Systematics and production technology of sweet potato

Botanical description, systematics and production technology.

1. NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry Navsari- 396450 Assignment o n FLORAL BIOLOGY OF SWEET POTATO Submitted by : Shah Smit B. 2 nd Semester. Reg No. 2020217032 M.Sc. Horticulture(Vegetable Science) Submitted to : Dr . S. N. Saravaiya I/C Professor Dept. of Vegetable Science A.C.H.F, NAU , Navasri . 1 Major Guide: Dr. K. D. Desai Asst. Horticulturist Dept. of Vegetable science ACHF, NAU, Navsari Minor Guide: Dr. A. K. Pandey Asst. Professor Dept. of Fruit science ACHF, NAU, Navsari

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3. Sweet Potato Botanical name: Ipomoea batatas ( L.) Lam. Family: Convolvulaceae Origin: South America 2n= 6x = 90 Rich source: Starch and Carotene Mode of Pollination: Cross pollination 3

4. Crop : Sweet Potato Also known as : Irish Potato, White Potato, Shakkarkand, Shakkaria(Gujarati), Kingdom : Plantae Division : Spermatophyta Subdivision : Angiosperm Class : Monocotyledon Order : Convolvulales Family : Convolvulaceae Genus : Ipomoea Species : batatas Author : Lamarck Botanical name : Ipomoea batatas ( L.) Lam . Origin : Tropical America 2n = 6x : 90 (Hexaploid) Taxonomic classification 4

5. First described in 1753 by Linnaeus as Convolvulus batats . In 791 Lamarck classified this species within the genus Ipomoea on the basis of shape of stigma and the surface of the pollen grains. Therefore, the name was changed to Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Family name Convolvulaceae is derived from on of the genus Convolvulus of this family. 5

6. Distribution: The Convolvulaceae family is also known as Morning Glory family which covers about 50 genera and 1000 species among of which 650 species belongs to genus Ipomoea . The member of this family abound in tropical Asia and tropical America. The Convolvulaceae family is divided into 2 subfamilies: Subfamily 1: Convolvuloideae – Autotrophic plants with green leaves , cotyledons folded . e.g. Ipomoea Subfamily 2: Cuscutoideae – Parasites without green leaves. Cotyledons very reduced or lacking. e.g. Cuscuta Ipomoea batatas Lam. : Ipomoea/ ips means : greek combination bindweed or a worm; homoe means similar; ipos – Ivy; alluding to the twinning habit of the plant resembling to Ivy , Batatas or batata is the aboriginal American word from which “Potato” is derived. 6

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10. Genus of convolvulaceae family Ipomoea Convolvulus Argyreia Calonyction Quamoclit Porana 10

11. -: Other examples of the family Convolvulaceae :- Dodder - Cuscuta reflexa Roxb . Morning Glory - Ipomoea purpurea L. Jacquemontia - Jacquemontia pentantha Jacq . Vishnukranta - Evolvulus alsinoides L. Railway creeper - Ipomoea palmata Forsk . Moon flower - Ipomoea grandiflora L. Woodrose - Ipomoea tuberosa L. Wild Sweet potato - Ipomoea pandurata L. 11

12. 12   Ipomoea mauritiana Ipomoea alba L. Ipomoea aquatic Forssk . Ipomoea campanulata Ipomoea marginata Ipomoea pescaprae (L.) Ipomoea paniculata Ipomoea asarifolia Ipomoea quamoclit Important rootstocks : Sweet potato cv. Zapalo and Tanzania, Morning glory (cv. Heavenly blue), C rdinal climber, Moon-flower and Cypress vine. Species diversity of Ipomoea: 12

13. Habit : Herb , shrub, trees or twining. Leaves : Alternate, simple, often lobed , exstipulate . Inflorescence : Cymose . Flowers : large , showy, bisexual , regular, hypogynous. Calyx: Sepals 5, free , imbricate, persistent. Corolla : Petals (5), gamopetalous , united, infundibuliform , twisted. Androecium : stamen 5, epipetalous, anthers 2 celled, introrse *, intrastaminal disc annular or cupular Gynoecium : Carpels 2 , syncarpous , ovary superior , 2 locular with 2 ovules or 4 loculars with 1 ovule in each loculus . Placentation : Axile . Fruit : berry or capsule. Seeds : Exalbuminous , embryo with folded cotyledons. General features of the family Convolvulaceae 13 * Introrse androecium : Anther turns inwards or towards axis, as anthers that shed their pollen towards the centre of the flower .

