System.pptx psychology schools ppt semester 1

Course Outcomes
After the completion of the course students will be able to:
●Illustrate the knowledge related to various schools of psychology
●Examine the contribution of various theorist in the field of psychology
●Critically analyse various theories of psychology
●Apply various theoretical principles in this field of psychology

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Marks Distribution
•Final Exam: 50 Marks : Written Exam

•ICA (Internal Continuous Assessment): 50 Marks
•Submission
•Class Discipline
•Class Participation
•Involvement in academic activities
•Assignments
•Prsentations

1. Dr. Rageshwari Munderia Assistant Professor Psychology System And Theories

2. Modules Module 1: Establishing Psychology as a Discipline Module 2: Schools of Psychology Module 3: Behaviourism Module 4: Gestalt Module 5: Current Theoretical Perspectives

3. Course Objectives Make the students identify the emergence of psychology Enumerate the Greek contribution of psychology Describe the theoretical contribution of various theorist

4. Course Outcomes After the completion of the course students will be able to: Illustrate the knowledge related to various schools of psychology Examine the contribution of various theorist in the field of psychology Critically analyse various theories of psychology Apply various theoretical principles in this field of psychology

5. Marks Distribution Final Exam: 50 Marks : Written Exam ICA (Internal Continuous Assessment): 50 Marks Submission Class Discipline Class Participation Involvement in academic activities Assignments Prsentations

6. Module 1: Establishing Psychology as a Discipline Nature of Psychology History of Psychology

7. What is Psychology?

8. Brief History of Psychology The word psychology is derived from two latin words: Psych: Soul Logia: Study So, psychology began as a study of the soul!!!

9. Experiment in Psychology   First psychological experiment was performed by an Egyptian King during the seventh century B.C. (Hunt, 1993, p.1) The experiment hypothesized that, if Egyptian children were isolated during infancy without any means of language communication, they would spontaneously speak the original language of civilization: Egyptian. This experiment underscored the idea that thoughts and language come from the mind.

10. Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology Hippocrates (460 B.C. – 377 B.C.) Mental illness is not caused by demons but by physical malfunctions He dissected human cadaver and living organism to study the connection between the mind and body He concluded that human body is controlled by human mind Human brain resides in the brain

11. Early Thinkers… Plato (427- 347 B.C.) Reality exists in the seat of the person’s mind and the head is the seat of the mind Knowledge is gained through analyzing as an effort to understand the world Mind and body are different, but they interact with each other A rationalist Aristotle we can understand the mind by studying the body Relying on actions should be the scope of enquiry and the scope of reality His methods were basically based on concrete facts Empirisct

12. Rene Descartes: Rene Descartes basically was a French philosopher and mathematician. I ntrospection and reflection are better methods than observation method. Basically, believed that are observation are a result of the working of our senses. Illusiosns ; he believe that the sense can actually make mistakes He talked about particular kinds of illusions where in your senses will end up making say for example, if stare at point of light for a few minutes and after that you will experience sensation of darkness even though there is no darkness outside. Descartes basically believe that because our senses can be fooled or our senses can actually make mistakes we should actually reliable observation rather than the information coming to us from our senses. Descartes said that mind and body are two separate things, though he said that these two thing interact through seat in the head will in a pineal gland Emphasised more on analysis and thoughts; cogito ergo sum which basically translates to I think therefore I am.

13. John Locke Empiricist Relationship between the mind and the body an equal relationship wherein these two things are the forms of one in the same thing. Locke basically says that mind depends upon the body through its senses and the body depends upon the mind to process and store this information that is gain through the senses Tabula Rasa: Tabula rasa basically means that all human beings are born as blank slates in this world. Everything that they learnt, everything that they finally achieve or accomplish any kind of behaviour is learnt by their interaction with this world.

14. Immanuel Kant: Basically, says the human have a set of faculties. These are the tools which basically work together to control this link between the mind and body . Mind and body are two things may be same, may be separate, but There is an interaction certainly going on between them mind and body are two things may be same, may be separate, but there is an interaction certainly going on between them

15. Let’s Summarize!!! Mind was studied in the earlier days with help of the observable behavior These thought systems have been organized as vary as schools of thought each school of thought has one or more prominent thinkers and it is these thinkers whose opinion forms the basis of this entire school of thought.

