sweat gland of the disorder and its managements.pptx

Sweat glands are coiled tubular structures that regulate body temperature and remove waste. They are found all over the body, but are most numerous on the forehead, armpits, palms, and soles of the feet. 
Sweat glands have three primary functions: 
Thermoregulation: Sweat lowers body temperature by cooling the skin's surface via evaporation.
Excretion: Sweat glands can be an essential pathway for eliminating electrolytes and water.
Detoxification: Sweat also contains antibodies and antimicrobial peptides.
Water, Sodium salts, Nitrogenous waste (such as urea, Ammonia, Uric acid, Sodium chloride. 
The main electrolytes of sweat are sodium and chloride. The amount is small enough to make sweat hypotonic at the skin surface.
Types of sweat glands:
Humans have three different types of sweat glands: 
Eccrine
These glands are abundantly distributed all over the skin and mainly secrete water and electrolytes through the surface of the skin.
Apoeccrine
These glands are smaller in size than apocrine sweat glands, do not stretch deep in the dermis, and discharge directly onto the skin's surface.
Apocrine
These glands do not function until hormonal stimulation during puberty. Their ducts do not open onto the skin surface.

1. Sweat disorder Presented by : Jagruti Marathe

2. Sweat glands Sweat glands are coiled tubular structures that regulate body temperature and remove waste. They are found all over the body, but are most numerous on the forehead, armpits, palms, and soles of the feet.  2

3. Functions of sweat glands Sweat glands have three primary functions:  Thermoregulation: Sweat lowers body temperature by cooling the skin's surface via evaporation. Excretion: Sweat glands can be an essential pathway for eliminating electrolytes and water. Detoxification: Sweat also contains antibodies and antimicrobial peptides. 3

4. Water, Sodium salts, Nitrogenous waste (such as urea, Ammonia, Uric acid, Sodium chloride.  The main electrolytes of sweat are sodium and chloride. The amount is small enough to make sweat hypotonic at the skin surface. 4 Sweat glands secrete a hypotonic solution that contains: 

5. Types of sweat glands: Humans have three different types of sweat glands:  Eccrine These glands are abundantly distributed all over the skin and mainly secrete water and electrolytes through the surface of the skin. Apoeccrine These glands are smaller in size than apocrine sweat glands, do not stretch deep in the dermis, and discharge directly onto the skin's surface. Apocrine These glands do not function until hormonal stimulation during puberty. Their ducts do not open onto the skin surface. 5

6. Sweat glands disorder Some disorders of the sweat glands include:  Hypohidrosis:  When an individual is unable to sweat due to dysfunctional sweat glands Hidradenitis:  When the hair follicles and nearby apocrine glands (sweat glands) on the underarms, groin, buttocks, and under the breasts become infected and inflamed Hyperhidrosis:  When there is excess sweat on the palms, hands, underarms, face, and trunk (body) Miliaria:  When the eccrine sweat glands become blocked or inflamed 6

7. Apocrine gland disorder 7 Apocrine glands  are clustered in the axillae, areolae, genitals, and anus; modified apocrine glands are found in the external auditory meatus. Apocrine glands become active at puberty; their excretions are oily and viscid and are presumed to play a role in sexual olfactory messages. The most common disorder of apocrine glands is Bromhidrosis Hidradenitis suppurativa  also affects the apocrine glands and is discussed elsewhere . Fox-Fordyce

8. ecccrine gland disorder 8 Eccrine glands  are sympathetically innervated, distributed over the entire body, and active from birth. Their secretions are watery and serve to cool the body in hot environments or during activity. Disorders of eccrine glands include Hyperhidrosis Hypohidrosis Miliaria

9. Bromhidrosis Bromhidrosis is excessive or abnormal body odour caused by decomposition by bacteria and yeasts of sweat gland secretions and cellular debris. Bromhidrosis is caused by bacteria and yeasts decomposing sweat gland secretions and cellular debris. The odor from apocrine bromhidrosis resembles typical body odor. 9 Cause

10. Diagnosed of bromhidrosis 10 Bromhidrosis is a clinical diagnosis, but careful history and examination is required to determine the underlying cause. Investigations should be considered in children, if the smell is generalised also involving urine and breath, or if it is of recent onset unrelated to hygiene habits. The clinician who notices a strong body odour is wise to tread carefully when broaching the subject but correct diagnosis and treatment has the potential to be life-changing for the patient. D ifferential diagnosis for bromhidrosis? Body   dysmorphophobia Olfactory hallucinations (due to neurological or psychiatric disorders) Olfactory refractory syndrome (fear of having an offensive body odour )

