symbolic Interactionism.pptxIs a theory on society that focuses on the individual’s interaction with objects and other people.

Is a theory on society that focuses on the individual’s interaction with objects and other people.
- It focuses on a small-scale perspective of the interactions between individuals.
- Explains social behavior in terms of how people interact with each other via symbols.

1. Dominant Approach of Social Science By: Apple Mae F. Rivera

2. Lesson Objectives Define symbolic interactionism. Identify the different proponents and their individual perspective of symbolic interactionism. Enumerate some examples of symbolic interactionism in different context. Presentation title 2

3. Activity Direction: Identify what does the photo portrays? Presentation title 3

4. Symbolic Interactionism Dominant Approach of Social Science

5. What is symbol? Symbols are representations of an event, action, object, person, or place that can be used to communicate about the event, action, object, person, or place. Symbols can be used for both receptive and expressive communication. Objects, parts of objects, pictures, print, actions, gestures, signs, and speech can all be symbols. Symbols may start as cues and signals. If a child recognizes a cue out of context, that cue may be acting as a symbol. If a child uses a signal or an object cue to communicate about an event, action, object, person or place out of context, the child may be using that signal or cue as a symbol. Presentation title 10

6. What are the common symbol you see around ? Presentation title 11

7. What is Interactionism?

8. Interactionism In sociology,  interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. Scholars of this perspective study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals.. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for one another. Interactionists believe that these meanings are derived through social interaction and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of, and handle, the objects that constitute their social worlds.

9. Symbolic Interactionism

10. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Is a theory on society that focuses on the individual’s interaction with objects and other people. - It focuses on a small-scale perspective of the interactions between individuals. - Explains social behavior in terms of how people interact with each other via symbols.

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12. Examples of Symbolic Interactionism in Everyday An image of a stick figure with a dress means woman. An image of a stick figure without a dress means man. A drawing of a heart means love. A bald eagle means freedom and America. A stick figure sitting in a chair with a large wheel means handicapped. Putting your thumb up means yes. Putting your thumb down means no. Skull and crossbones mean danger. A balance symbolizes justice. The lone t shape symbolizes a cross, spirituality, or religion. Water holds the meaning of rebirth, vitality, or cleansing

13. Examples in Society symbolic interactionism examples seen throughout society can be subjective, based on your experiences with that particular symbol Philippine Flag A horizontal flag bicolor with equal bands of royal blue and crimson red, with a white, equilateral triangle at the hoist. In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun with eight primary rays, each representing a province of the Philippines. At each vertex of the triangle is a five-pointed, golden-yellow star, each of which representing one of the country's three main island groups— Luzon, Visayas (though originally referring to Panay) and Mindanao. The white triangle at the flag represents liberty, equality, and fraternity. A unique feature of this flag is its usage to indicate a state of war if it is displayed with the red side on top, which is effectively achieved by flipping the flag upside-down. Presentation title 20

14. Examples in Society symbolic interactionism examples seen throughout society can be subjective, based on your experiences with that particular symbol Gender Gender can be understood through symbolic interactionism because gender is a sociological construct. For example, for the symbols attached to “males” and “females”, actions and looks are based on what is believed is true from your interactions rather than what is objectively true. For example, women might be seen as weaker than men. A man wearing a dress might be seen as feminine. These problematic attributes lead to inequality and biases such as women getting paid less than men in the workforce. Presentation title 21

15. Examples in Society symbolic interactionism examples seen throughout society can be subjective, based on your experiences with that particular symbol Colorism Race and ethnicity is another area where symbolic interactionism comes into play. This can definitely be seen through the issue of colorism. In colorism, people www.shsph.blogspot.com 11 of the same racial identification are treated differently based on the lightness or darkness of their skin. For example, a study by Lance Hannon on colorism demonstrated lighter-skinned Latinos "looked" smarter according to Caucasians Presentation title 22

16. Examples in Society symbolic interactionism examples seen throughout society can be subjective, based on your experiences with that particular symbol Relationship Roles Symbolic interactionism plays a big role in family and relationships. Your understanding of a word or event changes based on interactions with it. For example, if you have a great relationship with your wife, the word wife will be positive. However, if your relationship with your wife is rocky, the meaning behind the word and what a wife symbolizes changes Presentation title 23

17. Examples in Society symbolic interactionism examples seen throughout society can be subjective, based on your experiences with that particular symbol Rainbow Societies’ meanings behind symbols can change and morph with time. One example of this is the meaning of a rainbow. The rainbow has been seen as a Christian symbol of hope but another meaning of rainbow is now associated with the LGBTQ community. Presentation title 24

18. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how communication influences the way people’s interactions with each other create the social world in which we live. • Symbolic Interactionists believe that the root of society comes from its symbols. • They suggest that the symbols we use are arbitrary, meaning that they vary from culture to culture.

