided to declare 2010 the International Year for Biological Diversity.

22. As the world also focuses more attention on climate change , the links between climate change and biodiversity are also being articulated.  The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment A state of the art appraisal of the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide -- has identified climate change as one of the biggest causes of our planet’s loss of biodiversity , along with changing land use patterns.   In addition, the recently released report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change made it crystal clear that climate change is real and will continue to affect our lives and ecosystems for many years to come.  

23. Those impacts will include the extinction of ever increasing numbers of species, further weakening a number of already fragile ecosystems. It is, therefore, timely that the theme of this year’s observance of the International Day for Biological Diversity is “Biodiversity and Climate Change”.  Indeed, the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is an essential element of any strategy to adapt to climate change .

24. Mangrove forests and other coastal wetlands represent a bulwark against extreme weather events and rising sea levels .  As agricultural landscapes become warmer and drier, the diversity of livestock and cereal crops can provide farmers with options to cope with new conditions.  Forests, peat lands and other ecosystems contribute to sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby helping to mitigate increases in greenhouse gas emissions.

25. Through the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the international community is committed to conserving biodiversity and combating climate change.  The global response to these challenges needs to move much more rapidly and with more determination at all levels -- global, national and local.  For the sake of current and future generations , we must achieve the goals of these landmark instruments .