Swine-Production-Management.pptx

LEA

1. SWINE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

2. 1. A male pig castrated before reaching sexual maturity. A . Boar B. Barrow C. Sire A defect involving the failure of one or both testicles to descend to the scrotal sac Cryptorchidism B. Hernia C. Impotent The group of pigs belonging to one farrowing. Litter size B. Flock C. Litter Refers to domesticated swine either sex usually weigh more than 50 kgs Native B. Hog C. Flock It is the process of increasing feed intake of Dry sow/ Gilt 10-14 days before breeding A. Drying B. Flushing C. Adli bitum feeding TERMINOLOGIES

3. Boar sexually mature uncastrated male hog usually kept for breeding Castration Removal of testicles Dam -female parent/ mother of an any domesticated animal Estrus The period wherein the female is sexually responsive to the male Farrow to give birth Farrowing The act of giving birth to pigs TERMINOLOGIES

4. Finisher/ Fattener Swine fattened for slaughter Gilt A young female swine usually kept for breeding and not yet given birth. Pig A non-ruminant, cloven-footed animal belonging to family Suidae with a simple stomach, having a snout, large number of mammary glands, thin skin and heavy bristles. Also called Swine/Hog. Sow an adult swine usually kept for breeding and has farrowed at least once Weaning -the act of separating young from its dam TERMINOLOGIES

5. Lard or pork type breeds of pigs that have pork and wide body conformation Short body length, tend to put a lot of fat easily Bacon or meat type breeds of pigs with long and rounded body with thin pork Develop higher levels of muscling Fast growing and larger Dual purpose breed breed which is derive mostly by breeding the first two types TYPES OF HOGS

6. Eff i cie n t feed con v e r te r s and uses concentrates well Prolific animals and are polytocous Requires small investment (compared to large ruminant) C an b e so l d a n d co n v e rted to cas h aft e r weaning Salvage value of culled sows, boars and stags is high Higher dressing percentage Pork is traditionally accepted as table meat Filipinos are pork eaters Short generation interval between breeding, raising and harvesting WHY INVEST TO PIG FARMING?

7. Heavy losses due to diseases and parasites Feed adulteration and supply is critical Wide variation/ fluctuation in prices of inputs, hogs, feeds, drugs and medicine High labor requirement during farrowing time Objectionable odor from piggery As environmental pollutant PROBLEMS IN SWINE RAISING

8. SWINE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Sow Herd Enterprise Farrow to weanling Operation Begins with breeding and farrowing sows and produce weanlings and selling piglets for finishing operations Farrow to finish operation Begins with pregnant sows and feeding weanlings until market weight is achieved. Most intensive production system Farrow to breeder operation Begins with pregnant sows produce weanlings which used as breeder stocks (junior boars& replacement gilts) which could be used for their own operation or sold to other breeder farms

9. Growing-Finishing Enterprise (Feeder-finish) Begins when buying weanlings and feed them to market weight of about 80-95 kg Faster rate of capital turnover than the sow herd enterprise Sow-feeder management problems can be avoided Allow for minimum overhead, low labor requirements and no-long term commitment High penalty for slow growth due to substandard management

10. Boar for hire Enterprise Operation starts with young boar which is raised and trained until sexual maturity of 5 to 6 months old. The fee may be in cash or kind whichever is acceptable to the customer. requires lesser capital Fast return of investment Additional source of income Less management Halt operation due to diseases Increasing use of AI which is substitute of natural mating

11. Factors that determine the Profitability based in Production System Requirements for feed Labor and capital Type and price of animals sold Utilization of Artificial insemination

12. HOG ZOOLOGICAL SCHEME TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM ANIMALIA PHYLUM CORDATA CLASS MAMMALIA OR D E R A R T I O D A C T Y L A SUB ORDER BUNODONTIA FAMILY SUIDAE GENUS SUS European Wild Sus scrofa boar Southeast Asian Sus vittatus Specie Subspecies domesticus Most of domesticated swine were arrived from wild boar of the Europe continent

13. ANATOMICAL PARTS OF PIG

14. Basis of differentiating Swine Breeds Breed – i s a gr o up of a n ima l s that sh a r e s the same traits or characteristics. Basis: Color : black, white, brown, etc. Color combinations : spotted, belted, etc. Size of ears Position of ears : erect, hanging, ¼ hanging, etc. Length and shape of the snout Body length Weight at maturity Backline : straight, swaying, curved, etc.