14. India is the largest producer in south east Asia and 4 th largest in the world. Most probable ancestor of sweet potato- I. trifida . It is a perennial vine. Moderately drought tolerant crop. It is a short day plant. Male sterility is present in sweet potato. It is highly tolerant to soil acidity as well as soil salinity. Trypsin inhibitor is a toxic substance present in sweet potato. It is a C 3 plant. 14

15. Long trailing perennial vine form deep tuberous roots. The stem mostly glabrous (without hair, smooth), rooting at nodes . Juice is milky Leaves various even on the same plant, mostly ovate to orbicular ovate in out line, 2-6 inch long, cordate (Heart shape) or truncate(leaf base is perpendicular to petiole, straight) at base, entire or angled and notched or digitately notched. Flowers few or several on stout axillary peduncles, infundibuliform , 1.5-2 inches long rose violet or blush with a darker centre.Seeds are angular and glabrous. 15 -:Features of Sweet potato vine:-

16. basic types of sweet potatoes 1) Moist ( orange-flesh) 2) Dry ( yellow-flesh) 3) White-flesh 4) Purple-flesh 16

17. Nutritive value of sweet potato (per 100 g) of edible portion of tubers: Energy 90 kcal Protein (g) 2.0 Fat (g) 0.15 Carbohydrate (g) 20.7 Calcium (mg) 38 Phosphorus (mg) 54 Iron (mg) 0.69 Vitamin A ( μ g) 961 Thiamine (mg) 0.11 Riboflavin (mg) 0.11 Vitamin C (mg) 19.6 17 USDA Database2018

18. Sweet potato also contain protease inhibitors, which inhibit the formation of cancer cells according to many studies. Sweet potato helpes to stabilize blood sugar levels, healing properties as an antioxidant food. 18

19. Dry matter value Kg/Ha 19

20. Contains starch. Mainly used after boiling, baking and frying. Important source of starch, glucose, sugar syrup and industrial alcohol. Cheapest source of calories. It produces highest food calories among the tuber and root crops. Also used to feed livestock, and are in industrial processes to make alcohol and starch, and products such as noodles, candy and flour. Composition and Uses 20

21. Sweet Potato Products Flour Starch Sugar Molasses Tapioca Chocolate Dried Powder Breakfast Dinner Mints Instant Coffee Lemon Drops Stock Feed Meal Hog Feed   Stains Dyes Paints Medicine Paste Alcohol Ink Cotton Synthetic Silk Paper 21

22. Inflorescence : Solitary or cymose Aestivation : Imbricate (one petal/sepal internal or overlapped on both the margins and another one is external with both of its margin overlapping. Remaining petals/ sepals one margin is overlapping and one is overlapped.) Flower : few or several on stout axillary peduncles, infundibuliform (funnel shape, broad at the top of the flower and narrow tube like at the base of the flower), 1.5-2 inches long, rose violet or blush with a darker center, showy flower Calyx / Sepal : 5 separate, about ½ inch long cupsidate and sometimes cilliate ., imbricate or persistent Corolla / Petal : (5) united, infundibuliform and twisted, gamopetalous . Androecium / Stamen : 5 , Epipetalous Gynoecium / Pistil : (2) with superior ovary. Anthesis : early in the morning 4-5 a.m. Placentation : Axile Fruit : Berry or Capsule. Seeds: Angular, glabrous black with very hard testa , 5-8 mm in diameter. Edible portion : tuberous roots (modification of adventitious roots) Floral Formula : K 5 C (5) A 5 G (2) 22

23. Habit : It is a tuberous-rooted perennial. Root : Sweet potato plants produce primary fibrous roots, pencil roots and storage roots. Growth period of root comprises two stages: the first, a period of extensive growth of fibrous roots, accompanied with vines and leaves and initiation of tuberous roots; the second, swelling of the tubers. Botanical description 23

24. 24 Stem : Stems are usually prostrates (spreading on the ground) and slender running vine. Leaf : Leaves are ovate- cordate (oval-heart-shaped) borne on rather long petioles, palmately vined and angular or lobed depending on the variety. Flowers : Flowers occur singly or in a cluster of 5 or 6 and are borne on a stout stalk. Anthesis time: 4 to 5 a.m.

