SYNTHESE COURS PLANIFICATION STRATEGIQUE ET VILLES DURABLES.fr.en[1].pdf

Sustainable Development, urban planning and sustainable cities

1. COURSE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, STRATEGIC PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
Teacher: Mrs. MIPO TCHINKOU Edith Flaure (Architect ONAC N°412)
Number of credits: 6 | Number of hours: 48
Introduction
Chapter 1 – Definition and evolution of concepts
Chapter 2 – Sustainable development: from the Brundtland report to the Rio Summit
Chapter 3 – Birth and history of the sustainable city
Chapter 4 – Sustainable City Goals (SDG 11)
Chapter 5 – Strategic Planning and Agenda 21
Chapter 6 – Criteria for a sustainable city
Chapter 7 – Examples of eco-districts in Africa
Conclusion
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
THEsustainable developmentbecame aglobal imperativeface the environmental, social
and economic challenges of the 21st century. The rapid growth of cities, particularly in
Africa, posesmajor issuesrelated to urbanization, resource management and improving
living conditions.
Since the 1980s, the multiplication of ecological crises, social inequalities and economic
tensions calls forreinvent our development models.Sustainable development thus offers
a balanced framework for action to meet the needs of the present.without
compromisingthose of future generations.
In this context, thecities –have become the main places of concentration of the world's
population – play a central role. For African countries, planning
Translated from French to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com

2. strategic and sustainable governance of territories are becoming crucial priorities.
Course objectives
This course aims to:
-Provide learners with ain-depth understandingkey concepts of the sustainable
development,of thestrategic planningandsustainable cities.
-Explore theSustainable Development Goals (SDGs),L'Agenda 21and the territorial
planning methods.
-Allow students torethinking adapted urban modelsto African and Cameroonian
contexts.
-Propose astrategic approachto build citiesinclusive, resilient, low-carbon and
socially coherent,while supporting thelocal economic dynamism.
CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS AND EVOLUTIONS OF CONCEPTS
1.1 Sustainable development
Sustainable development is a mode of development that aims to meet current needs
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This
concept is based on three fundamental pillars:
-The environment :preservation of natural resources and reduction of ecological
impacts
-Social:improving living conditions and reducing inequalities
-The economy:balanced growth and sustainable resource management
1.2 Sustainability
Sustainability represents the ability of a system or society to maintain itself over time by
integrating practices that respect the environment, the economy, and social well-being.
It involves a systemic approach and a long-term vision of the actions undertaken.
1.3 Strategic planning

3. Strategic planning is a process of reflection and development of strategies aimed at
guiding territorial or urban development according to economic, social and
environmental objectives. It includes several stages:
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Territorial diagnosis:Analysis of strengths and weaknesses
Defining vision and goals
Development of action plans
Implementation and evaluation
1.4 Planning Strategy
It is a methodical approach used to guide development decisions. The planning strategy
is based on key principles, including citizen participation, integrated management, and
adaptability to contemporary challenges.
1.5 Sustainable cities
A sustainable city is one that promotes balanced urban growth while minimizing
environmental impact. It meets the needs of residents while ensuring energy efficiency,
sustainable mobility, accessibility, and social inclusion.
1.6. Historical and terminological evolution of sustainable development and sustainable
cities
1. Historical evolution
The concept ofsustainable developmentwas built gradually through events and global
reflections on the environment and society:
-1970s:First environmental concerns with the Club of Rome report (The limits of
growth,1972).
-1987: Brundtland Report (“Our Common Future") introduces the definition of
sustainable development, emphasizing the need to reconcile economic growth,
social equity and environmental protection.
-1992: Earth Summit in Rioand adoption of theAgenda 21,an action program for
sustainable development on a global scale.