15. BREEDS OF SWINE Local/Indigenous breed – Philippine Native pig Exotic breed P u r eb r eds Synthetic breeds Upgrades

16. Local Breed: Philippine Native Pig Origin: Luzon, Negros Island, Palawan and Mindanao Characteristics: Well-build body; generally small; long snout Small erect ears Coarse, thick , black color coat with silvery white color hairs on their side M a l e - l on g er bo d y and t a i l ( 12 7 - 129 cm); tusk Female- prolific, exhibit estrus as early as 4-5 months; BL 124-125 cm Average Litter size: 5-7 piglets Easier and cheaper to raise Low FCR and late maturing 60 kg BW at 6-8 months

17. Improved Philippine Native Pigs BT-blacks Mt. Province Kalinga Abra Marinduque Quezon

18. Purebred : Landrace Origin: Denmark, 1896 Features: Longest breed (16-17 pair of ribs) almost flat back; lack of excess fat Prolific, strong mother ability White color with black skin spots short legs M e d i um t o l arge dro o ping e a r s ; snout relatively straight Heavy milker, wean large litter P i g l et s : S u p eri o r g r o w t h rate a n d FCR Weak legs, feet and pastern

19. Origin: England Features: W h i t e ; broad f a ce w i t h m ed i um curvature and medium length snout Medium erect ears and flabby jowls Sturdy and strong legs Excellent milkers, prolific High dressing percentage S up e r i or m other in g ab i li t y breed” Bacon breed, Good FCR “mother Used in crossbreeding programs to produce excellent commercial females Excess back fat Relatively short with big belly Purebred : Large White

20. Origin: – USA-Jersey Features: Varying shed of red Called “red power”-aggressiveness (boar) Medium in size 2/3 erect and 1/3 drooping ears slight curved face Short and straight snout Superior (ADG and FCR) Good carcass quality prolific, good mothers Used as terminal sire strong, tendency to have a well- arched back Unsound front and hind legs may lead to stiff gilt Purebred : Duroc

21. Origin: Belgium Features: Spotted black and white, “muscle pig” Piebald markings Erect ears Very meaty, well shape hams, loin and shoulders High lean percentage; thin back fat ge n e ) ; V e r y susce p t i b l e t o s t ress slow ( H a l oth a ne grower Weak hind legs P oor m otheri n g a b i li t y a nd milk production Purebred : Pietrain

22. Origin : Southern England Features: Black with white belt around shoulder, body and legs Erect ears; trim jowls Well-arched back Excellent FCR, length and ham-loin percent Leanest breed, good carcass quality; less back fat High weaning percentage Low li tt er s i ze at bi r t h and at w ea ni ng Poor mothering ability Late maturing; low growth rate difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughtering Purebred : Hampshire

23. Origin: South Central England Features: Black (6 white spots) Erect ears; relatively short snout Short, dished face; large jowl; upturned nose Excellent meat type; Long body; fast and efficient growth Adapted to rugged conditions Poor grower; Low FCR small litter size at birth and at weaning Thick back fat Color is objectionable Purebred: Berkshire

24. Origin: Ohio, early 1800s Features: Black and has white spots Hot type “Big china” Medium length face Looped ears Lean, sturdy Adaptable to rugged conditions High FCR Matured early Very prolific Poor mothering ability Poor prolificacy Purebred: Poland China

25. Other Pure breeds Spotted Limousine Chester white Hereford Tamworth Large black Chinese Pigs Meishan

26. Synthetic breeds Nieuw Dalland/TOPIGS Hypor Seghers Camborough JSR Meat Master Babcock Cotsworld Minnesota

27. Synthetic breed: TOPIGS Developed in Netherland by TOPIGS breeding company Foundation: Pietrain, Largewhite and Land race Fast growth rate, excellent FCR, high fertility, Solid legs, well developed udder, and stress negative animals

28. Synthetic breed: Hypor Developed by Eurobrid, Netherlands Sow line : Largewhite, Landrace, Meishan Developed for high litter size and weaning capacity Boar line : Pietrain, Duroc Developed for meat percentage, confirmation and FCR

29. Synthetic Breed: Segher Developed by Segher hybrid Company in Belgium Makes up the line: Large white, Landrace and Pietrain Parent gilt: Dutchess known for reproductive efficiency large number of born and weaned designed durability strong mothering ability good carcass quality

30. Synthetic breed: Camborough Developed by PIC 35 years ago Prolific Docile temperament Good mothering ability Reared lean fast growing piglets Stress negative animals

31. Synthetic breed: JSR Healthbred Foundation: Large white, Landrace, Duroc Example: JSRDuraGilt Hardy, docile, good mothering ability and good rebreeding ability Suited for outdoor and semi- intensive systems