11. Treatment for bromhidrosis 11 General measures Good hygiene with regular washing using soaps and  cleansers , deodorant,  antiperspirant , removal of sweaty clothing Hair removal  by  shaving ,  electrolysis , or  lasers Topical  antiseptics Exfoliation of areas of keratin degradation Specific measures Avoidance of odour-causing foods and medications Treatment of skin infections Treatment of hyperhidrosis Removal of nasal foreign body Removal of apocrine glands — laser, surgery, liposuction curettage, microwave-induced fibrosis Dietary modification for metabolic disorders

12. Treatment for bromhidrosis 12 Treatments for bromhidrosis include:  Topical antibiotics, such as clindamycin, erythromycin, and benzoyl peroxide Antiseptic soaps Antibiotic creams applied under the arms Antioxidants, such as vitamin E and tea tree oil Good hygiene, including regular washing, deodorant, antiperspirant, and removal of sweaty clothing Hair removal by shaving, electrolysis, or lasers Exfoliation of areas of keratin degradation

13. Hidradenitis suppurativa Hidradenitis suppurativa tends to start after puberty, usually before age 40. It can persist for many years and worsen over time. It can affect your daily life and emotional well-being. Combined medical and surgical therapy can help manage the disease and prevent complications. Women are three times more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa, though this ratio can differ by location around the world. Also, Black people are more likely to develop this disease than people of other races. This could be attributed to genetic factors. 13

14. Hidradenitis suppurativa Hidradenitis suppurativa , also known as acne inversa, is a condition that causes small, painful lumps to form under the skin. The lumps usually develop in areas where your skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts. The lumps heal slowly, recur, and can lead to tunnels under the skin and scarring. 14 Hidradenitis suppurativa develops when hair follicles become blocked, but why this blockage occurs isn't known. Experts think it could be connected to hormones, genetic predisposition, cigarette smoking or excess weight. An infection or being unclean does not cause hidradenitis suppurativa, and it can't be spread to other people. Cause

15. Symptom of hidradenitis suppurativa 15 Hidradenitis suppurativa can affect one or several areas of the body. Signs and symptoms of the condition include : Blackheads.  Blackheads appear in small, pitted areas of skin, often appearing in pairs. Painful pea-sized lumps.  The condition usually starts with a single, painful lump under the skin that persists for weeks or months. More bumps may form later, usually in areas where you have more sweat and oil glands or where the skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts. Leaking bumps or sores.  Some bumps or sores get bigger, break open and drain pus with an odor. Tunnels.  Over time, tunnels might form under the skin, connecting the lumps. These wounds heal slowly, if at all, and drain blood and pus.

16. Dignosis for hidradenitis suppurativa 16 Early diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa is key to effective treatment. painful . Makes it difficult to move. Doesn't improve in a few weeks. Returns within weeks of treatment. Appears in several locations. Flares often.

17. Treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa 17 There's no cure for HS, but treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent new boils and scarring.  Treatments include:  Antibiotics, Steroid injections, Hormonal therapy, Retinoids , Pain medicine.  The most common trigger for HS is cigarette smoking. Being overweight also seems to trigger HS.  The more overweight you are, the higher your risk of developing HS and of having severe HS. 

18. Hidradenitis suppurativa The three stages of HS are:  Hurley stage I – mild disease Hurley stage II – antibiotic therapy Hurley stage III – severe and refractory disease 18

19. Fox-Fordyce Fox-Fordyce disease is a rare skin condition that primarily affects women, characterized by intense itching in areas like the underarms, pubic region, and around the nipples. Caused : The exact cause of Fox-Fordyce disease is unknown. Apocrine Sweat Gland Dysfunction Hormonal Factors Immune System Involvement Genetic Factors Secondary Infection Environmental and Lifestyle Factors :   19

20. Fox-Fordyce Symptoms Itching : Severe and persistent Papules : Small, raised bumps Hyper pigmentation : Darkened areas around affected skin Hair Loss : Due to follicle damage 20

21. Diagnosis of Fox-Fordyce Disease 21 Clinical Examination : Appearance of symptoms Histopathology : Skin biopsy showing gland obstruction and inflammation Differential Diagnosis : Conditions to rule out (e.g., Hidradenitis suppurativa, eczema)