4. -2000: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),focusing on poverty reduction and
environmental protection.
-2015:Adoption of theSustainable Development Goals (SDGs)and of theAgenda
2030,defining 17 global goals for a sustainable future.
At the same time, the notion ofsustainable citydeveloped with the awareness of urban
challenges:
-1990s:First urban planning projects focused on sustainability, with resource
management and green mobility initiatives.
-2000s:Development ofeco-districts,integrating the principles of energy efficiency
and social inclusiveness.
-Today :Emphasis on thesmart cities,climate resilience and sustainable
infrastructure.
2. Terminological evolution
The terminology related to sustainable development has become more precise over time:
-Sustainable development (1987): Global concept encompassing economy, society and
environment.
-Sustainability :Broader concept, integrating the idea of long-term sustainability.
-Eco-districts:Urban spaces designed according to principles of sustainability.
-Sustainable city:Urban model guaranteeing ecological, social and economic
balance.
-Urban resilience:Capacity of cities to adapt to crises and climate change.
This development shows that sustainable development continues to adapt to
contemporary challenges.
1.7. Comparative diagrams: strategy vs. planning
Acomparative diagramputting into perspective the differences betweenstrategyAnd
planningin the context of urban planning and territorial development:
Criteria Strategy Planning
Definition Long-term vision that guides Detailed organization of actions

5. overall decisions and
objectives.
to implement the strategy.
Objective Determine a general direction
and framework for action.
Structure the specific steps to
achieve strategic objectives.
Scope Large, involving a
global reflection on
future development.
More specific, with technical
details and precise deadlines.
Flexibility Adaptable according to the
opportunities and constraints
encountered.
More rigid and methodical, requiring
adjustments in case of unforeseen
events.
Example in
urban planning
“Developing a sustainable city
integrating green spaces and
better mobility.”
“Build 5 new parks, add 10 km of cycle
paths and optimise the transport
network by 2030.”
In summary, strategy sets the course and broad principles, while planning defines the
concrete means to achieve the strategic objectives.
CHAPTER 2: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: FROM THE BRUNDTLAND REPORT TO THE RIO SUMMIT
The concept of sustainable development emerged in response to growing concerns
about the environmental and social impacts of economic growth. This chapter explores
its evolution from the Brundtland Report to the Earth Summit in Rio.
2.1. Sustainability Theory
Sustainability is an approach that aims to ensure a balance between present needs and
the preservation of resources for future generations. It is based on three main
fundamental principles: the environment, society, and the economy, which are
interdependent and must be considered holistically.
1. Foundations of sustainability
Definition :Sustainability involves the rational and lasting management of natural,
economic and social resources, in order to ensure development that is viable, equitable
and sustainable in the long term.
The three key concepts of sustainability:

6. -Strong sustainability: The environment is a top priority and cannot be replaced by
economic capital.
Low sustainability: Technological and economic advances can compensate for
environmental degradation.
Ecological resilience: A system's ability to adapt to crises and maintain its balance
despite disturbances.
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2. Theoretical approaches to sustainability
-The Brundtland Report (1987): Defines sustainable development as a balance
between economic growth, environmental protection and social equity.
Agenda 21 (Rio 1992): Establishment of concrete strategies to implement
sustainability on a global scale.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs - 2015): 17 goals integrating
sustainability into global and local policies.
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3. Concrete applications of sustainability
-In urban planning: Creation of eco-districts, improvement of public transport,
sustainable waste management.
In the economy: Promotion of the circular economy, investment in renewable
energies.
In society: Strengthening human rights, access to education and health for all.
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Towards an integrated vision of sustainability
Sustainability is not a constraint, but an opportunity to create a more balanced and
prosperous world. It requires international cooperation, technological innovation, and
citizen participation to be fully implemented.
2.2. The three pillars of sustainable development: ecology, society and economy
Sustainable development is based on three essential dimensions which must be taken
into account simultaneously to ensure harmonious and balanced progress.
1- Ecological pillar
This pillar aims to preserve the environment and sustainably manage natural resources.
It involves:
- Reducing CO₂ emissions and combating climate change.

7. -Responsible management of natural resources (water, forests, biodiversity).
The circular economy with recycling and waste management.
The development of renewable energies and energy efficiency.
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Concrete example:Development of eco-districts and green infrastructure in sustainable
cities.
2- Social pillar
This pillar focuses on ensuring social equity and improving human well-being. It
includes:
-Universal access to education and health.
Reducing inequalities and fighting poverty.
Promoting social inclusion and diversity.
Gender equality and the protection of human rights.
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Concrete example: Social housing programs and improving access to public services.
3- Economic pillar
The economy must be structured to ensure sustainable growth without compromising
the environment or people. This pillar includes:
-The development of sustainable and responsible industries.
Promoting employment and green innovation.
The transition to more responsible consumption.
The creation of ecological and resilient infrastructures.
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Concrete example:Support for SMEs engaged in the ecological transition and the circular
economy.
4- An integrated and interdependent vision
These three pillars do not work separately:
-Economic development cannot be sustainable without integrating social and
environmental issues.