32. Exotic Breed: Upgrades Kaman Native pig from batangas x Duroc Jersey Black diani Native pig from batangas x Berkshire Berkjala (UPLB 1916) Native pig from Jala jala Rizal x Berkshire

33. Breeding Systems I t i s a s y s t ematic w a y of br i n g i n g t o g ether sup e ri o r genotype to produce the desired products . Pure breeding system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other to produce pure breeds. Goal: is to produce breeding stocks Out breeding is that system where unrelated individuals are mated to produce the next generation

34. Outbreeding: Cross breeding Crossbreeding Mating of two animals from different breeds to combine traits of the two different breeds Combine the strengths and weaknesses of two different breeds to create an animal “hybrid” that is more balanced for relevant performance traits. Used for production of slaughter pigs. Why? to obtain hybrid vigor or “heterosis” to bring together the desirable characteristics of the parental breeds. To produce large litters and high survival rate have better FE (2.6) and require lower feed cost per kilogram live weight gain. Produce better carcass quality

35. System of Crossbreeding Two way cross- mating of 2 different breeds LW (boar) x LR (sow) LWLR (progeny) Three way cross- mating of 3 different breeds LW x LR LWLR x Du (terminal sire) LWLRDu (offspring) Four way cross Ex. New Dalland – Father LW x P/L LWP/L Mother DT x LW (Grandparents) DTLW (Parents) LWP/LDTLW (Dalland)

36. Upgrading It is a system of breeding where native breeds are usually crossed with pure breeds of swine To upgrade the characteristics of inferior breed Selected female pigs are bred to purebred boar of the same breed; this procedure is repeated until offspring approach the characteristics of purebred

37. Types of Mating Natural mating where a boar mounts a sow and introduces his semen Hand Mating The supervised person take the boar to the in heat sow Operator knows certain female was bred Pen Mating The boar runs with the group of sows/gilts Less labor intensive, more boar power

38. Artificial Insemination S y s t e m o f m at i n g w he r e s e m e n i s d e p o s i t e d t o f e m a l es genitalia in time conductive to fertilization by artificial means Advantages: Allow greater degree of choice of sire Disease control Breeding stock improvement Increase number of sows that can be serviced by a boar Allow raisers to keep few sows without maintaining a boar Infertile boars are immediately detected Allow to used aged, crippled yet genetically superior boars Reduces breeding cost

39. Limitations: Use of semen from infected boars will spread infection faster because of higher number of sows inseminated Needs properly trained technician Difficulty in storing diluted semen of boar over a prolonged period of time Additional cost for equipment and laboratory chemicals

40. Artificial Insemination Process

41. AI: Training of Boar Starts and early as 6.5 to 7 months of age Should be housed individually Should be trained on the same place Steps: Transfer the boar to collecting pen Observe outside the pen until it mounts Once it mounted, start collection Don’t rush the boar Let the boar finish and satisfied

42. Introduce the boar to dummy immediately after another boar Return boar to its pen and try again next day Wet dummy with sow’s urine or boar semen Manually stimulate boar penis Remember: Boar differ in characteristics and attitude Always check semen quantity and quality Check for any abnormalities

43. SEMEN COLLECTION

44. Clean, dry and warm collecting cup with filter Wash the hands and use gloves Remove preputial fluid Once the boa r mo u nte d, gr a sp the penis firmly W h en e j ac u lati o n s t arts, lo o sen the grip Collect the sperm rich fraction (gray-milky white) It may take 15-20 minutes, so be patient D o no t r e lease u ntil the boa r is finish

45. Fractions of Semen First fluid part and gel sperm free and not collected Sperm rich fraction- gray or milky white and collected Fluid part- you can collect about 1/3 to increase volume Gel or tapioca- filtered – not collected because it clogs the catheter cause death of sperm

46. Frequency of Collection Junior boars (8-12 months)- once a week Adult bo ars ( 13 m o nths an d u p ) - t w ice a w e e k collection with 3-4 days interval It affects volume and concentration of semen to certain extent Over-used boars have low semen concentration and volume

47. SEMEN EVALUATION

48. Semen Evaluation Need to examine first few ejaculates of new boar and one sample each month It is indispensable tool in A.I Two types: Physical evaluation Volume/Weight Normal boar ejaculates 150-250 ml Usual range- 50-500 ml or 50-500 grams (1ml: 1 gram) Smell- has little odor With preputial fluid- very distinctive odor Color- vary from grayish-white to creamy white Blood contamination- red –brownish color Urine- yellowish color

49. Microscopic Evaluation Sperm motility Measures viability of semen Involves assessing proportion of sperm showing progressive forward motion Grading %Motility Description 5 95-100 Very good w a v e -moti o n 4 85-94 Good, some wave motion, clumping present 3 70-84 Good;clumping present