22. Treatment of Fox-Fordyce Disease 22 Topical Treatments : Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation Oral Medications : Antibiotics or hormonal treatments if needed Hygiene Measures : Keeping the affected areas clean and dry Laser Therapy : For severe cases

23. Hyperhidrosis Hyperhidrosis (hi- pur -hi-DROE-sis) is excessive sweating that's not always related to heat or exercise. You may sweat so much that it soaks through your clothes or drips off your hands. Heavy sweating can disrupt your day and cause social anxiety and embarrassment. Caused: Hyperhidrosis is a disorder that causes excessive sweating. It's characterized by sweating beyond what the body needs to regulate temperature. Hyperhidrosis can be caused by : Overstimulation of cholinergic receptors on eccrine glands Pregnancy or menopause Anxiety Certain medications Low blood sugar An overactive thyroid gland Infections   23

24. Treatment of hyperhidrosis 24 Dermatologists treat hyperhidrosis with:  Antiperspirants Iontophoresis (the no-sweat machine) Botulinum toxin injections Prescription cloth wipes

25. Treatment of hyperhidrosis 25 Dermatologists treat hyperhidrosis with:  Antiperspirants Iontophoresis (the no-sweat machine) Botulinum toxin injections Prescription cloth wipes

26. Hypohidrosis Hypohidrosis is a disorder that causes diminished sweating in response to stimuli. It can also be called anhidrosis. Hypohidrosis can affect small or large areas of the body. Cause : Causes of hypohidrosis include:  Local skin injury Drugs, especially those with anticholinergic properties Diabetic neuropathy Congenital syndromes Pulmonary problems Bone marrow disorder Accumulation of abnormal proteins Genetic defect 26

27. Treatment of hypohidrosis 27 Natural treatment: Drink plenty of water Avoid exercising in the hot weather Wear comfortable and loose cloths Avoid alcohol

28. Miliaria A skin condition caused by blocked sweat ducts and trapped sweat beneath the skin . It's also known as heat rash, sweat rash, or prickly heat. Cause : Miliaria is a skin condition that causes small, itchy rashes.  Miliaria is caused by sweat trapped under the skin by clogged sweat-gland ducts. It's common in hot and humid conditions, such as in the tropics and during the summer.  28

29. Types of miliaria Miliaria crystallina Also known as sudamina, this type occurs when the sweat ducts are obstructed close to the skin's surface. Miliaria rubra This is the most common type of miliaria and appears as multiple small, red papules. It occurs most often on the trunk, particularly the back. Miliaria profunda This is a rarer condition that occurs in only a minority of those who have repeated bouts of miliaria rubra. 29

30. Causes: 30 The following have been identified as causes of miliaria: Occlusion of the skin: Transdermal drug patches and tight clothing have been associated with miliaria . Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism: Mineralocorticoid resistance results in loss of sodium through eccrine glands and has been associated with pustular miliaria rubra . Strenuous physical activity Morvan syndrome: A rare autosomal recessive disease that results in hyperhidrosis, among other abnormalities, which predisposes to miliaria . Medications: Drugs that induce sweating such as bethanechol, clonidine, and neostigmine have been linked to miliaria. Additionally , few cases of isotretinoin-induced miliaria have been reported.

31. Miliaria Miliaria, or eccrine miliaria, is a frequently seen skin disease triggered by blocked eccrine sweat glands and ducts, causing backflow of eccrine sweat into the dermis or epidermis. This  backflow results in a rash comprising sweat-filled vesicle formation under the skin.    31

32. Pathophysiology: 32 Though miliaria affects all age groups and both genders equally, infants and children are at a higher risk due to eccrine duct immaturity. Sweating is the most common risk factor for miliaria. Therefore , hot or humid conditions and high fevers are associated with miliaria. The main cause of miliaria is obstruction of the eccrine sweat glands or ducts. This can be due to cutaneous debris or bacteria such as  Staphylococcus epidermidis  with its formation of biofilms. The obstruction leads to leakage of sweat into the epidermis or dermis, resulting in cellular overhydration , swelling, and further occlusion of the ducts. 

33. Symptoms of Miliaria 33 Symptoms of miliaria include:  Small, itchy rashes Clear, fluid-filled bumps that don't hurt or itch

34. Treatment of Miliaria 34 Miliaria rubra treatment is geared towards decreasing inflammation, and therefore mild to mid-potency corticosteroids like triamcinolone 0.1% cream may be applied for one to two weeks. If miliaria pustulosa develops, topical antibiotics such as clindamycin are indicated to treat the superimposed bacterial infection.

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