16. Structuralism Founder: Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt who is basically a psychologist in Germany Established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, in Germany. Discussed about the nature of consciousness Wilhelm Wundt believed that it was possible to analyze the basic elements of the mind and conscious experience. Experience when you eating an apple basically aimed to identify the basic elements or of the cognitive psychological experience. They wanted to create something similar to periodic table which basically had all of these elements of consciousness

17. Structuralism used the method of introspection to attempt this map. Reaction time as a measure to systematically assist the workings of the mind. Edward B. Titchener one of the disciples of Wilhelm Wundt basically claims to identify more than 40000 sensations such us vision, hearing, taste and so many others. This method or this approach followed by the structuralism were other regress and very, very scientific. They were actually trying to quantifying mental events. They were actually trying to quantify the human experience main method they were actually using was that of introspection.

18. Functionalism Founder: William James what people do and why people do certain things. So the questions this structuralist and the functionalist were asking was slightly different and let us say a bit more advance then the questions earlier asked. The functionalist believed in using whatever methods that would have answer a particular researcher’s questions. Functionalism gradually leads to what is known as pragmatism

19. Pragmatism is also one of the popular approaches in psychology which basically is concerned about the fact that knowledge is valuable only for what it is usefulness The pragmatist therefore would be interested in studying phenomena in a way that how this phenomena will help you do attain certain things. Say for example if you ask pragmatist to study language pragmatist would want to study language to actually understand how language helps you communicate your thoughts. So they would really want to study language, but only to the extent that it tells you or that it helps you accomplish particular kinds of behaviour .

20. Gestalt Psychology: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Max Wertheimer (VERT-hi- mer ), like James, objected to the structuralist point of view, but for different reasons. Basic Postulate : did not believe that psychological events could be broken down into smaller elements; could only be understood as a whole, entire event; has influenced the cognitive psychology and a form of psychological therapy, Gestalt therapy

21. Psychoanalysis: by Sigmund Freud S tressed importance of early life experiences, the role of the unconscious, and development through stages Behaviorism : John B. Watson associated with work of, who was greatly influenced by Ivan Pavlov’s work in conditioning/learning wanted to bring focus back on scientifi­c inquiry and believed only way to do so was to focus on observable behavior and ignore “consciousness” issue; early work examined phobias Psychodynamic based on Freud’s theory focuses on the role of the unconscious mind and its influence early childhood experiences, development of sense of self, and other motivations

22. Humanistic Perspective: Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) and Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Often called the “third force” in psychology, humanism was really a reaction to both psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism. Humanists held the view that people have free will, The freedom to choose their own destiny, and strive for self-actualization, the achievement of one’s full potential

23. Cognitive Perspective: Cognitive psychology, which focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information, became a major force in the field in the 1960s The development of computers and discoveries in biological psychology all stimulated an interest in studying the processes of thought The cognitive perspective with its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning has become a major force in psychology. cognitive neuroscience: includes the study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes fMRI, PET, MRI

24. Sociocultural Perspective : Another modern perspective in psychology is the sociocultural perspective, which combines two areas of study: social psychology, and cultural psychology Biopsychological Perspective : Biopsychology, or the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes, isn’t really as new a perspective as one might think. Some of the topics researched by biopsychologists include sleep, emotions, aggression, sexual behavior, and learning and memory—as well as disorders. While disorders may have multiple causes (family issues, stress, or trauma, for example), research in biopsychology points clearly to biological factors as one of those causes.

25. Evolutionary Perspective : The evolutionary perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share. It seeks to explain general mental strategies and traits, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, why fear of snakes is so common, or why people universally like music and dancing.

26. Nature of Psychology Psychology is the scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms . Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual The subject matter of psychology is, affect, behavior, and cognition The affect for psychology is the actual mental processes that make up: moods, feeling, and emotional state.