50. Sperm Morphology Need to stain undiluted semen sample using eosin-nigrosin solution Appearing red-pink color have damage membranes White sperm are viable 30% abnormality; suspect for culling 50% abnormality; AUTOMATICALLY REJECTED L e s s th a n 3 % , i t c a n b e u s e d b u t i n c re a s e d the concentration Allowable sperm defects Abnormal head shape 5% Abnormal acrosome 5% Cytoplasmic droplets 10% Coiled tails 5%

51. SEMEN DENSITY EVALUATION

52. Semen Density evaluation Estimate the number of semen doses from single ejaculate Hemacytometer method Count cells included in big four corners and central square marked by triple thoma lines Count only sperm lines

53. Ocular method If semen is used for less than 10 sows, ocular method can be used It based on color of sample Creamy sample: very concentrated; watery- less concentrated

54. SEMEN EXTENSION

55. SEMEN EXTENSION Why? To extend volume of ejaculate so that more doses of semen are produced To provide sperm cells with an environment that keeps them alive for few days used to maintain semen storage life from 3-14 days Average total number of sperms per ejaculate is 30-40 billion Normal boars it can range 20-120 billion Examples of commercial diluents : Belthsvilled Thawing solution, Guelph, Kiev or Merck diluents keep viable sperm for 3 days

56. Lo c al dil u e n t s : Pure co c o nut semen store 16-17C Tubig ng Niyog, Itlog at asin Can be used for 2 days w a t er : dilu t e d

57. Pro c ed u re Prepare 1 liter of distilled water at 32˚C-36˚C water Add the extended powder to water and stir carefully Allow the pH to stabilize for one hour before extending semen Ensure that freshly collected semen and extender are adjusted to the same temperature or a maximum of 1 ˚C difference Add the needed amount of extender to semen and mix gently but thoroughly Rest the extended semen for 15 minutes then check for motility of sperm cells

58. Once the semen is extended, can now be poured into semen bottles If semen is to be used immediately after dilution, store semen for 2 days Clearly label all bottles and send them to farm or store them at 16 ˚C -17 ˚C

59. Storage of Semen Store in temperature-controlled cabinet Never store in refrigerator 2-8C or greater than 20C S helf of se m en can be p r olo n g b y st or ing 16 - 17C (lowers metabolism of sperms) Used insulated container such as styrofoam box b a tt e r y op e r at e d b ox to tr a nspo r t with cool packs or the r most a tistical l y - cont r o l led semen

60. HEAT DETECTION Timing of insemination is very important factor affecting fertilization rate and overall success of AI Each day boar should left parade in front of dry sows/gilts at least 15 minutes to provide stimulation Heat Detection can be done to: Gilts Dry sows 21 and 42 days after insemination Repeat breeders

61. Estrus/Heat It is the period of sexual receptivity and ovulation in a female pig

62. External Signs of Estrus Signs Pre-heat Standing Heat Post-heat St and ing heat she will not stand still if you try to sit on her back, so she fails the "sit on the back" test stands still with arched back when ridden by other sows or farm caretaker does not stand still when being pushed Vulva red swollen with little mucus Pink; less swollen with clear, sticky mucus pale almost no swelling no mucus Behavior restless and nervous mounts other animals does not allow herself to be mounted frequent urination less feed intake calm allows mounting by other animals mounts other animals clear, cocking ears actively seeks the boar, stands arched back in the presence of the boar normal Service NO YES NO

63. Pink and Swollen vulva Mucus discharge Seeking boar Riding Standing reflex

64. Haunch pressure test applying pressure on her sides with both hands If she’s receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid ready to be served Riding the back test By riding on or pressing the back or loin of sow If shes receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid ready to be served

65. Sex odor aerosol test Sex odor aerosol is squeezed in snout of sow If shes receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid Teaser boar Vasectomized boar is allowed to have nose to nose contact with sow If she’s receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid with cocked ears ready to be served It should be done in routine basis from Monday till Wednesday Twice each day 8 am and 3 pm

66. Fertilization and Trans-Uterine Migration Mating process takes 15 minutes where 400 ml of fluid can be inseminated Penis spirals towards the vagina and into the cervix where it screws into folds to become locked Travel- 2 hours to arrive at the bottom of fallopian tubes Second phase of maturation “capacitation”- 6-8 hours Life span of semen- 24 hours Life span of unfertilized ova: 10 hours/ 21 hours Semen can then be inseminated after 8 hours Ovulation starts at least 70% of the length of standing heat period