19. Symbolic Interactionist Theorists Presentation title 26

20. Herbert Blumer (1900-1987) - American sociologist who coined the term symbolic interactionism . - Symbolic interactionism, for Blumer, has three premises: 1. “Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings that things have for them.” 2. “The meanings of things derive from social interaction.” 3. “These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he or she encounters.” Presentation title 27

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22. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) - American Sociologist, philosopher, and psychologist considered as one of the founder of social psychology. - Mead developed a theory of the social self, which interprets the self as emerging from social interactions. - Mead’s three activities are language, play, and games. Presentation title 31

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24. Charles Horton Cooley (1864- 1929) - American sociologist whose main contribution in the field was the study of primary groups. - He coined and defined primary group as the first group where a person belongs, and where the individual develops his or her ideas, beliefs, values, and self. - Cooley’s most famous theory of self is the looking-glass self in which the self is understood as that which is formed from interactions, such as those done with the primary group. - The looking- glass self is the process by which self- consciousness emerges through the lens of the other. Through encounters in interactions, the individual formulates a self-identity by how others perceive him or her. As a mirror functions to reflect one’s body, the looking- glass self functions in a way that the individual recognizes himself or herself in the eyes of the other. Presentation title 36

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27. B.F. Skinner and Conditioning Burrhus Frederic Skinner was a psychologist and researcher credited with establishing the principles of operant conditioning. B.F. Skinner began with Thorndike's law of effect, which states that behaviors that cause satisfactory results will be repeated. Skinner considered satisfaction to be insufficiently specific to measure and set out to design a means of measuring learned behaviors Presentation title 39

28. Operant Conditioning The core concept of operant conditioning is simple: when a certain deliberate behavior is reinforced, that behavior will become more common. Psychology divides reinforcement into four main categories Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction Presentation title 40

29. Examples of Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement describes the best-known examples of operant conditioning: receiving a reward for acting in a certain way. Many people train their pets with positive reinforcement. Praising a pet or providing a treat when they obey instructions -- like being told to sit or heel -- both helps the pet understand what is desired and encourages it to obey future commands. 2. When a child receives praise for performing a chore without complaint, like cleaning their room, they are more likely to continue to perform that chore in the future. 3. When a worker is rewarded with a performance bonus for exceptional sales figures, she is inclined to continue performing at a high level in hopes of receiving another bonus in the future Presentation title 41

30. Examples of Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement is a different but equally straightforward form of operant conditioning. Negative reinforcement rewards a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus, rather than adding a pleasant one An employer offering an employee a day off is an example of negative reinforcement. Rather than giving a tangible reward, they reduce the presence of something undesirable; that is, the amount of time spent at work. In a sense, young children condition their parents through negative reinforcement. Screaming, tantrums and other "acting out" behaviors are generally intended to draw a parent's attention. When the parent behaves as the child wants, the unpleasant condition - the screaming and crying - stops. That's negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is common in the justice system. Prisons will sometimes ease regulations on a well-behaved prisoner, and sentences are sometimes shortened for good behavior. The latter in particular is classic negative reinforcement: the removal of something undesirable (days in prison) in response to a given behavior. Presentation title 42

31. Examples of Punishment In psychology, punishment doesn't necessarily mean what it means in casual usage. Psychology defines punishment as something done after a given deliberate action that lowers the chance of that action taking place in the future. Whereas reinforcement is meant to encourage a certain behavior, punishment is meant to discourage a 1. An employee who misses work may suffer a cut in wages. The loss of income (an undesired consequence) constitutes the punishment for missing work (an undesired behavior). 2. A sharp "No!" addressed to a pet engaging in unacceptable behavior is a classic example of punishment. The shout punishes the pet, conditioning it to avoid doing wrong behavior in the future. 3. Punishments are commonly used in lab experiments. Most often, a lab animal is punished for a given behavior with a mild electric shock Presentation title 43

32. Examples of Extinction Psychology defines extinction as the loss of conditioning over time when the conditioning stimuli are no longer present. Over time, an animal (or person) will become less conditioned unless the stimuli that conditioned them in the first place is reapplied 1. An employee punished once for missing work, then never again, may become more likely to miss work later on because they no longer expect to be punished for absence. 2. Animals often test the limits of their conditioning. For instance, a cat punished with a spray bottle every time it climbs on a counter may come near the counter or jump on the counter when it believes no one is around. If no punishment occurs, the cat is likely to keep jumping on the counter because the conditioning against it is extinct. 3. In school, if a student receives a gold star for an excellent test score but does not receive more gold stars in subsequent tests, he may become increasingly unmotivated to perform well in future tests. The operant conditioning of the positive behavior (doing well on a test) is becoming extinct. Presentation title 44

33. Strengths and Weaknesses of Symbolic Interactionism o SI give insights into small-scale human interactions. o SI recognizes that perceptions of reality are variable and changing. o In SI, symbols may be interpreted incorrectly or differently among different groups or people. o It can difficult to quantify things in SI ( ie . Test the theory) because this theory deals with interpretations and is thus subjective by nature. o SI doesn’t explain how or why societies changes Presentation title 45

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35. Thank you Mirjam Nilsson​ [email protected] www.contoso.com