25. 25 LEAF Can be rounded, Reniform (kidney shaped), Cordate (heart-shaped), triangular, hastate ( trilobular and spear-shaped with the two basal lobes divergent (do not meet at the end)), lobed and almost divided.

26. 26 Growth habit Herbaceous and perennial plant. Predominantly prostrate with a vine system that expands rapidly horizontally on the ground . Erect , Semi-erect , spreading and very spreading.

27. 27 Root system Consists of fibrous roots that absorb nutrients and water, and anchor the plant. Storage roots that are lateral roots, which store photosynthetic products. The root system in plants obtained by vegetative propagation starts with adventitious roots that develop into primary fibrous roots , which are branched into lateral roots . As the plant matures, thick pencil roots that have some lignification are produced . Other roots that have no lignification *, are fleshy and thicken a lot, are called storage roots . * Lignification : Deposition of lignin in both primary and secondary cell walls of root cells.

28. 28 Tuberous/ Tubercules roots

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30. 30 The formation of the storage roots can be in clusters around the stem . If the rootstalk that joins the root to the stem is absent or is very short, it forms a closed cluster. If the stalk is long, it forms an open cluster. In some other cultivars, the storage roots are formed at a considerable distance from the stem and therefore, the storage root formation is disperse or very disperse.

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32. 32 -:FLOWER:- The flower is bisexual. Besides the calyx and corolla, they contain the stamens that are the male organs or androecium and the pistil that is the female organ or gynoecium. The calyx consists of 5 sepals, 2 outer and 3 inner, that stay attached to the floral axis after the petals dry up and fall . The corolla consists of 5 petals that are fused forming a funnel, generally with lilac or pale purple limb and with reddish to purple throat (the inside of the tube). Some cultivars produce white flowers.

33. 33 The androecium consists of five stamens with filaments that are covered with glandular hairs and that are partly fused to the corolla . The length of the filaments is variable in relation to the position of the stigma . The anthers are whitish, yellow or pink , h eterostamen (Different length of filaments of anthers) with a longitudinal dehiscence . The pollen grains are spherical with the surface covered with very small glandular hairs (hairs containing glands which secrete oils, chemicals, etc.). The gynoecium consists of a pistil with a superior ovary, two carpels, and two locules that contain one or two ovules . The style is relatively short and ends in a broad stigma that is divided into two lobes that are covered with glandular hairs . At the base of the ovary there are basal yellow glands that contain insect-attracting nectar . The stigma is receptive early in the morning and t1he pollination is mainly by honey bees .

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36. Sweet potato requires warm and humid weather of at least four to five months . Can be grown at 2100 MSL. Sun loving or shade sensitive crop. It needs temperature range between 21 to 26 C and for tuberization the ideal temperature is 20-25 C. The areas with an average day temperature of more than 24 C and an average annual rainfall of 75-150 cm or more are suitable for its cultivation. It can tolerate drought but can not withstand water logging. It is a tropical and subtropical crop. No tuber production takes place at very high temperature(35-40 C)and temperature below 10 C. Short day with low light intensity promote root development while excess of rainfall and long photoperiod encourages vine growth and reduces tuber yield. Climate: 36

37. Since the tuber growth takes place inside the soil, it needs loose friable soil for better root development. It can grow in sandy loam and clay sub soil. Heavy clay soil, which becomes hard after drying checks the development of the tubers and highly sandy soils cause development of cylindrical pencil like tuber. In compact soil tuber yield is low due to poor aeration. Such soils also creates harvesting problem. High fertile soils favor luxuriant vegetative growth. Soil should be well drained for successful cultivation. 5.2 to 6.7 soils pH is suitable. Water logging not good for its cultivation. Soil 37