67. Sowa: SH in morning First dose of insemination in afternoon Follow-up in the morning Sows: SH in the afternoon First dose of insemination in the morning (next day) Follow-up in the afternoon

68. TIMING OF INSEMINATION For gilts with 24 hours length of ovulation, inseminate 8 hours after onset of standing heat

69. For sows with 48 hours of ovulation, inseminate 26 hours after onset of standing heat

70. Actual Insemination 30 minutes before use, remove stored semen from AI ref and allow semen to warm up and agitate the semen gently to redistribute the sperm cell in the diluent Clean sows vulva with clean towel Mimic stimulation normally done by boar like back pressure, flank and udder rubbing Lubricate tip of catheter with small amount of semen Part the lips of vulva and insert the head of c at h et e r i n to v u l v a, g ently pu s h f o r w a rd a n d upward at an angle of 45degree reproductive into tra c t, being car e f u l to m iss entrance of bladder Spiral catheter are rotated counterclockwise and steadily pushed to lock into cervix It is successful if the catheter tends to spring back in a clockwise position

71. Cut the tip od semen bottle and fit the tip into catheter The bottle is raised over the sows back and squeezed a little to remove the airlock in catheter Sexual stimulation should be continued to promote contraction A clamp or breeding saddle bag can be used If backflow occurs, disconnect the bottle reposition the catheter and delay insemination for 2 minutes Removed catheter after 10 minutes Allow sow to remain undisturbed after insemination

72. Pregnancy Diagnosis Records Records first 18-24 days and second heat control 38-42 days If sow does not come to heat during these period, assumed to be pregnant Ultrasound Detect an ultrasonic echo from fluid in uterus Detectable at 25-30 days after breeding Ultrasound-Doppler test Movement of fetus, heart beat can be detected Used from 26 days to term of pregnancy

73. Pregnancy tester Positioned 2-3 cm from last teat at back Continuous beep means sow is pregnant External signs Enlargement of teat, mammary, lower abdomen in pregnant sow Hormone analysis (blood and urine) Progesterone level in blood/ urine Serum analysis is carried after 22 day of service by using small stylette to puncture ear vein Pregnancy Diagnosis

74. Vaginal biopsy Involves removal of small piece of vaginal mucous membrane using special instrument This instrument is inserted to vagina 15-300 mm pressed into membrane and end manipulated to cut0off small piece Palpation Useful method after 30 days of gestation Rectal palpation Scanner Can determine pregnancy stage Pregnancy Diagnosis

75. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF BOARS Selection of Replacement Boars Transport of Replacement Boars Handling of Replacement Boars Assessing of Replacement Boars Boar usage Feeding of Replacement Stocks Housing Other considerations

76. Selection of Boars Body confirmation – Body length, depth and height should be well- proportioned Best to select boar who tested for fertility Should possess good muscle development BFT not exceed 2 cm at 90 kg LW Sex character Masculinity appearance P rima r y s e x or g a n s shou l d be clearly visible and well-developed Testicles are large and equal size H e ha s su f f i c i ent sex d r i ve to complete ejaculation C a p a b l e o f pro d ucing semen of sufficient quality and quantity Age and Weight: 5-6 months at time of selection 8 months at time of breeding 130 kg or more (controlled feeding) Reproductive soundness N u m be r , spacing an d presenta t i on o f li ve t eats (at least 12)

77. Transport of Replacement boar Ensure maximum safety to minimize stress, injury and diseases. Avoid stressful condition or disease that cause high temperature that can lower fertility or even lead to temporary infertility which might last for 6-8 weeks Well-ventilated truck; use of safe, well- built loading and unloading

78. Handling of Replacement Boar Acclimatization of new boars at least 1 week before use and after quarantine period of one month Quarantine Blood test Brucellosis Leptospirosis Parasite treatment Vaccination Introduction to New herd mates

79. Assessing the Boar as Breeding Stock Semen Evaluation Collect fresh semen sample Check volume, motility, concentration and morphology Characteristics of an Average Ejaculate

80. Test mating O b se r v es the sexu a l be h a v ior of boa r and ability to serve guilt T r a in y o u ng boa r to m o unt fe m ale and successfully bred her M ake su r e that m a ting/c o llect i ng a r ea i s not slippery Assessing the Boar as Breeding Stock

81. Boar Usage For Natural Mating

82. Feeding Boars Depends on body condition which is indirectly influenced by frequency of service or semen collection Requirements: Breeder or Sow feed with DE of 3000 kcal/kg minimum crude protein of 14% can be used for boars from 7 months onwards Need e d for m a inte n anc e, g r o w th and se m en production