8. - An inclusive society depends on a responsible economy and a healthy environment.
-A preserved environment guarantees resources for future generations and a
healthy living environment for all.
The aim is to adopt a holistic approach, where each pillar supports the others for truly
sustainable development.
2.3. SDGs & Agenda 2030 (visual mapping of the 17 goals)
In the face of global challenges such as poverty, climate change and social inequality, the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015 by the UN as a universal
roadmap to ensure a more balanced and equitable future.
The 2030 Agenda brings together 17 interdependent goals, covering environmental,
economic, and social issues. These goals aim to eradicate poverty, protect the planet,
and ensure prosperity for all, while strengthening international cooperation and national
commitments.
This visual mapping of theSDGsallows us to better understand the interconnection between
these objectives and to identify the strategies to be implemented to meet these challenges at
the local and global levels.
The representation below highlights major issues such as the fight against poverty,
access to education, preservation of the environment and the promotion of sustainable
economic growth.

9. 2.4. Contemporary Challenges: Climate Change & Rapid Urbanization
Modern societies face major challenges that impact sustainable development. Among
them, climate change and rapid urbanization are two interconnected issues that require
strategic solutions.
1. Climate change
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, affecting
ecosystems, populations, and economies. Its impacts include:
-Increase in average temperatures, leading to droughts and heat waves.
- Rising sea levels threaten coastal areas and infrastructure.
-Extreme weather events (hurricanes, floods, forest fires) are becoming more and
more frequent.
- Agricultural disruptions, impacting global food security.
Possible solutions:
oDevelopment of renewable energies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

10. o
o
Promoting sustainable agriculture and efficient water management.
Strengthening climate resilience through adaptation policies.
2. Rapid urbanization
Urbanization is progressing at an accelerated pace, particularly in Africa and Asia. Cities
face critical challenges:
-Population explosion, putting pressure on infrastructure and public services.
-Housing problems, with the proliferation of shanty towns.
Urban pollution, due to industrial emissions and transport.-
- Insufficient waste management, causing health and environmental impacts.
Possible solutions:
o
o
Smart urban planning for more sustainable and accessible cities. Development of
eco-friendly public transport and green infrastructure.
Integration of green spaces to improve the quality of urban life.o
Towards an integrated approach
The effects of climate change and rapid urbanization are deeply linked: poor urban
management can exacerbate climate impacts, while climate disruption further
complicates the resilience of cities.
Initiatives such as eco-neighborhoods, zero-carbon policies and technological innovation
must be integrated into development strategies for a more sustainable future.
2.5. Diagram: integrated approach towards sustainability

11. CHAPTER 3 – BIRTH AND HISTORY OF THE SUSTAINABLE CITY
The concept of the sustainable city emerged from awareness of the impacts of rapid
urbanization and climate change. It is based on the idea that urban spaces must evolve
to reduce their ecological footprint, improve quality of life, and promote social inclusion.
3.1 Definition of concepts
A sustainable city is a city that integrates principles of responsible growth, guaranteeing:
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A balance between the environment, the economy and society.
Urban planning that limits pollution and improves energy efficiency.
Infrastructure and services adapted to the needs of the population.-