38. Sweet potato is mainly propagated by vine cuttings obtained from the previous crop and sometimes by sprouts obtained from tubers. Obtain the cuttings from freshly harvested vines of manure crop for direct planting. This method is commonly adopted in the areas where two crops are taken in a year. In this method the vines from one crop are directly used for the planting of successive crop. However , it is desirable to propagate sweet potato in the nursery to obtain good yield. Select medium sized (125-150 g) and insect-pests and disease free healthy tubers. About 100 kg tubers are sufficient to raise the cuttings for one hectare. Propagation and nursery practices: 38

39. Two nursery required (total 3 months) if tuber is used as a planting material. Prepare the primary and secondary nurseries in advance having 100 m 2 and 500 m 2 area, respectively to plant one hectare area.  100 m 2  100 kg tuber < 200 g  60 x 20 cm  45 days  500 m 2  60 x 30 cm  45 days The nursery should be well manured and provide good drainage system. The selected tubers are planted in the primary nursery 3 months before planting in the main field at a spacing of 45 x 30 cm and 5-6 cm deep. Follow cultural and plant protection measures to obtain the healthy cuttings. After 40-45 days cut the sprouts having 20-30 cm length and raise in the secondary nursery at 60 x 30 cm spacing for further growth. Ultimately the nursery vines attain sufficient length in 45 days, then cuttings are made and planted in the field . 39

40. 40 Selection of planting material Vines of 20-40 cm length with at least 3-4 nodes are found to be ideal as planting material. The cuttings obtained from the apical and middle portion of vines are preferable to get higher sprouting percentage and better tuber yields.

41. About 2-3 ploughing upto 15 cm depth are sufficient to make the soil loose and friable. Deep ploughing is not advocated because root grows longer and slender. Prepare the ridge and furrows at 60 cm distance across the slope. Soil and field preparation 41

42. Planting time of sweet potato varies from area to area and also depends on the availability of soil moisture. The best time of planting the cuttings is June-July for North Indian plains, February-March and September-October for North Bihar and parts of Uttar Pradesh, September for Tamil Nadu and May for Kerala. In central India, comprising of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat cuttings are planted during October- November. For hills, April-May is the best time of planting the cutting. Cuttings for rabi season are planted in October- November in South India. Planting time 42

43. Collect the healthy vines either from previous crop or from the secondary nursery and cut into 20-40 cm long cuttings having 3-4 nodes. However, the length of cuttings depends upon the method of planting. The upper portion of the vines is preferred to make cuttings because such cuttings produce more tuberous roots. Basal (lower/bottom) portion is not selected due to SPW damage and less root regeneration capacity. Generally, ridge and furrow method and flat bed method of plantings are used in rainy and winter season, respectively. Planting in one hectare area requires about 50,000-60,000 cuttings. Methods of planting and spacing: 43

44. 44 The cuttings are planted at a spacing of 60 x 20 cm. One or two nodes are buried horizontally cross-wise on ridges and covered with moist soil. If the length of cutting is small and apical portion is intact, then bury the cut end in the soil keeping the apical portion exposed. Whereas, when cutting are obtained from the middle portion of the vines, bury the either end in the soil.

45. Optimization of in vitro regeneration ability to solve the difficulty of genotype dependent regeneration phenomenon. The bottle neck to produce transgenic sp has been the lack of a reliable and efficient regeneration system . The protocols developed for sp regeneration are strongly genotype dependent and thus limit the application of genetic engineering techniques for so improvement. 45

46. 46 Micropropagation The purpose of micro propagation is to obtain a large number of clonal plants in a short time . Using tissue culture techniques (heat therapy and meristem tip culture) we could obtain a virus free stock plants from ABEES the egyptian local varities. The following methods are used at CIP : Propagation by nodes Propagation by stem cuttings in liquid medium

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48. 48 Thermotherapy At CIP before excision of the meristems, the plants undergo a month thermotherapy at 38 ˚ C for 16 hours and at 32 ˚C for eight hours under constant light conditions. This high temperature treatment has increased the efficiency of the production process of virus free material . After thermotherapy either axillar or apical meristems may be used indistinctly.