83. Quantity: 2.0 kg/day +- 0.5 kg if thin or fat If feed is less than 2.0 kg, give roughage Give water ad li bitum Giving too much feed to boar might lead to: Obesity Poor libido Too heavy Laziness Poor service results Problems in natural service

84. FEEDING REPLACEMENT STOCKS Objective: To reach puberty and start their productive lives well-developed, with right weight and right age Excessive feeding might lead to: Insufficient feeding might lead to: Thick backfat Shorter production life Small litter size Decreased resistance to diseases- more health problem High feed cost Starts productive life at a later stage Reduce reproductive performance as a sow

85. Health care Deworm every 6 months Mange treatment every 6 months Vitamin ADE every 6 months Vaccination every 6 months Always ask for health record of prospective boars and closely examined

86. Regular Boar Activities AGE ACTIVITY 4-6 Months Selection 6-7 Months Acclimatization 6.5-7.5 Months Training 13 months and above Two times a week utilization with 3-4 days interval 30-36 months Peak production period Two times a week utilization with 3-4 days interval 38-44 months Planned culling (2.5-3 years of service

87. Housi n g Boar house should be designed to provide: A suitable environment for animal Minimum requirement for routine labor but increase efficiency in management and operation Measurement/ pen – 0.6 m x 2.1 m Height: 1.1 m Service area: 5-7 sq m Comfortable and individual pen (draft-free and dry)

88. Install high and strong partitions and gates Height of partition should be 1.2 m Can be made of concrete or slatted, either with use of wood Door and alleys Width: 0.70 meter Alley: 1.2-1.5 meters

89. Other Considerations If possible, have one extra boar for every 30 sows Boar should start service at 8 months of age and for the first service, introduce the boar to sow which is standing well on heat Boar should be at different ages and sizes Check semen quality regularly at least 6 months especially during summer Replace boars every 1.5 to 2 years

90. Most common Reasons for Culling Boar Low libido Leg defects Inability to mount Poor semen quality and quantity Wrong mounting position Too aggressive Old boars Diseases and injuries

91. Care and Management of Sows and Gilts Management on: Breeding time Gestation Farrowing Lactation

92. Breeding Time Ne e d to ha v e p r op er m a na g e m ent to achieve good reproductive performance Breeding sow/gilt intended to be: Getting bred Pregnant Nursing a litter Empty period between these period is called Unproductive days Aimed to : Improved conception rate Increase litter size at birth Shorten non productive days and weaning to conception interval

93. Selecting Replacement Gilts Keep records of parents, birth date and litter number for future references Plan to replace 40-55% annually, if herd age is ≤5 litters Select replacement gilts from large healthy uniform litters

94. Pre-service management – Recommendation at first breeding Age: 8 months old Weight: 130-135 kg Cycled at least twice Second heat cycle; second day of heat period Exhibiting signs of estrus Should have high ovulation rate and higher uterine space capacity Do not bred gilt on 1 st estrus At 1 year old she will farrow her 1 st litter To prevent drop down of body during lactation

95. Pre-service management – R e com men d ed pr a ctic e s breeding: for d r y s o w befo r e Good dry sow should come into heat and be ready for service within 3-7 days after weaning Aim: Shorter lactation period at least 6 weeks; to shorter weaning to conception interval; Always keep her in good health and body condition Exposed weaned sow to boar; If not come to heat 10-12 days; induce hormone injection O ld s o w s of p a rity of 8 t e n d t o h a v e l o n g er d r y period

96. Ad v i sab l e t o l e t ne w l y - w e a n e d s o ws room arou n d in paddock after weaning D o n ’ t f e e d s o w s at t he d a y of w e a n i ng t o e a si l y dry-off milk Allowable weight loss and back fat thickness is 8- 10% of its body weight 1 st l i tt er s o w s t e n d t o h a v e l o n g er t ime t o return heat

97. Pre-service Management Flushing Increase daily feed intake by 3.5-4kgs/day for 10-14 days before service Give gestation feed with 14% CP before service It is intended for restricted feeding program Aim to: gain weight To recondition sow Easily dry off milk (dry sow) Higher ovulation rate; l o w e mbr y onic mortality Higher litter size Other practices: Physical exercise Social contact Boar exposure Fasting Injectable hormones

98. Breeding Time Breeding schedule Type of Mating Artificial Insemination Heat detection Management After Breeding Do not transfer sow/gilt one month after breeding as the embryos are floating to prevent embryonic mortality Do not increase feed intake of sow/gilt after breeding (over fat)

