Synthesis and Characterization of doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Titanium dioxide production

1. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FE-DOPED TIO2 NANOPARTICLES FOR EFFICIENT REMOVAL OF DYE FROM WASTE WATER Anand Nair Om Birar Sanika Suvarnakar Guided By: SSShende Mam

2. LIST OF CONTENTS UV-SPECTROSCOPY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION XRD RESULT AND CONCLUSION CONCENTRATION AND PH AND ADSORBENT

3. This project focuses on the synthesis and characterization of iron (Fe) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with the aim of enhancing their photocatalytic properties for the removal of dye pollutants from water. introducing Fe dopant into the TiO2 lattice offers a potential solution, as the presence of Fe can modify the electronic structure, narrowing the bandgap and enhancing visible light absorption. The synthesis process involves a sol-gel method coupled with hydrothermal treatment to achieve controlled doping levels. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-Visible spectroscopy will be employed to assess the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles . This research addresses the pressing need for sustainable and efficient technologies to mitigate water pollution, emphasizing the potential of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles as promising candidates for dye removal in water treatment processes. ABSTRACT

4. INTRODUCTION Access to clean and safe water is a fundamental human right, yet contemporary society’s grapple with a persistent and escalating global water pollution crisis. The degradation of water quality due to industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal poses significant threats to both environmental sustainability and public health. Despite concerted efforts to implement conventional water treatment methods, the diverse and persistent nature of emerging contaminants continues to outpace the efficacy of existing technologies. Conventional water treatment processes, while essential, are often limited in addressing the dynamic and evolving landscape of water pollutants. The conventional methodologies, including coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation, struggle to cope with emerging organic and inorganic pollutants.

5. METHODOLOGY 1. Materials: - Titanium dioxide precursor ( TTIP) - Iron chloride (FeCl3) as the dopant - Solvent (ethanol) - Surfactant/stabilizer (HCL) 2. Precursor Solution Preparation: - Mix appropriate amounts of TTIP and FeCl3 in the desired ratio. - Add the mixture to a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol) under continuous stirring. 3. Hydrolysis and Condensation: - Initiate hydrolysis by adding water dropwise to the precursor solution. - Allow for the condensation reaction to take place, forming a homogeneous gel. 4. Aging: - Let the gel age for a predetermined time to allow for the formation of a stable precursor. 5. Drying: - Dry the gel at a controlled temperature to remove excess solvent, yielding a dried gel. 6. Calcination:- Subject the dried gel to controlled heating (calcination) to induce phase transformations and form the final oxide nanoparticles.

6. IMPLEMENTATION Preparation of sol-gel for synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles has been completed. Preparation of sol-gel for synthesis of Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles has been completed. The ozone generator has been made operational and the the flow rate for the same has been determined. Prepartion of TiO2 nanoparticle shas been completed. Photoozonation

7. XRD (NORMAL TIO2)

8. XRD

9. XRD

10. XRD (DOPED TIO2)

11. UV-SPECTROSCOPY

12. Calibration Curve

13. From the above mention calibration curve we will are able to determine the concentration for the adsorbent range in the experimental runs.

14. Experimental Runs Experimental runs where conducted to study the % degradation of dye under sunlight. For which samples of different concentration (ppm) where prepared. Before the runs where conducted a calibration plot was plotted in order to study the absorbance of the dye at various concentrations. The runs where conducted by varying these parameters 1. Concentration 2. pH 3. Adsorbent dose The nanoparticles used in these runs where normal TiO2 ( i.e without doping) For concentration study following concentrations where taken 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 & 600 For pH study the runs were conducted at both an acidic medium (pH-2,3) & a basic medium (pH-6.5,5,7) For adsorbent dose the runs were conducted using -0.1, 0.3, 0.5 & 0.7 gm of the nanoparticles.

15. Concentration

16. As the initial dye concentration increases, the adsorption capacity also increases, indicating more dye molecules are being adsorbed onto the adsorbent surface. This increase in adsorption capacity continues until it reaches a maximum value at 300 ppm, where the adsorption sites on the adsorbent are optimally utilized. Beyond 300 ppm, the adsorption capacity begins to decrease, which can be attributed to the saturation of adsorption sites on the adsorbent material. At this point of saturation, there are no more available sites for additional dye molecules to attach, leading to a decline in the adsorption efficiency. Hence, the amount of EBT dye adsorbed is highly dependent on the initial concentration of the dye, with an optimal concentration for maximum adsorption capacity observed at 300 ppm. • •

17. pH

18. It is observed that at a pH level of 2 maximum degradation occurs and as the pH level increases the degradation decreases. This is due to the presence of OH- ions in the sample competing for adsorption sites. As the pH level increases the formation of OH- ions also increases. This results in TiO2 surface becomes negatively charged, leading to electrostatic repulsion between dye molecules and the adsorbent. Thereby decreasing the adsorption of dye molecules at higher pH levels.

19. Adsorbent Dose

20. As the adsorbent dose increases the % degradation will also increase. At 100 ppm with 0.7 gm of adsorbent the percentage degradation will be maximum. This is because the surface area will be greater providing more activation sites resulting in effective removal of dye from sample. Similarly at 600 ppm and 0.1 gm adsorbent the surface area will be less resulting in less degradation of dye molecules

21. It is been found that the % degradation is maximum at 100 ppm at a pH level of 2 and with an adsorbent loading of 0.7 gm. As the pH goes to basic medium the degradation reduces, The increase in concentration along with no change in the adsorbent loading also reduces the degradation of the dye. Also the nanoparticles prepared is capable of providing a % degradation of 99.99%. Making it suitable for water removal. RESULT

22. CONCLUSION Thes we can conclude that the nanoparticle that we are prepared are efficient and capable of providing 99% of degradation.

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