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50. FYM: 10 t/ha Fertilizers  75: 50 : 75 kg/ha NPK 37.5: 50: 75  as basal 37.5: 0: 0  30 DAP Use of PGR: Cycocel @ 500-1000 ppm at 35 and 45 DAP in Bihar, WB, Assam and Maharashtra. Vine treatment: Insecticide: Fenthion or Diamethoate  10 ml in 10 l of water  10-15 minutes dipping. Should be treated with 0.2% copper fungicide. Integrated nutrient management 50

51. During rainy season the planting should be done after sufficient monsoon rains are received. Generally, rainy season crop does not require irrigation except long spell where life saving irrigations are given. The field should be irrigated after planting during rabi season to wet the entire ridge. Maintain the optimum soil moisture in rabi season crop by applying irrigations at 8-10 days interval depending upon the type of soil to ensure better root development and yield. Irrigation: 51

52. Hoeing, weeding and earthing up is essential at an early stage of growth to control weeds and to improve physical condition of the soil. Generally, two manual weeding and earthing up at 30 and 60 days after planting are sufficient to keep the weeds under control and check SPW damage. The heavy rains lead to exposure of roots in rainy season. Herbicides can also be used to control the weeds. Incorporation of EPTC ( Eptam ) at 1.0-2.0 kg/ha or Fluchloralin at 1.0 kg/ha in the soil as pre-planting control the weeds. The application of chloromban at 3.0 kg/ha after planting also control the weeds . Inter-culture and weed control: 52

53. The vines of sweet potato have the tendency to develop the roots from all the nodes which come to the contact of soil. This phenomenon results in diversion of some quantity of nutrients for growth and development of such roots and it checks the supply of food material to the main shoot which cause considerable loss in yield. Therefore, it is essential to lift and turn the vines so that they are disconnected from the soil to increase the availability of nutrients to the main roots. This operation should be done during the early stage of vine growth to increase the tuber yield. When vines grow to a considerable length it results in uprooting of developing tubers. Therefore avoid the turning of vines at later stages of vine growth. Turning of vines: 53

54. 54 Turning of vines:

55. 55 Vine girdling When the plants are about 1 m high, the main vines are girdled to delay the bulking of storage roots. For this, a broad ring of the cortex of the vines is removed from the base of the main vines.

56. 56 H-41 Semi spreading, leaf unifoliate with entire margin, tuber skin reddish purple with white rind and flesh. Low in fibre content. H-42 Semi spreading plant type, leaf unifoliate with toothed margin, tuber skin purplish red and creamy flesh. Almost free from fibre . VL Sakarkand-6 Late maturing with spreading vine having light green foliage, tuber elongated and purple in colour with light yellowish flesh. Tuber rich in carotene. CO.1 Moderately vigorous vine and is less spreading, leaves medium green and dark green, tuber kin light pink with white flesh. CO.2 Compact plant type, shorter vine and less spreading, leaves 10 lobed and emerging leaves pink, tuber skin light pink with white flesh. Good consumer acceptability. Varieties

57. 57 Rajendra Sakarkand-5 Extremely spreading, leaves dark green and six lobed, number of tubers per plant 4-6 tubers, white tuber skin and greenish white flesh and tolerate to sweet potato weevil. Varsha (H-268) Semi spreading with dark green vine, tubers fusiform with reddish purple skin and light yellow flesh. Drought tolerant. Sree Nandini Spreading with light green leaves, number of tubers per plant is 3-4. Tubers fusiform with creamy skin and white flesh. Sree Vardhini Semi spreading having light brown emerging leaves, fusiform tuber with purple skin and yellow flesh. Rich in carotene. Early maturing dual purpose variety. Samrat Vines medium spreading, petioles violet, tubers globular with light pink skin and white flesh. Medium duration. Kalmegh High yielder. Kiran Medium spreading, palmate leaves with 4 shallow lobes. Tuber skin is red with orange flesh. Early bulking.