99. Critical Period for Successful Breeding Weaning to Estrus Fighting, high temperature and humidity can significantly reduce feed intake which lead s to longer wean-estrus interval and reduce ovulation rate (dry sow/ 1 st parity gilts) Day Time when fertilization takes place. Heat stress on breeders has negative impact on fertilization rate Day 1-12 Embryo are floating and are very susceptible to environmental stress, unnecessary movement and noise Day 11 to 14 Maternal recognition of pregnancy. Progesterone is secreted to ensure pregnancy maintenance. Avoid stress during this period Day 21 to 30 Complete fetal implantation. Inadequate attachment results in fetal growth

100. During Gestation Management during gestation (114 days) Successful management of pregnant sows is the final step in mating and reproduction Proper care and handling to increase number of litter size and birth weight Sow productivity may be determined by: Number of pigs wean/sow/year Post weaning mortality Well-managed sows are expected to farrow as scheduled and quickly returning to heat for breeding after weaning. Farrowing index: 2.5 maximum Farrowing rate- 80%

101. Recommended management practices: Pregnancy control Day 21 (return to service) from day 18 to day 24 Day 25 (start pregnancy check) Day 42 (second heat control)- heat detection can be done on the 36 th day up to 48 th day after breeding or mating Pregnancy diagnosis Feeding Sows need feed for maintenance For restoration of body condition For nutrition of embryos For building body reserves Impending signs of farrowing Goal: minimize intrapartum still born (5% ave.) Minimize early-pre weaning mortality Litter size born alive (ave 9) and at weaning (ave. 7)

102. Suggested Feeding Scheme Gestation Days Feeding Activities D 0- 21 Lower feed intake (maintenance level only) 2 nd month Restricted feeding for sows with (BC 3-5); Increase feed for sows ewith (BC 1-2) Sows/gilt should be at ideal stage (BC 3) 3 rd month Feed allowance should be increased to support fast-growing of uterus and for body reserve for lactation period 3 days before expected date of farrowing Decrease feed allowance to avoid constipation and difficulty in farrowing 7-10 days before expected date of farrowing Replace regular sow feed with lactating feed as soon as it transfer to farrowing pen

103. Other activities during gestation: – First ma n ge a n d lice 14 days before treatment- farrowing – Deworming - 1 d a y s before farrowing (be injection or feed) a nd o r lice days b efo r e – S e c o nd ma n ge treatment- 7 farrowing T r a n s f er t o f arr o w i ng p e n - 7 days before farrowing Current vaccination program: H og cho l era, E . co l i , A t r op hi c rhinitis, APP, FMD, Mycoplasma – D uri n g f ar r o w i ng, if after 30 minutes- n o p i g l ets ch e ck for obst r uction Impending signs of Farrowing: 1.Reduced appetite Restlessness sow standing up and lying down Milk secretion in the udder –reliable sign Slight mucous discharge

104. After Farrowing: Lactation Length of lactation has an effect on the productive performance of a sow. A short lactation period would be advantageous in terms of sow production efficiency S uck l i n g per i od c o u l d b e f rom 2 8 t o 4 2 d a y s depending on weaning practice in farm. Avoid excessive loss of condition during this period Smallest litter seen in 1 st parity; 2 nd parity maximize Goal: Minimize pre-weaning mortality Improvement litter size at weaning Improvement of weaning weight (8 kg) Improvement in WCI

105. Feeding Lactating Sows Correct fed and managed during lactation period will come into heat in this particular fertile period Factors to consider to determine feed allowance: Stage of lactation Condition of Sow Litter size Goal: Put more feed during lactation period Post-lactation: 2-3 BC Feed choice: Lactating feed Gestating feed + Weaner 1 (High energy and highly digestible) Gestating feed + Dextrose powder sugar

106. Day of Farrowing No. of feed with ad libitum water 1 st day 1kg/sow/day 2 nd day 2kg/sow/day 3 rd day 3 kg/sow/day 4-7 day 4kg/sow (LS of 7 above) (2kg+0.30kg per piglet if LS is 6+ below) Remaining days of lactation 2kg+0.30kg per piglet/sow +/-half kilo depending on condition of sow Note: Sow with more than 10 piglets can be fed ad libitum

107. Health care of Lactating sows Antibiotic administration In j ecta b l e : gi v en once or as i ndica t ed aft e r farrowing In - feed gi v en: 10 - 14 d a y s fr o m d a y of farrowing V it a m in A , D , E i n j ec t i o n - g i v en b e f o r e or after weaning Vaccination: Parvo-lepto, Hog cholera, FMD