12. 3.2 Evolution of the concept of sustainable city
-1970s-1980s: First concerns about the effects of urbanization and urban pollution.
1987: The Brundtland Report puts forward the idea of development that preserves
resources for future generations.
1992: The Earth Summit in Rio adopts Agenda 21, integrating sustainability into
urban planning.
2000s: Development of eco-districts and ecological infrastructures.
Today: Emergence of smart cities, zero-carbon strategies and social inclusion
policies.
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3.3 Key figures of the urban challenge
-55% of the world's population lives in urban areas (forecast of 68% by 2050).
70%Greenhouse gas emissions are generated by cities. Rapid urbanization leads
to increased pollution, health risks, and social inequality.
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3.4 The challenges of the sustainable city
-Limit environmental impacts: reduction of the carbon footprint, sustainable
management of resources.
Reducing inequalities: equitable access to public services and suitable housing.
Promoting innovation and sustainable employment: developing smart
infrastructure and renewable energy.
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The sustainable city is therefore aresponse to contemporary challenges,offering a resilient,
inclusive urban model adapted to the challenges of the future.
NB:Some pioneering cities in sustainability that have implemented innovative strategies to
reduce their ecological footprint and improve the quality of life of their residents:
-Amsterdam (Netherlands):Target of carbon neutrality by 2050, with low-emission
zones and a transition to renewable energy. Copenhagen (Denmark):A model of
green infrastructure and sustainable mobility, with an exemplary cycle network
and an ambitious emissions reduction policy.
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13. -Vancouver (Canada):Green city at the forefront of ecological initiatives, with
strong integration of natural spaces and sustainable management of resources.
Barcelona (Spain):Reinventing public spaces to promote sustainability, with
superblocks that limit car traffic and encourage soft travel.
Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany):Model of solar urban planning and eco-districts,
with a strong dependence on renewable energies and efficient waste
management.
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-A fewAfrican cities pioneering sustainabilitywho have implemented innovative
strategies for more environmentally friendly and inclusive urban development:
-Kigali (Rwanda):Known for its cleanliness and ecological commitment, Kigali has
implemented strict waste management and plastic reduction policies.
Cape Town (South Africa):The city has developed sustainable infrastructure,
including water management systems and renewable energy to address climate
challenges.
Accra (Ghana):Accra is investing in green urban planning and sustainable mobility
projects, with green public transport and green space management initiatives.
Nairobi (Kenya):The Kenyan capital is developing eco-districts and sustainable
transport solutions to limit pollution and improve the quality of urban life.
-Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso):The city is implementing urban reforestation and
sustainable resource management projects to combat desertification and improve
the living environment.
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These cities show that it is possible toreduce environmental impactwhile improving the
quality of urban life.

14. CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINABLE CITY GOALS (SDG 11)
Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) aims to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient,
and sustainable. With rapid urbanization and growing environmental challenges, it is
essential to rethink how urban spaces are built and managed.
4.1 Definition and issues
Cities are at the heart of global development:
-55%of the world's population lives in urban areas, and this figure will reach 70%
by 2050.
1.1 billionpeople live in slums, with limited access to basic infrastructure.
Rapid urbanization leads to problems of pollution, congestion and waste
management.
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4.2 Key objectives of SDG 11
SDG 11 is broken down into several strategic targets:
- Access to decent housing: Ensuring safe and affordable housing for all.
-Sustainable transportation: Developing accessible and environmentally friendly transportation
systems.
-Inclusive urbanization: Strengthening participatory and sustainable city planning.
- Heritage Preservation: Protecting cultural and natural sites.
-Disaster Risk Reduction: Improving Urban Resilience to Climate Crises.
-Environmental management: Reducing the ecological impact of cities, particularly
in terms of air quality and waste management.
- Access to green spaces: Guarantee public places that are safe and accessible to all.
4.3 Implementation examples

15. -Singapore:Integrating nature into the city with green buildings and accessible
green spaces.
Copenhagen:Sustainable mobility with an advanced cycling network and reduced
CO₂ emissions.
Kigali:Clean urban planning and efficient waste management for a greener city.
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SDG 11 is essential forbuild resilient cities adapted to the challenges of the future.
CHAPTER 5 – STRATEGIC PLANNING AND AGENDA 21
Therestrategic planningis an essential tool for guiding the sustainable development of
territories. It allows us to anticipate environmental, social and economic challenges by
defining clear objectives and appropriate actions.
5.1 Definition and principles of strategic planning
Strategic planning is based on several fundamental principles:
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Long-term vision: Anticipate future developments and needs. Participatory
approach: Involve local stakeholders and citizens. Integrated management: Take
into account ecological, social and economic dimensions.
Adaptability: Responding to emerging challenges and crises.-
5.2 Agenda 21: A framework for action for sustainable development
L'Agenda 21is a program adopted during theEarth Summit in Rio in 1992.It offers a
comprehensive approach to integrating sustainability into public and local policies.
Objectives of Agenda 21:
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Encourage participatory governance and collective decision-making.
Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Strengthening the resilience of territories in the face of climate challenges.
Promote social inclusion and equity in access to resources.
5.3 Implementation of Agenda 21 in sustainable cities