58. 58 Sree Bharda Semi spreading, greenish brown vine and petiole, dark brown emerging leaf. Early maturing and excellent cooking quality. Sree Rethna Spreading, brown emerging leaves, purple tuber skin and orange flesh 8 m length of vine, Gouri Semi erect, deep orange flesh tubers. High carotene content. Suitable for both rabi and kharif season. Sankar Red skinned tubers with yellow flesh with excellent cooking quality. Konkan Ashwini Short duration plant having purple color long tuber. High yielding. Sree Arun Tubers are fusiform short in shape with pink skin and cream flesh. Sree Varun Tubers are fusiform short in shape with cream skin and flesh colour . Sree Kanaka Cream skinned and deep orange fleshed tubers. Short duration. High bita carotene Dergaon Red Red skinned white fleshed variety. High yielder with better quality tuber. Deragaon White White skin

59. Other varieties : White star  Processing Sree Kanaka: Early (70 days) Orange fleshed: (1200 IU/100 mg  carotene) Gouri , Kamla Sundari , Sree Vardhini , Sree Rethna , & Kiran Sree Bhadra : Nematode attractant cultivar Jewel: Transgenic variety Nancy Hall, Nancy Gold, Shankar, Kalinga , Goutam , Kiran , Sree Nandini , Sree Dhara , Pusa Harit , Kalmegh . Cross 4 and C 71 : NAU released variety 59

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62. Depending on the type of variety, the crop is ready to harvest in 120-180 days after planting. Harvesting is done when the leaves turn yellow and start to shed . The maturity can also be judged by cutting roots and the drying of tuber latex without turning black , give the good indication of maturity. And also when cracking of soil near the base. It can also be ascertained by attainment of full size of tubers and appearance of light yellow colour of tuber skin. Irrigate the field 4-6 days before harvesting to facilitate digging of tubers. Avoid mechanical injury to the tubers during digging because it affects the quality and storage life of tubers. Harvesting: 62

63. 63 Harvesting:

64. 64 RECENTLY RELEASED VARIETY OF SWEET POTATO AT NAU Name of the variety: Bhukanti (CIP-440127) It is a clonal selection made from exotic material introduced from CIP, Lima, Peru. Salient features which are unique to be released as a variety: This variety gives 95.64% and 83.97% Higher tuber yield over the national check Gauri and Local Check respectively. It is having more nutritional value due to higher β - Carotene content 7.4 mg/100g ( NC Gauri : 1.1 and LC: 1.3)

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66. 66 Stigma Anther Heterostamen

67. List of promising germplasm at nau , navsari ( aicrp tc ) ST-14 362-7 187017 SV-998 440127 CO 3-4 S-1-60 C-71 ST-10 Sree Bhadra (Nematode attractant cv.) 67 S 1281 Kamala Sundari Gauri S 61 S – 1156 CIPSWA-2 IGPS-C-15 CARI-SP-1 440038

68. Sweet potato promising germplasm 68

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81. After harvesting keep the tuber at 13-16 C temperature and 90 per cent relative humidity for 5-7 days for healing the wounds and to increase the storage life of tubers. Sweet potato should be stored in well ventilated godowns after curing properly. Post harvest storage: 81

82. The yield of tubers ranges from 35-40 tonnes/ha in irrigated and 8-10 tonnes/ha under rainfed conditions depending upon the cultivar, planting season, soil type and management practices. Yield: 82

83. 83 Curing sweet potato roots for storage Sweet potato storage roots are cured by placing them in a high temperature chamber (25-30ºC) with a high relative humidity ( 85- 90 %) for 4-7 days in order to heal all wounds . The curing period should not be too long, since it can cause an excessive sprouting in storage roots, reduce their size and their life in storage.

84. Insect-pests : 1) Sweet potato weevil ( Cylas formicarius ): Sweet potato weevil is a most serious pest of this crop. Severe in summer Adult feeding in all parts of the plant Having cryptic nature Grub is white in colour with pale yellow head. The grubs bore into stem and feed on soft tissues, both adults and grubs damage the tubers in storage also. Tunnels are filled with excreta which resembles saw dust. This gives the characteristic terpene odour and bitter flavour. That renders them unsuitable for human or livestock consumption. -:Plant protection measures :- 84

85. IPM strategies for SPW: Avoid monocropping Crop rotation Use of Glyricidia or Alocasia leaf mulch or cassava leaves (cultural control) Removal of debris (infested tubers and stem) (cultural control ) Early harvesting Mulching with clerodendron leaves (3 t/ha) Sweet potato + Coriander (1:1) lowest tuber infestation (9.8 %) Sweet potato + Marigold (2:1) Mounding of soil around plants Marigold on all sides of plot 85