108. Management and Care of Piglets DAY ACTIVITIES Farrowing: Place them in brooder area (30- 32˚C), clean, dry and draft free Cutting and disinfection of umbilical cord Cutting of needle teeth Identification; ear notch Tail docking 0-3 Iron injection- 200 mg/piglet 5-14 Castration 28-42 Weaning (piglets should weigh 6-8 kg/piglet Preferably 7-8 at 28-35 days 30-60 Vaccination-Hog cholera One week after Hog cholera Deworming and mange treatment animals

109. Other considerations: Extra care during first 3-5 days Crushing should be minimized Assist piglets to suck milk Do supplement feeding or fostering if sow does not have enough milk Wean not earlier than 21 days Prevent anemia-supplement iron

110. Feeding Piglets Highly important to receive colostrum Can be given creep feed as early 5-7 days of age; CP of 23% Creep feeding? Offer small amounts of feed in solid floor for first two to 4 days Increase amount of feed gradually until ad libitum is attained Observed some looseness in feces

111. W e a n e rs: Management practices: Don’t wean piglets less than 5 kg ; Ideal weight 8 kg Weaning age: as early as 21 days until 42 days Weaning should be done gradually. Let piglets remain in farrowing pen for at least 3 days Gra d ua l l y feed p i g l e ts a d lib itum till 2 kgs o f b o d y weight Regroup weaners according to size. Goal: Increase growth rate Decrease post weaning mortality Improve feed efficiency

112. Days Feeding Activities Day 1 at Weaning Wean pigs early in a day by removing sows from pen Day 2 Add little more feed if no visible signs of looseness of feces Day 3 Fed adli bitum / feed 2-3 times a day 2 nd week- 10 th week Feed 100 grams/piglet/day and add 50 grams 9 th week Starter feeds

113. Fattening: Growing-Finishing Target: to have faster growing pigs with good FCR Select good weaners for fattening Dewormed piglets before fattening Assure clean water supply Gradually change feeds Consumer prefer more lean, less back fat

114. Feeding Fatteners Starts from transfer of pigs to fattening until they reach slaughter weight of 85 kgs. 3 stages based on weight: Start e r - star t s w hen pig l ets lea v es the rearing pen or nursery. Weight 15-20 kg Gr o w er s t ag e - sta r ts f r om 3 or 35 kg LW and reaches 60 kg F i n i s h er s ta ge - sta r ts f r o m 60 kg until reaches 80-90 kg LW

115. Most pigs are feed ad libitum at growing phase In Phil i p p ine s e tting, a t 6 m o nths ol d, sho u l d be 103 kg For 129 days, pig can weigh 90 kg Faster growth can be seen 10-11 weeks Target weight: 90 kg ADG 550 g/day Feed: 0.8-2.5 kg/day System of Feeding Dry feeding vs. Wet feeding Floor Feeding vs Trough Feeding Restricted vs Full feeding Group vs Individual Feeding

116. Determining Back fat Thickness P2 METHOD Dutch Stamboek Method

117. Ideal Back fat Thickness for Sow According to Breed

118. Ho u s i ng Pen for gilts Same with fattener’s pen 4-5 gilts only per pen Trough length: 0.35 m – 0.45m Lying area- 0.6-0.7 m2/ 0.7-0.9 m2 Dunging area- 0.3- 0.4 m2/ 0.4-0.6 m2 Pen for weaners Based on transfer weight One litter per pen Transfer weight Space Requirements Trough length 15 kg 0.20-0.25 sq. meter 0.12 m 20 kg 0.30-0.35 sq. meter 0.15 m

119. Weight (kg) Separate Areas G rou n d Pen (m2) S l atted Pen (m2) T rough l/pig (m2) Lying m2 Dunging m2 15-40 0.3-0.4 0.2-0.3 0.5-0.6 0.4-0.5 0.20 40-65 0.4-0.5 0.25-0.35 0.6-0.7 0.5-0.6 0.25 65-100 0.6-0.7 0.3-0.4 0.8-0.9 0.7-0.8 0.30 Fattening Pen

120. Types of Roofing

121. Productive and Reproductive Performance/Efficiency Indicator Average litter size at birth- Total no of pigs/number of sows farrowed Weaning percentage- Total no of pigs weaned/ Total number of litters Interval between weaning to service- number of days between weaning and next service Farrowing interval- no. of days from one farrowing to next farrowing Sow index- average frequency a sow farrow in a year

122. Number of piglets born alive/ litter- Total no. of piglets born alive/ Total number of litters Percent mortality- Total number of dead piglets/ Total piglets born alive x 100 Farm herd efficiency- Total amount of mixed feeds fed to all animals in proportion to the weight of animals sold for same period of time. Average daily gain- total weight gained/ number of fattening days FCR- amount of kg of feed is needed to produce a one kilogram of weight

123. THE END!! THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!  