16. Cities that adopt Agenda 21 implement concrete strategies:
-Sustainable urban planning: Eco-districts, green infrastructure, soft mobility.
Efficient resource management: Renewable energy, recycling, waste reduction.
-Citizen participation: Public consultation and engagement of local communities.
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Agenda 21 remains aessential framework for structuring sustainable development
policiesand ensure an effective ecological transition.
Chapter 6 – Criteria for a sustainable city
A sustainable city is based on several fundamental criteria that ensure a balance
between economic development, environmental preservation, and social well-being.
These criteria enable cities to respond to contemporary challenges while ensuring an
optimal quality of life for their residents.
1. Environmental criteria
-Sustainable resource management: Reduction of water and energy consumption.
Green mobility: Development of ecological public transport and cycling
infrastructure.
Reducing CO₂ emissions: Adopting renewable energy and low-carbon buildings.
Preservation of biodiversity: Integration of green spaces and ecological corridors.
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2. Social criteria
-Equitable access to services: Health, education and affordable housing for all.
Inclusion and citizen participation: Involvement of residents in urban governance.
Safety and well-being: Urban developments promoting social cohesion and quality
of life.
Culture and heritage: Promoting local identities and preserving historic sites.
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17. 3. Economic criteria
-Circular economy: Encouraging the recycling and reuse of materials.
Innovation and sustainable employment: Development of green industries and
clean technologies.
Economic attractiveness: Support for local businesses and sustainable initiatives.
-Urban resilience: Ability to adapt to economic and climate crises.
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Examples of sustainable cities
-Stockholm: Green city model with efficient resource management and strong
integration of natural spaces.
Bogotá: Development of an advanced cycling network and promotion of
ecological public transport.
Curitiba: Innovative urban planning with sustainable transport solutions and
efficient waste management.
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These criteria allow cities to reduce their environmental impact while ensuring balanced
growth and a better quality of life.
CHAPTER 7 – EXAMPLES OF ECO-DISTRICTS IN AFRICA
Eco-neighborhoods in Africa are emerging as innovative solutions to address the
challenges of rapid urbanization and climate change. These neighborhoods integrate
principles of sustainability, energy efficiency, and social inclusion to create more resilient
and environmentally friendly urban spaces.
7.1 Definition and principles of eco-districts
An eco-district is an urban space designed to minimize its environmental impact while
improving the quality of life of residents. It is based on several principles:
-Sustainable resource management: Reduction of water and energy consumption.

18. -Green mobility: Development of ecological public transport and cycling
infrastructure.
Low-carbon buildings: Use of sustainable materials and renewable energy.
Green spaces and biodiversity: Integration of parks and gardens to improve the living
environment.
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7.2 Examples of eco-districts in Africa
-Soteko (Kigali, Rwanda): A project that aims to adapt eco-neighborhoods to
African realities by integrating a strong sustainability approach. Sébénikoro Eco-
neighborhood (Mali): A sustainable development model that takes into account
local specificities and African best practices.
Athi River (Nairobi, Kenya): An ambitious project of 10,000 positive energy homes,
powered by solar panels and a methanization unit for waste recovery.
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7.3 Challenges and prospects
Despite their potential, African eco-districts must overcome several challenges:
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Access to finance for sustainable infrastructure.
Adaptation to local realities and the needs of populations.
-Raising awareness and engaging citizens for the successful adoption of ecological
practices.
Eco-districts represent aunique opportunityto rethink African urban planning and create
more sustainable and inclusive cities.
Conclusion
The transition to sustainable cities is essential to address contemporary challenges such
as rapid urbanization, climate change, and social inequality. By integrating the principles
of sustainable development, cities can become more resilient, inclusive, and
environmentally friendly, ensuring a better quality of life for present and future
generations.
THESustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Agenda 2030 and eco-districts offer concrete
frameworks for action to transform urban territories and

19. rethink the way we design our living spaces. Successful initiatives show that effective
governance, technological innovation, and citizen participation are essential levers for
accelerating this transition.
The future of cities depends on our ability to collaborate, innovate, and implement
sustainable solutions adapted to local contexts and economic realities. It is imperative to
adopt a holistic and strategic approach to ensure balanced and environmentally friendly
growth.
The sustainable city is not a utopia, but a necessity. The commitment of governments,
businesses, and citizens will help build a more harmonious, connected, and resilient
urban world.