86. IPM strategies for SPW: Frequent use of Carbofuran 3G Use of sex pheromone trap (with lure) for locating and monitoring the occurance of SPW (male) Biological control (modified sex pheromoe trap + Beauveria bassiana , auto infection system) Male and female insects are attracted and efficiently auto infected with fungus Beauveria bassiana by using pheromone trap (Gum septum): Mortality rate of male is 95% on 21 DAT ( carries 60 % fungus) , Mortality rate of female is 25% on 30 DAT (carries 30% fungus). Beauveria bassiana 1.5% (6.75 kg/ha) or Neem cake 10 t/ha 86

87. IPM strategies for SPW: Sex ration was greatly skewed in favour of females (through mating) In addition to all these researches, efforts should be made to educate farmers and extension functionaries about IPM techniques Entomopathogenic bacterium: B. thuringinensis Entomopathogenic fungus: B. bassiana , M. annisopli Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Kill larvae, Heterohabditis sp. & Steinernema sp. Selection of pest free and healthy planting material Vine treatment with insecticides: dipping in 0.02% chlorpyriphos for 10 min. Collection and destruction of crop residue. 87

88. IPM strategies for SPW: Use resistant variety (RS-5, RS-43, RS-47, Sree Nandini ), H-620, Kaghangad Local, Samrat , Co- 1,2,3 Removal of alternate host plant like morning glory, dodder, railway creeper Avoid late harvesting, harvest at 105 DATP Earthing up at 30 and 60 DAP and frequent irrigation at weekly intervals. Pheromone trap 10/ha, 1 septa/ 1 crop season Disinfect the godown by dusting insecticides before and after storage of tubers Foliar spray : Chlorpyriphos 0.02 %, Imidachloprid 0.05% at 30 and 60 DAP Spray bio insecticide NANMA or MENMA or SHREYA @ 5% at 15 And 30 days interval. 88

89. 89 Sweet potato weevil

90. 2) Leaf eating caterpillars ( Agrius convolvuli ): They feed gregariously on leaves. A stout long horn caterpillar that completely defoliate the plants. Control: a) Deep ploughing should be done after harvesting. b) Collect and destroy the eggs. c) Spray the crop with Endosulfan @ 0.05%. d) Crop hygiene and crop rotation reduce its incidence 90

91. 91 Leaf eating caterpillars

92. Diseases : 1) Stem rot or wilt disease: Due to Fusarium oxysporum . The leaves of affected plants become yellow along with discolouration of vascular bundles. The fungus infects the tubers and causes circular shunken spots, and finally plants wilt.   Control: a) Use disease free and healthy vines for planting. b) Grow resistant varieties. c) Follow 2-3 years crop rotation. d) Dip the cuttings in 0.2 % solution of Aretan or Agallol before planting. 92

93. 93 Stem rot or wilt disease

94. 2) Feathery mottle disease (FMD): Ring spot, pink vein banding, mosaic and puckering occurs. Spots enlarge and intermix with pink vein banding and entire leaf becomes pinkish. It recuces the chlorophyll content which affect photosynthesis process resulting in yield loss. Vector: Aphids Control: a) Use virus-free planting material. b) Rogue-out infected plants. 94

95. 95 Feathery mottle disease

96. Growth Crack: Some cultivars have tendency. It is due to excessive soil moisture and delayed harvesting. Control: Application of K. Physiological disorder: 96

97. 97 Growth Crack

98. Isolation distance Contaminants Minimum distance (meters) Foundation Certified (1) (2) (3) Fields of other varieties 5 5 Fields of the same variety 5 5 98

99. Did you know… NASA selected sweet potatoes for long-term space travel due to their amazing nutritional content The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) named sweet potatoes as their #1 “Best Food” Sweet potatoes have been proposed as a solution to prevent vitamin A deficiency in developing countries 99

100. Did you know… Orange sweet potatoes may be part of the solution to vitamin A deficiency in Africa The New York Times called sweet potatoes the “Mother Teresa of the dinner plate”

101. 101 THANK YOU